scholarly journals Communication Interception Technology (CIT) and Its Use in the Fight against Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) in Australia: A Review of the Literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bell ◽  
Mitchell Congram
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The World ◽  
Organised Crime Groups ◽  
Two Bodies

In recent times, technology has advanced in such a manner that the world can now communicate in means previously never thought possible. Transnational organised crime groups, who have exploited these new technologies as basis for their criminal success, however, have not overlooked this development, growth and globalisation. Law enforcement agencies have been confronted with an unremitting challenge as they endeavour to intercept, monitor and analyse these communications as a means of disrupting the activities of criminal enterprises. The challenge lies in the ability to recognise and change tactics to match an increasingly sophisticated adversary. The use of communication interception technology, such as phone taps or email interception, is a tactic that when used appropriately has the potential to cause serious disruption to criminal enterprises. Despite the research that exists on CIT and TOC, these two bodies of knowledge rarely intersect. This paper builds on current literature, drawing them together to provide a clearer picture of the use of CIT in an enforcement and intelligence capacity. It provides a review of the literature pertaining to TOC, the structure of criminal enterprises and the vulnerability of communication used by these crime groups. Identifying the current contemporary models of policing it reviews intelligence-led policing as the emerging framework for modern policing. Finally, it assesses the literature concerning CIT, its uses within Australia and the limitations and arguments that exist. In doing so, this paper provides practitioners with a clearer picture of the use, barriers and benefits of using CIT in the fight against TOC. It helps to bridge the current gaps in modern policing theory and offers a perspective that can help drive future research.

Risks of Corruption in the Context of Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-221
Author(s):  
Vasyl Franchuk
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Human Values ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Crimes ◽  
Research Analysis

orruption is a social evil that encroaches on certain human values, and various law enforcement agencies and institutions function to combat it. In many countries, the fight against organised crime, as well as crimes in the economic and financial spheres, is handled by various specialised law enforcement agencies. In addition, experts claim that the pandemic has negatively affected the situation with corruption around the world and COVID-19 is a challenge to the anti-corruption fight of each country. Available reports indicate that corruption is widespread throughout the COVID-19 response: from bribery in the procurement of tests, medicines, and provision of medical services for public procurement of medicines and general preparedness for emergencies. This situation has some shortcomings of a total crime prevention and may reduce the priority of the fight against corruption in the general list of combating economic crimes and organised crime. To provide effective counteraction against corruption-related crimes, it is rather important to find out the reasons for them and preconditions of their origin, especially their certain types which have spread during the pandemic. In this context, the research analysis of Ukrainian and foreign scientists from all the world is of particular importance. It will give us the possibility to justify, under modern conditions, the recommendations aimed at improving the drawing up of the content of administrative and criminal offences as well as administrative and criminal sanctions for corruption-related crimes.

Early identification and intervention with individuals at risk of becoming involved in serious and organised crime (SOC)

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mick Hurley ◽  
Laura Jane Boulton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Organised Crime Groups ◽  
Preventative Interventions

Purpose This paper aims to examine the “engage” pilot project and related processes for identifying individuals vulnerable to becoming involved in serious and organised crime groups (OCGs). Design/methodology/approach In this, a six-stage process developed in the five pilot sites to guide interventions is described. The project identified 18 individuals who have confirmed low level involvement in OCGs based in 5 areas of Greater Manchester by combining risk factors and the connecting of records held by law enforcement agencies. Findings Key risk factors found to be associated with the 18 individuals identified are described in relation to literature and discussed in terms of future intervention possibilities. A brief description of the key findings of the evaluation of the pilot project is also included. Originality/value Together these findings are discussed to explore the challenges of preventative interventions tailored towards young people already involved in criminality and offers recommendations for future programmes in this field.

Terrorism, organised crime and threat mitigation in a globalised world

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 951-961
Author(s):  
Yara El Siwi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Subsequent Section ◽  
Threat Mitigation ◽  
Organised Crime Groups ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Substantial Interest

Purpose The gruesome attacks of 11 September 2001 signalled a powerful paradigm shift in international politics: governments previously accustomed to military menaces were now being increasingly threatened by independent, non-state actors. Consequently, a plethora of literature emerged, looking to better understand the nature of these actors. An aspect that has attracted substantial interest is the inter-relation between terrorism and organised crime (OC). This paper aims to answer the question as to whether, for the purpose of controlling and mitigating the threat they pose to society, there is meaning in differentiating between terrorist organisations (TOs) and organised crime groups (OCGs). Design/methodology/approach The first section of the paper will provide an account of the various kinds of threats posed by OCGs and TOs. The subsequent section will question whether it is possible, in today’s globalised era, to distinguish between these two actors, while the last sections will ask if such a differentiation is desirable. Findings OCGs and TOs display a clear divergence: the former’s motivation is financial while the latter’s political. With the end of the Cold War, however, each type of organisation has been building up the capabilities of the other, helped by the force of global networks. As such, these two actors now exist within the same body – a continuum – that renders their separation difficult. As to the question of desirability, the separation of the two phenomena has often led to the adoption of highly disproportionate militarised and securitised measures, resulting in a dangerous blending of law enforcement and security service methodology. Originality/value Many have argued for the separation of the “terrorist” from the “criminal”, on the grounds that the former is particularly heinous and deserving of more severe measures. Others have studied the evolution of these two phenomena to understand whether the lines separating them have been blurring and the extent to which this affects law-enforcement. This paper goes beyond notions of feasibility and poses the following question: has the traditional separation of these phenomena led to a desirable regime?

Inter-Agency Relations: Some Hidden Obstacles to Combating Organised Crime?

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Corns
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies

This article critiques the argument that poor relationships between law enforcement agencies inAustralia has actedas a majorbarrier to combating organised crime. Thesignificance oflegislativesecrecy provisions restricting the communication of information between agencies is examined aswellas the role oforganisational ‘subculture’.

scholarly journals Translated Transcripts From Covert Recordings Used for Evidence in Court: Issues of Reliability

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gilbert ◽  
Georgina Heydon
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
National Security ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Australian State ◽  
Using Data

Nation states increasingly apply electronic surveillance techniques to combat serious and organised crime after broadening and deepening their national security agendas. Covertly obtained recordings from telephone interception and listening devices of conversations related to suspected criminal activity in Languages Other Than English (LOTE) frequently contain jargon and/or code words. Community translators and interpreters are routinely called upon to transcribe intercepted conversations into English for evidentiary purposes. This paper examines the language capabilities of community translators and interpreters undertaking this work for law enforcement agencies in the Australian state of Victoria. Using data collected during the observation of public court trials, this paper presents a detailed analysis of Vietnamese-to-English translated transcripts submitted as evidence by the Prosecution in drug-related criminal cases. The data analysis reveals that translated transcripts presented for use as evidence in drug-related trials contain frequent and significant errors. However, these discrepancies are difficult to detect in the complex environment of a court trial without the expert skills of an independent discourse analyst fluent in both languages involved. As a result, trials tend to proceed without the reliability of the translated transcript being adequately tested.

scholarly journals Biotypologies of Terrorism

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Pugliese
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
International Association ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Suicide Bombers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Chiefs Of Police ◽  
The Military

The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) document, ‘Training Keys #581: Suicide (Homicide) Bombers: Part 1,’ is designed to assist law enforcement authorities in the pre-emptive capture of prospective suicide bombers. In this essay, Pugliese focuses on the training key to examine the manner in which essentialised biotypologies are mobilised and reproduced within the context of the so-called ‘war on terror.’ The use of biotypologies by both the military and law enforcement agencies reproduces a disciplinary biopolitical regime premised on normative conceptualisations of race, gender and bodily behaviour. Pugliese discusses these regimes in the context of the US Department of Defense and its advocacy of ‘identity dominance’ through the development of new technologies such as gait signature biometrics. Situated in this context, he shows how biotypologies of targeted subjects are instrumental in fomenting cultural panics concerning the Arab and/or Muslim and/or figure ‘of Middle Eastern appearance’.

scholarly journals Polycephalous ‘ndrangheta: Crimes, behaviours and organisation of the Calabrian mafia in Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sergi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Ethnic Solidarity ◽  
Traditional Norms

While attention to the ‘ndrangheta, the Calabrian mafia, in Australia, has significantly increased in the past two decades, historical records referring to this peculiar manifestation of organised crime in the country date back almost a century. This research is situated in between studies on mafia mobility and studies on the nature of mafia-type organised crime in Italy and in Australia. Relying on archival research, fieldwork and focus groups with law enforcement agencies across most Australian jurisdictions, this paper will essentially argue that there is in Australia an on-going criminal system that is made of ethnically hybrid criminal networks – predominantly made of, but not limited to, Calabrian ethnicity. Ethnic solidarity and traditional norms and values of the ‘ndrangheta, embedded in Calabrian migrant culture, provide the roof to these networks’ behaviours and organisation. This paper will discuss how the resilience of this mafia in Australia is linked to the capacity of ‘ndrangheta clans to maintain different heads – to be polycephalous – all differently and equally important: their organisational head is stable and culturally homogeneous, their (mafia-type) behaviours are constant, flexible and rooted in ethnic solidarity, and their activities are very dynamic, but hybrid in their ethnic composition.

Illicit Market for Counterfeit Products at Small Businesses in Michigan

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1289-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A. Sullivan ◽  
Jeremy M. Wilson ◽  
Ross S. Militz
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Crime Problem ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Illicit Market ◽  
Incident Reports ◽  
Counterfeit Products

Research on small businesses facilitating illicit markets and the efforts of nonfederal law enforcement agencies to identify these small business offenders has been scant. This exploratory study examines the illicit market for counterfeit products sold through small businesses in the State of Michigan. We used police incident reports of counterfeit products identified during administrative tobacco inspections of small businesses to provide a unique look at this crime problem and the efforts of law enforcement to curtail it. We analyzed the content of these incident reports to explore characteristics of the incidents, businesses and suspects selling counterfeit products, how the counterfeit products were identified and verified, and the origin of the counterfeits. Implications for law enforcement efforts to address counterfeit criminal enterprises and directions for future research are discussed.

Design Considerations in the Proliferation of Police Body-Worn Cameras

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Joel Suss ◽  
Alexis Raushel ◽  
Adam Armijo ◽  
Brian White
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Automatic Detection ◽  
Biometric Identification ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Concealed Weapons

More and more police departments are equipping their officers with body-worn cameras. To maximize the utility of body cams, designers have considered issues such as camera-mounting position, camera-mount stability, methods of activation, and data transfer methods. The human factors/ergonomics community can make important contributions to the design of body-worn cameras and identify and address issues that could arise from the introduction of new technologies (e.g., biometric identification and automatic detection of concealed weapons). Engaging with this ever-expanding technology will benefit law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve and protect.

FINANCIAL ASPECT OF CYBERCRIME: SITUATION IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-418
Author(s):  
Galina Myskiv ◽  
Olesya Irshak
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Law ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The World ◽  
Financial Aspect ◽  
Computer Fraud

Cybercrime is clearly linked with financial relations: for some, it is profit, for others – expenses or big losses. The article contains the research of the essence, causes, conse-quences and counteraction to computer fraud in Ukraine and countries of the world, as well as research of financial flows that accompany these processes. However, the authors tried to analyze quantitatively and qualitatively the dynamics of cybercrimes. It also focus-es on bodies that provide cybersecurity and normative legal documents in this area. The authors concluded that cybersecurity in Ukraine has not been sufficiently developed yet, which requires adopting the experience of cybercrime prevention in the advanced countries of the world and enhanced cooperation between international law enforcement agencies.

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