scholarly journals Braunschweig und die Reformation – regionalgeschichtliche Aspekte

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Biegel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
City Community ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Commerce Law ◽  
The City

This essay looks at the early Reformation movement in a small Guelphic principality from a regional historical perspective, with a view to the independent development in the city of Braunschweig. The cities were the actual locations where the spiritiual-clerical impulses which originated from Wittenberg and Luther were taken up most quickly. This „city reformation“ is characterized as a „citizen’s republicanism“ in the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. Deciding factors in the transmission and dissemination of reformatory ideas were the increasing aphabetization in the cities, printing with its rapid spread of information as well as the concentration of educational institutions. Teachers, professors, predicants and the developing early humanistic educational bourgeoisie (patricians, trades and crafts people) were among the first municipal supporters of Luther’s doctrine. The result was an „embourgeoisement“ oft he church, or more precisely: the Reformation brought with it the communalization of church matters. Even more foundational was the change of municipal communal affairs through the Reformation. Aspects of commerce, law, and life in the „city“ community were expanded through a faith and religious community. Municipal church orders such as in Braunschweig in 1528, Hamburg in 1529, Hannover in 1530, 1533 in Nürnberg, or 1534 in Straßburg became symbols of this change. The impetus for the Reformation in the cities was mostly a bottom-up one, because it was concerned with enhanced participation in the day-to-day political process.

Perspective istoriografice privind spațiul sacru al Sibiului în evul mediu

Transilvania ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Maria Crîngaci-Țiplic
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Urban Hierarchy ◽  
Sacred Spaces ◽  
Industrial Age ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

This paper presents an overview of the historiography that describes and investigates the components which compose the sacred spaces of Sibiu in the Middle Ages. It is well known that Sibiu had a preeminent position in the urban hierarchy of medieval Transylvania and of the south-eastern Europe. The city was attested for the first time in 1191 as an ecclesiastical center of the Transylvanian Saxons and was home to numerous places of worship and sacred sites (churches, monasteries, chapels, cemeteries, hospitals etc.). However, with the advent of the Reformation in the 16th century and the noticeable changes that occurred during the industrial age and the communist dictatorship (the 19th and 20th centuries), the medieval sacred building and their neighborhoods have been deeply transformed and medieval ecclesiastical topography became unrecognizable in modern day Sibiu. The recreation of the ecclesiastical topography and even more of the sacred spaces could be recreated through analyses and research of different type of sources from charters and town chronicles of the 16th-18th centuries to the most recent archaeological studies or papers on medieval art, architecture, or historical urban evolution. With this in mind, the study aims to provide references on the topic and establishes the main periods of the historiography and their relevant ideological and theoretical changes during over 400 hundred years of debates or research.

The Exclusion of the Clergy from Criminal Trial Juries: An Historical Perspective

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (24) ◽  
pp. 151-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Pattenden
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Criminal Trial ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Religious Denomination ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Religious Order ◽  
Official Report ◽  
Jury Service ◽  
History Of

Schedule 1 to the Juries Act 1974 provides that ‘[a] man in holy orders; a regular minister of any religious denomination [and] [a] vowed member of any religious order living in a monastery, convent or other religious community’ is ineligible to serve on a criminal (and also a civil) jury. This has been the law since 1972. For the remainder of this century members of the clergy have been eligible, but not compellable, jurors. In practice they did not serve. The change effected in 1972 is a reversion to the position which probably prevailed in the Middle Ages. Aside from the occasional official report, the liability of religious functionaries to serve on juries in criminal trials has been rarely written about. The last time it happened was in 1882. The object of this article is to fill the lacuna by tracing the history of the clergy's ineligibility for jury service in criminal trials and the reasons for it.

scholarly journals Pelayanan Dalam Konteks Masyarakat Perkotaan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Selvester Melanton Tacoy
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Counseling Center ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Pluralistic Society ◽  
City Community ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
God's Love ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

Urban community service is a service that must be done by the church. City context services require a contextual service approach, therefore the authors conducted a literature analysis to present an idea of the service of the city context. In serving the city context, the church must begin by equipping the congregation to witness, because the church has a role in a pluralistic society. Because of the complexity of services in the city, we need a counseling center that can help individuals who are vulnerable to mental-psychological disorders. Because poverty is a problem in the city, the church needs to be present by carrying out social actions in an effort to present God's love to others. Educational institutions also play an important role in alleviating poverty in cities, therefore educational institutions need to answer this need. The condition of the city community who keeps trying to interact and build friendships can be facilitated by creating sports groups.  AbstrakPelayanan masyarkaat perkotaan adalah sebuah pelayanan yang harus dilakukan oleh gereja. Pelayanan konteks kota memerlukan pendekatan pelayanan yang kontekstual, oleh sebab itu penulis melakukan analisis pustaka untuk menyajikan sebuah gagasan pelayanan konkteks kota. Dalam pelayanan konteks kota, gereja harus memulainya dengan memperlengkapi jemaat untuk bersaksi,  sebab jemaat memiliki peran dalam masyarakat yang majemuk. Karena kompleksitas pelayanan di kota maka dibutuhkan sebuah pusat konseling yang dapat membantu individu yang rentan terhadap gangguan mental-psikologis. Karena kondisi kemisikinan menjadi masalah di kota maka gereja perlu hadir dengan melakukan aksi Sosial sebagai upaya menghadirkan kasih Allah pada sesama. Lembaga pendidikan juga berperan penting dalam mengentaskan kemiskinan di kota, oleh sebab itu perlu lembaga pendidikan yang menjawab kebutuhan ini. Kondisi masyarakat kota yang terus berusaha berinteraksi dan membangun persahabatan dapat difasilitasi dengan membuat grup olah raga.

Tithe Controversy in Reformation London

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Brigden
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
National Level ◽  
City Government ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The City ◽  
Parish Priests ◽  
The Church

Nothing put the clergy and laity at odds so much as money. Quarrels over tithe provide the background against which all the hostility between Londoners and their parish priests must be seen. Since the thirteenth century the citizenry had engaged in periodic disputes with the city clergy over the assessment of tithe, but at the Reformation fervent new issues exacerbated the acrimony and the quarrel seemed to have become intractable. In the city, where individual disputes soon became common knowledge and might stir formidable partisanship, the citizens were often convinced that they were being robbed by their priests. Once the reforming ideas of Protestantism began to spread the London clergy were forced to defend themselves not only against criticism of clerical wealth and privilege but also against far profounder attacks upon their authority and faith. The London tithe controversy in many ways reflects the struggle between the lay and ecclesiastical orders at a national level. The conciliation which had marked the negotiations between the Church and city government in the later Middle Ages gave way to open conflict in the reign of Henry vm until, finally, the tithe issue could be settled only by Parliament, and the Church lost its traditional powers of judgement in tithe causes to the city.

scholarly journals Anglicans, Presbyterians, Quakers and other British Religious Groups in Gdansk in the 17th-18th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Sławomir Kościelak
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Home Country ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article presents the religious aspects of the community of emigrants from the British Isles, mainly Scots, in Gdańsk. They tried to provide for their religious needs already in the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the existence of chapels and altars in some of the churches in Gdansk. After the success of the Reformation, mainly Scottish Presbyterians settled in Gdansk. Clergymen from their home country were brought in for their ministry. Both the Presbyterian clergy and the wealthy Scottish merchant elite of this denomination ruled the sacred building acquired in 1707, called the English Church. However, only few of the Presbyterians living in Gdansk identified with this building - according to legal arrangements, having the character of an “ethnic” temple - together with the Anglicans. Most Scots - by entering into family relationships - slowly melted into the community of the city on the Motława, using other Calvinist facilities. In addition to Presbyterians and very few Anglicans and Catholics there, English radicals, Chialists and Quakers, also tried to settle in Gdansk, but the city's unfavourable legislation and deterrent actions effectively prevented this transfer.

scholarly journals Bioterrorism: an historical perspective

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony J Della-Porta
Keyword(s):  
American Indian ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Native People ◽  
South American ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Indian Tribes ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages it was recognised that victims of infections could become weapons themselves. Victims of plague were catapulted into the city of Caffa (Feodosiya, Ukraine) and the epidemic of plague that followed forced the retreat of the Genoese forces from the city. Pizarro is said to have given smallpox-contaminated clothing to South American native people in the 15th century. In 1763 it is reportedthat Captain Ecuyer of the Royal Americans deliberately distributed variola-contaminated blankets and a handkerchief to enemy American Indian tribes. This was followed several months later by a large smallpox outbreak amongst various Indian tribes in the Ohio area.

Marian Devotion and Confessional Identity in Sixteenth-Century Germany

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 218-227
Author(s):  
Bridget Heal
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Marian Devotion ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Confessional Identity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The Virgin Mary provided a powerful focal point for religious identity. During the early modern period Mary-worship marked out one Christian confession from another, rather than Christian from Jew, as in the Middle Ages, or Catholic from secularist, as in more modern times. Intra-Christian disputes over Mary’s status were particularly intense in Germany, the heartland of the Reformation, where Catholic and Protestant lived side by side. This paper will consider the fate of Marian imagery and devotion in three of Germany’s key free cities: Nuremberg, Augsburg, and Cologne. Each city had a different confessional structure: Nuremberg adopted the Lutheran faith in 1525; Augsburg’s council introduced wide-ranging and radical (Zwinglian-influenced) reforms in the 1530s but the city had religious parity imposed on it in 1548; Cologne remained Catholic, despite the presence of a considerable Protestant minority within its city walls and the attempts of two archbishops to introduce a synodal Reformation. These three cities therefore illustrate the spectrum of possible responses of traditional Marian veneration to the pressures of Protestant and Catholic reform. A comparison between them allows us to assess the impact of both doctrinal debate and local circumstance on the expression of Marian piety, and reveals the various ways in which Marian devotion might be used to create confessional consciousness and define religious allegiance.

scholarly journals THE STATUS OF CAPITAL IN THE “KYIV’S TEXT” OF THE BAROQUE EPOCH

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Olha Petrenko-Tseunova
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Studies ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Image ◽  
The Status ◽  
The City

Urban studies are a multidisciplinary area, but experts in different fields conclude that the city is worth considering in the categories of text. Moreover, urban studies in literary criticism are distinguished by the fact that the phrase “a city as a text” for philologists is not only a beautiful metaphor. The fiction space, including urban space, is a separate reality that exists according to its own rules, depending on the epoch style and the genre of a particular piece of writing. In the Baroque times, a city is a place of creation and functioning of culture. In the XVII century in Ukrainian cities appeared many educational institutions, thanks to patrons, numerous churches were built, which was reflected in panegyrics. At the same time, the large number of Kyiv Rus’ buildings had been reconstructed, and there are mentions of the Russ past of the city in polemical literature, school dramaturgy and chronicles. In Kyiv, the glory of the “capital”, “Jerusalem of the Russ land” is affirmed. The purpose of the author is to explore the mechanism of rethinking the past and its role in the construction of an artistic model of the city in the Baroque epoch. The ways of transcoding Kyiv Russ urban motifs into the language of Baroque culture are considered in the paper.  In the early 1600s, Kyiv remained a capital status in the minds of citizens, despite the decline and destruction of the past. At the turn of the 16–17th  centuries the idea of continuity of the history and glory of Kyiv from the Middle ages became widespread among intellectuals. In times of statelessness, the current becomes relative and unimportant, while the past is considered to be the actual reality. This article aims to examine how the urban space becomes the embodiment of collective memory: through the buildings of St. Sophia’s Cathedral, St. Michael’s Cathedral, the Desiatynna Church, the Church of Virgin Mary Pyrohoshcha, the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery, the holiness and centrality of the city are transmitted in sacral and profane levels. The author pays particular attention to the analysis of the opposite self-image of Kyiv citizens as residents of the “city on the outskirt”, on the border of Wild Field.

The Word Eclipsed? Preaching in the Early Middle Ages

Traditio ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 77-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Emmet Mclaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City ◽  
Aesthetic Preferences

The modern interest in and study of medieval sermon literature was first driven by a combination of confessional acrimony and professional scholarship. L. Bourgain, Albert Lecoy de la Marche, Richard Albert, Rudolf Cruel, Anton Linsenmayer, and G. R. Owst combed through the archives to uncover the written remains of medieval preaching, and what they discovered came as a surprise to those who had been raised on the Protestant black legend of a mute medieval Church. For quantity and variety the period from the twelfth century to the Reformation must count as one (or several) of the great ages of pulpit activity. In fact, on the eve of the Reformation there was some concern that too much was being preached too often. For example, as a result of complaints by laity and clergy alike, in 1508 the Bishop of Breslau ordered a limit on the number of sermons preached in the city. To be sure, modern judgments concerning the quality of that preaching in both style and content vary with the confessional stance and aesthetic preferences of the individual scholar. But of the late medieval dedication to preaching in season and out there can be no doubt.

History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Gregorovius ◽  
Annie Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages
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