scholarly journals The Relationship Between Digital Egg Coloration and Egg Survival in Landlocked Fall Chinook

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Holiday Robley ◽  
Michael E. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Color Index ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Egg Coloration

Digital color values were collected from the eggs of 128 spawns from individual landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha females from Lake Oahe, South Dakota, USA, in 2008, 2009, 2015 and 2016. For all spawns, the mean (SE) a* value, a measure of red-green chromaticness, was 10.99 (0.27), and ranged from 3.98 to 18.71. Mean (SE) b* (yellow-green) was 20.27 (0.32), and ranged from 9.28 to 28.50. Mean (SE) L* (white-black) was 20.73 (0.48), and ranged from 3.98 to 18.71. Egg total color index also showed considerable variation, with a mean (SE) of 23.05 (0.37) and range from 11.70 to 31.64. Egg survival to the eyed-stage was weakly, but significantly, correlated to b* (r = 0.206), L* (r = 0.185), Chroma (r = 0.211), and Entire Color Index (r = 0.211). Spawns with no egg survival had eggs with significantly lower a* values compared to spawns where at least some of the eggs survived to the eyed stage. L*, a*, b*, Chroma, and Entire Color Index varied significantly among the years, but Hue and egg survival to the eyed stage did not. The results of this study indicate a possible link between egg color and landlocked fall Chinook salmon egg survival, possibly due to differences in the diets of feral broodstock females or their ability to deposit bodily carotenoids in the developing eggs.

Estimating the influence of temperature on the survival of chinook salmon smolts (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) migrating through the Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta of California

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fritz Baker ◽  
Franklin K. Ligon ◽  
Terence P. Speed
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
San Joaquin River ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Good Agreement

Data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are used to investigate the relationship between water temperature and survival of hatchery-raised fall-run chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) smolts migrating through the Sacramento – San Joaquin Delta of California. A formal statistical model is presented for the release of smolts marked with coded-wire tags (CWTs) in the lower Sacramento River and the subsequent recovery of marked smolts in midwater trawls in the Delta. This model treats survival as a logistic function of water temperature, and the release and recovery of different CWT groups as independent mark–recapture experiments. Iteratively reweighted least squares is used to fit the model to the data, and simulation is used to establish confidence intervals for the fitted parameters. A 95% confidence interval for the upper incipient lethal temperature, inferred from the trawl data by this method, is 23.01 ± 1.08 °C This is in good agreement with published experimental results obtained under controlled conditions (24.3 ± 0.1 and 25.1 ± 0.1 °C for chinook salmon acclimatized to 10 and 20 °C, respectively): this agreement has implications for the applicability of laboratory findings to natural systems.

scholarly journals Escapement of Broodstock Chinook Salmon From Whitlock Bay Spawning Station, Lake Oahe, South Dakota

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Dylan A Gravenhof ◽  
Michael E Barnes ◽  
Robert Hanten
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Tag Retention ◽  
Tag Loss ◽  
Fish Ladder

Feral spawning fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in Lake Oahe, South Dakota, are captured using a fish ladder and catch raceway at Whitlock Bay Spawning Station. The number of salmon that escaped the catch raceway and descended the fish ladder prior to spawning was unknown. During October 2017, all salmon that ascended the fish ladder at the spawning station were tagged. Tagged males remained in the catch raceway. Tagged females were moved to other secure raceways and used to estimate tag retention. Of the 383 tagged males, 159 (41.5%) were initially designated as escaped from the catch raceway. Tag loss in the females was 3.9%. Thus, the estimated male salmon escapement rate from the catch raceway was 37.6%. Male salmon remained in the catch raceway for one-to-three days before escaping. The escapement rate decreased over the month-long spawn, with nearly 60% of the males going back down the fish ladder in the first week of October, compared to less than 20% escapement by the final week. Such high rates of escapement from the spawning station may be negatively impacting the spawning efficiencies. Possible solutions include re-engineering of the fish ladder or daily removal of the salmon in the catch raceway to other more secure locations at the spawning station.

scholarly journals Turbidity of Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Ovarian Fluid in Relation to Egg Survival

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Nero ◽  
Michael E. Barnes ◽  
Matthew M. Wipf
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Ovarian Fluid ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Egg Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Potential Indicator

This study evaluated the use of ovarian fluid turbidity as a potential indicator of landlocked fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha egg survival. A total of 21 females were spawned, with nine of the spawns containing between one and ten broken eggs per spawn. Ovarian fluid turbidity ranged from 55.1 to 159 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), and egg survival to the eyed-stage of egg development ranged from 0 to 68%. There was no significant correlation between ovarian fluid turbidity and egg survival. Mean survival of eggs from the spawns containing broken eggs was 12.3%, which was significantly lower than the 32.9% mean survival from spawns without broken eggs. These results indicate ovarian fluid turbidity cannot be used to predict egg survival in spawns of landlocked fall Chinook Salmon, but the presence of even a small number of broken eggs may be indicative of poor survival to the eyed-egg stage of development.

scholarly journals Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Egg Survival during Jar and Tray Incubation at a Production Hatchery

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Wipf ◽  
Michael E. Barnes ◽  
Patrick A. Nero ◽  
Jill Voorhees
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
First Year ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salmon Eggs ◽  
Second Year

This study compared the survival of landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha eggs incubated in either upwelling jars, either with or without daily formalin treatments, or vertically-stacked trays treated daily with formalin in a production hatchery. In the first year of the study, survival to the eyed-egg stage was significantly greater in eggs incubated in jars without formalin compared to trays, but there was no significant difference in survival to hatch between the treatments. In the second year, there were no significant differences in eggs incubated in trays, in jars without formalin treatments, and in jars with formalin treatments. In the final year, there was no significant difference in eyed-egg survival between eggs incubated in trays and jars without formalin, but survival to hatch was significantly greater in the eggs incubated in jars. Jar incubation is recommended to maximize the survival of landlocked fall Chinook salmon eggs.

scholarly journals Landlocked Fall Chinook Salmon Maternal Liver and Egg Thiamine Levels in Relation to Reproductive Characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Doyle ◽  
Michael E. Barnes ◽  
Jeremy L. Kientz ◽  
Micheal H. Zehfus
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Thiamine Pyrophosphate ◽  
Female Size ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Reproductive Characteristics ◽  
Salmon Eggs

Object: Landlocked fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in Lake Oahe, South Dakota, typically experience poor reproductive success. Introduction: Salmon diets consist of rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax and other potentially thiaminase-containing fish that could impact reproduction. Methods: The thiamine levels of spawning female Salmon, eggs, and reproductive characteristics, were measured in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2005. Results: Thiamine concentrations varied significantly from year-to-year, with the highest mean values recorded in 2001 at 8.70 nmol/g in maternal livers and 28.80 nmol/g in eggs. Most of the thiamine in the eggs was present as free thiamine, while most of the thiamine in maternal livers was present as thiamine pyrophosphate. The lowest recorded egg total thiamine level was 2.75 nmol/g in 2000. Egg survival to hatch ranged from 20.7% in 2005 to 35.4% in 2002, and was not correlated to egg thiamine levels. Twenty-two spawns experienced total mortality prior to hatch, and had significantly lower egg free thiamine and total thiamine concentrations than eggs from the 77 successful spawns. The eggs from spawns with total mortality were also significantly smaller than those eggs from spawns that did survive, and were produced by females that weighed significantly less. Several small, but significant, correlations were observed between egg size and egg thiamine levels, and female size and liver thiamine. There was also a significant negative correlation between the number of eggs per spawning female and egg thiamine pyrophosphate, liver thiamine monophosphate, and liver total thiamine levels. Conclusion: In general, Lake Oahe Chinook Salmon eggs show little indication of thiamine deficiency in the years sampled, indicating other factors are likely responsible for poor egg survival.

Extensive use of the Fraser River basin as winter habitat by juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1759-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Levings ◽  
R. B. Lauzier
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
System Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Juvenile Chinook ◽  
Stream Type

Habitat in the low-water channel of the mainstem Fraser River and larger tributaries during winter may be an unappreciated factor influencing production of stream-type chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in this system. Data from electrofishing surveys showed that shorelines were used by juvenile chinook from river km 110 to km 770. Almost the entire mainstem was therefore probably winter habitat, and major tributaries such as the Thompson, Quesnel, and Nechako rivers were also used. Estimated chinook density on the mainstem Fraser increased with distance upstream (maximum 0.30 m−2 at km 750 (Prince George)), but the highest density (0.99 m−2) in the surveys was observed on the Thompson River at Spences Bridge. The mean size of juvenile chinook decreased with distance upstream on the Fraser, ranging from 97 mm at km 110 to 65 mm at km 770. Chinook juveniles were feeding on Diptera, Trichoptera, and Plecoptera in winter. Some apparent growth was observed in the lower Fraser in early winter.

Operating Speed on Crest Vertical Curves with Limited Stopping Sight Distance

2000 ◽  
Vol 1701 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Fambro ◽  
Kay Fitzpatrick ◽  
Charles W. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Operating Speed ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Geometric Data ◽  
A Value ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Design Speed ◽  
Stopping Sight Distance ◽  
The Relationship

Horizontal and vertical elements of a highway are designed based on an assumed design speed. This concept was developed in the 1930s as a mechanism for designing rural alignments to permit most drivers to operate uniformly at their desired speed. In 1938, AASHO recognized that drivers select a speed influenced by the roadway environment instead of an assumed design speed. Recent research suggests that design speed is no longer the speed adopted by the faster group of drivers but that it has become a value used to establish the sharpness of horizontal and vertical design elements. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between design and operating speeds for crest vertical curves with limited sight distance. Geometric data and 3,500 paired speeds (speeds at control and crest sections) were collected at 36 sites in 3 states. The results indicated that both the 85th percentile and the mean operating speeds were well above the inferred design speeds of the crest vertical curves for the range of conditions studied and that the lower the design speed the larger the difference between the 85th percentile speed and the design speed. The mean reductions in speed between the control and crest sections tend to increase as available sight distance is decreased; however, the reduction in speed is less than that suggested by current AASHTO criteria.

Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids in the Eggs and Alevins from Wild and Cultured Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Ashton ◽  
D. O. Farkvam ◽  
B. E. March
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Wild Fish ◽  
Marine Food Chain ◽  
Neutral And Polar Lipids ◽  
The Mean

The fatty acid profiles of lipids extracted from eggs and alevins of cultured chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were significantly different than those from eggs and alevins of wild fish of the same stock. The mean total concentrations of n3 fatty acids in the total lipid of eggs from wild and cultured broodstock were 40.2 and 29.4% and in the polar lipid 45.5 and 38.7% respectively. The mean concentrations of n3 fatty acids in the total lipid of alevins from wild and cultured broodstock were 35.4% and 23.2% and in the polar lipid 43.0 and 38.2%, respectively. The ratios of n3:n6 fatty acids were lower in both the neutral and polar lipids of eggs and of alevins from the cultured fish than in those of wild fish. The higher n3:n6 fatty acid ratios in the eggs and progeny of wild fish reflected the higher ratios in lipids of components of the natural marine food chain.

Energetic investigation of the fatigue of wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutoshi Sasaki ◽  
Ayaka Oya ◽  
Mariko Yamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Limit ◽  
Static Strength ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Bending Fatigue ◽  
A Value ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Multiple Loading ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract There are gaps in our knowledge regarding temporal changes in wood stability and mechanical properties in the context of wood durability. Energetic analyses have been performed in this study based on experimental results on the bending fatigue of wood under multiple loading conditions. New findings regarding the fatigue limit and fatigue life (Nf) are presented. The strain energy (SE) obtained from stress-strain envelopes until wood reaches its Nf is a value specific to wood species and static strength regardless of the loading conditions. This value is about 50% higher than the SE in static tests. The relationship between mean energy loss (EL) and stress level (SL) to the point of fatigue failure is bilinear, and the mean EL is closely related to Nf. Moreover, the SL – when mean EL approaches a specific value (∼1.10 kJ m-3 per cycle) as Nf approaches infinity – is considered to be the fatigue limit; the latter is estimated to be about 20–30% of static strength.

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