scholarly journals A Synthesis of Six Recent Studies on Numerosity Abilities in an Ant

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Cammaerts ◽  
Roger Cammaerts
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Vertical Distance ◽  
Geometric Sequence ◽  
The Subject

AbstractWorking on the numerosity ability of the ant Myrmica sabuleti, we have already summarized for the readers’ convenience our previous papers in two successive publications. Since that time, we have produced six more papers on the subject, and we thought it was time to present a summary of them. These studies deal with the ants’ ability in expecting the following element in an arithmetic or a geometric sequence, as well as with the required similarity between visual cues and the maximum horizontal and vertical distance between such cues enabling the ants to mentally add them up. The experimental methods that were used in these studies are here only briefly reported and their most important results are concisely related, as the extended information can be found in these six papers here summarized. We present novel tables and figures for illustrating this synthesis.

scholarly journals The Impact of Transitional Movements and Non-Manual Markings on the Disambiguation of Locally Ambiguous Argument Structures in Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS)

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 652-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Krebs ◽  
Ronnie B. Wilbur ◽  
Phillip M. Alday ◽  
Dietmar Roehm
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Time Points ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Previous studies of Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS) word-order variations have demonstrated the human processing system’s tendency to interpret a sentence-initial (case-) ambiguous argument as the subject of the clause (“subject preference”). The electroencephalogram study motivating the current report revealed earlier reanalysis effects for object-subject compared to subject-object sentences, in particular, before the start of the movement of the agreement marking sign. The effects were bound to time points prior to when both arguments were referenced in space and/or the transitional hand movement prior to producing the disambiguating sign. Due to the temporal proximity of these time points, it was not clear which visual cues led to disambiguation; that is, whether non-manual markings (body/shoulder/head shift towards the subject position) or the transitional hand movement resolved ambiguity. The present gating study further supports that disambiguation in ÖGS is triggered by cues occurring before the movement of the disambiguating sign. Further, the present study also confirms the presence of the subject preference in ÖGS, showing again that signers and speakers draw on similar strategies during language processing independent of language modality. Although the ultimate role of the visual cues leading to disambiguation (i.e., non-manual markings and transitional movements) requires further investigation, the present study shows that they contribute crucial information about argument structure during online processing. This finding provides strong support for granting these cues some degree of linguistic status (at least in ÖGS).

People with Good Nonverbal Thinking Show High Scores in ‘Virtual Aircraft Landing’

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 236-236
Author(s):  
H Levashova ◽  
E Kevorkova ◽  
O V Levashov
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Aircraft Landing ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Driver Skill

We have used a 3-D studio to generate a situation of virtual aircraft landing with the object of investigating if everyone can solve this task successfully. A virtual surface was covered with green texture which had large grains. Landing had to be done at an angle of about 30°. The space above the surface was divided into seven adjacent layers. Landing began from the first layer and went through all the layers, the seven layer being adjacent to the surface. The task of the subject was to stop the virtual landing in a given layer by pressing a key and using only visual cues of approaching the surface. Seventh subjects participated in the experiment; each made about 180 – 300 trials. Two subjects showed the highest score (A-group); three could not solve this task at all (they worked at the level of guessing) (B-group); the remainder produced intermediate scores. At the same time all subjects were tested by means of standard verbal and nonverbal tests to evaluate the type of thinking. Subjects from the B-group had a clear verbal or mathematical type of thinking. On the contrary, subjects from the A-group had the highest scores in the Kettel and Raven tests (tests for nonverbal thinking). Moreover the two subjects from the A-group had the highest level of driver skill in comparison with the others. Thus individuals with poor nonverbal thinking appear to perform worse at sensory-motor activities such as driving and aircraft landing.

Space Rendezvous Using Visual Cues Only

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert J. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Trained Subjects ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Machine Performance ◽  
Mission Time ◽  
Principal Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Vertical Translation

Seven trained subjects flew simulated short range coplanar orbital rendezvous maneuvers, using direct visual cues only. Two rendezvous techniques were compared: line-of-sight and trajectory. In the former, the subject could control up-down and fore-aft thrust only; in the latter, he could, in addition, control pitch. Using either technique, all subjects were able to maneuver successfully to a position 100 ft directly in front of the target at a terminal velocity of less than 5 ft/sec. Significantly less fuel was expended in performing the trajectory maneuver. The principal man-machine performance factors in the line-of-sight maneuver were tentatively described as the ability to conserve fuel used for longitudinal and vertical translation, the ability to conserve mission time, and the ability to proficiently close with the target. The principal factors for the trajectory maneuver were tentatively described as the ability to conserve fuel for longitudinal translation, the ability to conserve mission time, the ability to effectively apply longitudinal thrusts and conserve fuel used for vertical translation, and the ability to match the trajectory path of a minimum fuel two impulse maneuver.

scholarly journals Investigations on the spectrum of selenium. Part I.—Se IV and Se V

1931 ◽  
Vol 131 (816) ◽  
pp. 154-169 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Levels ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vacuum Arc ◽  
Extensive Investigation ◽  
Electrodeless Discharge ◽  
In Series ◽  
Present Part ◽  
The Subject

In continuation of the previous work on germanium and arsenic by one of the writers (K. R. R.), an extensive investigation of the spectrum of selenium has been undertaken in order to analyse the spectra of the atom at successive stages of ionisation and determine the energy levels characteristic of each. In the present part an account is given of the general experimental methods adopted in these investigations and the results obtained for the spectra of Se IV and Se V. The other spectra of the element, a consideration of which is in progress, will form the subject of succeeding parts. Of the earlier measurements of the spark spectrum of selenium, those by Messerschmidt are extensive and range from λ 5898 to λ 2340. McLennan and Young have recorded 12 lines in the spark and 5 lines in the arc between λ 2200 and λ 1850. McLennan, Young and Ireton have also measured the vacuum arc spectrum in the region λ 2296 to λ 1492. However, in the Schumann region extending to λ 1230, the measurements by Lacroute are more complete. Bloch and Bloch have investigated, on two occasions, the spectrum of an electrodeless discharge through selenium vapour by varying the length of the auxiliary gap in series with the discharge and have assigned all the lines of selenium between λ 6783 and λ 2196 to the different stages Se I, Se II, Se III and Se IV.

scholarly journals A new differential dilatometer for the determination of volume changes during solidification

1927 ◽  
Vol 115 (772) ◽  
pp. 554-570
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Linear Expansion ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Eutectic Alloys ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Hydrostatic Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Form ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

In recent years, the practical requirements of the metal industries have made it necessary to study the factors which govern the production of good castings. One of the most important of these factors is the change of volume which accompanies solidification. The experimental methods which have hitherto been used to determine this change have given discordant results, and it has seemed desirable to devise a new method, less liable to error. The new form of volumenometer which is the subject of this paper is intended to eliminate most of the errors inherent in the older methods. It has been applied to the measurement of the volume changes of two eutectic alloys, those of lead and tin and of tin and bismuth, the former of which contracts during solidification, whilst the latter shows a distinct expansion. The results indicate that the method is trustworthy. Previous Methods of Measurement . The older methods, which have been used for the experimental determination of the changes in volume, associated with the change in state of bodies, may be divided into the following classes:— ( a )The coefficients of expansion of the solid and liquid, over limited ranges of temperature, are measured and the volume change occurring at the melting point is found by extrapolation. The coefficient of expansion of the solid is found either by direct measurement of the linear expansion or deduced from measurements derived from some hydrostatic method in which Archimedes’ Principle is employed. The expansion of the liquid melt is inferred from observations on some dilatometric or hydrostatic method.

Experimental Analysis of Man-Computer Problem-Solving

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sackmanh
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Computer Communication ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Computer Problem ◽  
Human Problem ◽  
Cross Fertilization

Experimental methods and findings in human problem-solving using on-line and off-line computer systems are reviewed. For historical and technical reasons the field of applied man-computer communication has not been the subject of extensive scientific study. The advent of time-sharing systems in the last decade produced an initial body of empirical data from user statistics and experimental studies comparing time-sharing with batch-processing. This body of data is reviewed for its implications to the controversy over batch and time-sharing systems and to the understanding of human behavior in the man-computer setting. Although the available experimental data are meager and tentative, it is already apparent that behavioral principles of human problem-solving and learning theory can account for many of the trends observed. In turn, the theories can be enriched by new leads stemming from studies of man-computer dialog. A plea is made for interdisciplinary cross-fertilization between behavioral and computer sciences to bridge the humanistic lag in man-computer communication.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR POKOK BAHASAN MENELADANI KETAATAN MALAIKAT- MALAIKAT ALLAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-161
Author(s):  
Alfi Arfah ◽  
Ahmad Nizar Rangkuti ◽  
Latifa Annum Dalimunthe
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Team Games ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Learning Test

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant influence on the type of Team Games Tournament cooperative learning model on the learning outcomes of the subject modeled on the obedience of the angels of God Almighty. in class VII of SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan. This type of research is quantitative research with experimental methods. The population of this research is all grade VII students of SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan. The research sample is students in Class VII6 and Class VII7. This research instrument is a learning test that meets valid and reliable criteria. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence of the Team Games Tournament cooperative learning model on student learning outcomes. This is indicated from the results of testing the hypothesis by using the t-test obtained tcount t table that is 5.91 2.060 with a significant level of 5%. The results showed that the cooperative learning model Team Games Tournament had a significant effect on student learning outcomes.

Relative role of visual and non-visual cues in determining the direction of “up”: Experiments in the York tilted room facility

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 287-293
Author(s):  
H.L. Jenkin ◽  
R.T. Dyde ◽  
M.R. Jenkin ◽  
I.P. Howard ◽  
L.R. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Body Orientation ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
The Subject

Perceiving a direction as “up” is fundamental to human performance and perception. Astronauts in microgravity frequently experience reorientation illusions in which they, or their world, appear to flip and ‘up’ becomes arbitrarily redefined. This paper assesses the relative importance of visual cues in determining the perceived up direction. In the absence of information about the origin of illumination, people interpret surface structure by assuming that the direction of illumination is from above. Here we exploit this phenomenon to measure the influence of head and body orientation, gravity and visual cues on the perceived up direction. Fifteen subjects judged the shape of shaded circles presented in various orientations. The circles were shaded in such a way that when the shading was compatible with light coming from above, the circle appeared as a convex hemisphere. Therefore, by finding which shaded circle appeared most convex, we can deduce the direction regarded as “up”. The different cues contributing to this percept were separated by varying both the orientation of the subject and the surrounding room relative to gravity. The relative significance of each cue may be of use in spacecraft interior design to help reduce the incidence of visual reorientation illusions.

Factors that affect non-independent mate choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C Scauzillo ◽  
Michael H Ferkin
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Mate Choice Copying ◽  
Focal Animal ◽  
The Social ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mate Copying

AbstractMate choice is generally regarded as an independent event, but a growing body of evidence indicates that it can be influenced by social information provided by conspecifics. This is known as non-independent mate choice. Individuals use information gathered by observing interactions between conspecifics to copy or not copy the mate choice of these conspecifics. In this review, we examine the factors that affect non-independent mate choice and mate choice copying and how it is influenced by social and environmental information that is available to the subject or focal individual. Specifically, we discuss how non-independent mate choice and whether individuals copy the choices of conspecifics can be influenced by factors such as habitat and differences in ecology, mating system and parental care. We focus on the social information provided to the focal animal, the model and the audience. Nearly all studies of non-independent mate choice and mate copying have focused on individuals in species that use visual cues as the source of social information. Nevertheless, we highlight studies that indicate that individuals in some species may use chemical cues and signals as sources of social information that may affect non-independent mate choice and mate copying.

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