Hydrogen and Usability of Hydrogen Storage Technologies

Science, technology and politics agree: hydrogen will be the energy carrier of the future. It will replace fossil fuels based on a sufficient supply from sustainable energy. Since the possibilities of storing and transporting hydrogen play a decisive role here, the so-called LOHC (Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers) can be used as carrier materials. LOHC carrier materials can reversibly absorb hydrogen, store it without loss and release it again when needed. Since little or no pressure is required, normal containers or tanks can be used. The volume or mass-related energy densities can reach around a quarter of liquid fossil fuels. This paper is to give an introduction to the field of hydrogen storage and usage of those LOHC, in particular. The developments of the last ten years have been related to the storage and transport of hydrogen with LOHC. These are crucial to meet the future demand for energy carriers e.g. for mobile applications. For this purpose, all transport systems are under consideration as well as the decentralized supply of rural areas with low technological penetration, e.g. regions of Western Africa which are often characterized by a lack of energy supply. Hydrogen bound in LOHC can provide a hazard-free alternative for distribution. The paper provides an overview of the conversion forms as well as the chemical carrier materials. Dibenzyltoluene as well as N-ethylcarbazole - as examples for LOHC - are discussed as well as chemical hydrogen storage materials like ammonia boranes as alternatives to LOHC.

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Review on applications of electric vehicles in the countryside

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20161076 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Romilton Oliveira Magalhães ◽

Mateus Vieira da Assunção ◽

João Paulo Mendes Santos ◽

Emanuel Victor da Silva ◽

Luiz de Gonzaga Ferreira Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Sustainable Energy ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Technological Evolution ◽

Electricity Storage ◽

The Future ◽

Wide Dissemination

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the main applications of electric vehicles in rural areas, pointing out the trends and challenges for the future. Technological conditions and difficulties faced by the industry for a wide dissemination of this technology are discussed. The paper described the main researches with proposals to overcome the problems of implementing electric tractors, as supply and electricity storage. Technical and economic comparisons between conventional internal combustion tractors and electric tractors are also presented and discussed. The paper showed the existence of barriers to the implementation of electric vehicles in rural areas, as well as the need for batteries technological evolution, which have high costs and for that reason they are very heavy for these purposes, but there are already systems that can be applied to minimize dependence of fossil fuels in this sector and increase the use of sustainable energy.

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Ammonia as Effective Hydrogen Storage: A Review on Production, Storage and Utilization

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13123062 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 3062 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Aziz ◽

Agung Tri Wijayanta ◽

Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Storage ◽

Gas Turbines ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Primary Energy ◽

Thermochemical Cycle ◽

Ammonia Production ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Auto Ignition ◽

The Future

Ammonia is considered to be a potential medium for hydrogen storage, facilitating CO2-free energy systems in the future. Its high volumetric hydrogen density, low storage pressure and stability for long-term storage are among the beneficial characteristics of ammonia for hydrogen storage. Furthermore, ammonia is also considered safe due to its high auto ignition temperature, low condensation pressure and lower gas density than air. Ammonia can be produced from many different types of primary energy sources, including renewables, fossil fuels and surplus energy (especially surplus electricity from the grid). In the utilization site, the energy from ammonia can be harvested directly as fuel or initially decomposed to hydrogen for many options of hydrogen utilization. This review describes several potential technologies, in current conditions and in the future, for ammonia production, storage and utilization. Ammonia production includes the currently adopted Haber–Bosch, electrochemical and thermochemical cycle processes. Furthermore, in this study, the utilization of ammonia is focused mainly on the possible direct utilization of ammonia due to its higher total energy efficiency, covering the internal combustion engine, combustion for gas turbines and the direct ammonia fuel cell. Ammonia decomposition is also described, in order to give a glance at its progress and problems. Finally, challenges and recommendations are also given toward the further development of the utilization of ammonia for hydrogen storage.

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Importance of Turning to Renewable Energy Resources with Hydrogen as a Promising Candidate and on-board Storage a Critical Barrier

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-0895-g05-03 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 895 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anne C. Dillon ◽

Brent P. Nelson ◽

Yufeng Zhao ◽

Yong-Hyun Kim ◽

C. Edwin Tracy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Hydrogen Storage ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Storage System ◽

The United States ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

Hydrogen Storage System ◽

World Energy ◽

Storage Technologies

AbstractThe majority of the world energy consumption is derived from fossil fuels. Furthermore, the United States (US) consumption of petroleum vastly exceeds its production, with the majority of petroleum being consumed in the transportation sector. The increasing dependency on foreign fuel resources in conjunction with the severe environmental impacts of a petroleum-based society dictates that alternative renewable energy resources be developed. The US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and the Office of Basic Energy Sciences are currently promoting a vehicular hydrogen-based energy economy. However, none of the current on-board storage technologies are suitable for practical and safe deployment. Significant scientific advancement is therefore still required if a viable on-board storage technology is to be developed. A detailed discussion of the benefits of transitioning to a hydrogen-powered automotive fleet as well as the tremendous technical hurdles faced for the development of an on-board hydrogen storage system are provided here. A novel class of theoretically predicted nanostructured materials that could revolutionize hydrogen storage materials is also presented.

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The City of the Future

Urban Planning ◽

10.17645/up.v3i2.1247 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Garry Glazebrook ◽

Peter Newman

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Open Space ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Strategic Investment ◽

Electric Cars ◽

The Future ◽

Local Access ◽

National Governments ◽

The City

Limiting global warming to 1.5 °C will require rapid decarbonisation of the world’s electricity and transport systems. This must occur against a background of continuing urbanisation and the shift to the information economy. While replacement of fossil fuels in electricity generation is underway, urban transport is currently dominated by petrol and diesel-powered vehicles. The City of the Future will need to be built around a different transport and urban paradigm. This article argues that the new model will be a polycentric city linked by fast electric rail, with local access based on autonomous “community”-owned electric cars and buses supplemented by bicycles, electric bikes and scooters, with all electricity generated from renewables. Less space will be wasted on roads and parking, enabling higher accessibility yet more usable public open space. Building the cities of the future will require national governments to accelerate local initiatives through appropriate policy settings and strategic investment. The precise way in which individual cities move into the future will vary, and the article illustrates how the transformation could work for Australian cities, like Sydney, currently some of the most car dependent in the world, using new financial and city partnerships.

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Recent Progress in Homogeneous Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules27020455 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 455

Author(s):

Naoya Onishi ◽

Ryoichi Kanega ◽

Hajime Kawanami ◽

Yuichiro Himeda

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Storage ◽

Formic Acid ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Hydrogen Generation ◽

Energy Carrier ◽

Catalytic Dehydrogenation ◽

Liquid Chemical ◽

Storage Technologies ◽

Effective Hydrogen

Recently, there has been a strong demand for technologies that use hydrogen as an energy carrier, instead of fossil fuels. Hence, new and effective hydrogen storage technologies are attracting increasing attention. Formic acid (FA) is considered an effective liquid chemical for hydrogen storage because it is easier to handle than solid or gaseous materials. This review presents recent advances in research into the development of homogeneous catalysts, primarily focusing on hydrogen generation by FA dehydrogenation. Notably, this review will aid in the development of useful catalysts, thereby accelerating the transition to a hydrogen-based society.

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Hydrogen storage technologies Roadmap

10.2172/1216887 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

Not Given Author

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Storage ◽

Storage Technologies

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Sustainable Transport in the Danube Region

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13126797 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 6797

Author(s):

Peter Mako ◽

Andrej Dávid ◽

Patrik Böhm ◽

Sorin Savu

Keyword(s):

Water Transport ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Road Transport ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Main Question ◽

Inland Water ◽

Danube Region ◽

Inland Water Transport

Sustainability of transport systems is a key issue in transport. The main question is whether high levels of road and railway transport in areas along navigable waterways is an effective solution for this issue. The Danube waterway is an example. Generally, it is not observed that traffic performance is not as high as on the Rhine. This paper deals with the revelation of the available capacity of this waterway based on approximation functions and their comparison with real transport performances. This methodology points to the level of use of waterways. The connection of this model with the production of fossil fuels creates a basis for a case study. The case study in this paper offers a possibility for a sustainable and environmentally friendly transition from road transport to inland water transport on the example of specific transport routes. The main contribution of this paper is a presentation of the application of sustainable models of use transport capacity to increase the share of environmentally friendly and sustainable inland water transport. The conclusion based on the case study and materials is that the available capacity of inland water transport on the Danube could support the transition of traffic performances to sustainable and environmentally friendly means of transport.

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Engineering Challenges of Solution and Slurry-Phase Chemical Hydrogen Storage Materials for Automotive Fuel Cell Applications

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26061722 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 1722

Author(s):

Troy Semelsberger ◽

Jason Graetz ◽

Andrew Sutton ◽

Ewa C. E. Rönnebro

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Hydrogen Storage ◽

System Level ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Automotive Applications ◽

Storage Media ◽

Slurry Phase ◽

Research Findings ◽

Chemical Hydrogen Storage ◽

Phase Chemical

We present the research findings of the DOE-funded Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence (HSECoE) related to liquid-phase and slurry-phase chemical hydrogen storage media and their potential as future hydrogen storage media for automotive applications. Chemical hydrogen storage media other than neat liquid compositions will prove difficult to meet the DOE system level targets. Solid- and slurry-phase chemical hydrogen storage media requiring off-board regeneration are impractical and highly unlikely to be implemented for automotive applications because of the formidable task of developing solid- or slurry-phase transport systems that are commercially reliable and economical throughout the entire life cycle of the fuel. Additionally, the regeneration cost and efficiency of chemical hydrogen storage media is currently the single most prohibitive barrier to implementing chemical hydrogen storage media. Ideally, neat liquid-phase chemical hydrogen storage media with net-usable gravimetric hydrogen capacities of greater than 7.8 wt% are projected to meet the 2017 DOE system level gravimetric and volumetric targets. The research presented herein is a collection of research findings that do not in and of themselves warrant a dedicated manuscript. However, the collection of results do, in fact, highlight the engineering challenges and short-comings in scaling up and demonstrating fluid-phase ammonia borane and alane compositions that all future materials researchers working in hydrogen storage should be aware of.

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