An Open Top Chamber for Forage Maize to Study the Effect of Elevated Temperature by Global Warming

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
Chang-Woo Min ◽  
◽  
Inam Khan ◽  
Min-Jun Kim ◽  
Il-Kyu Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Open Top Chamber ◽  
Forage Maize

scholarly journals Effects of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Pathogenicity Determinants and Virulence of Potato virus X/Potyvirus-Associated Synergism

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1364-1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Aguilar ◽  
Lucía Allende ◽  
Francisco J. del Toro ◽  
Bong-Nam Chung ◽  
Tomás Canto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Potato Virus ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentrations ◽  
Elevated Co2 And Temperature

Infections of plants by multiple viruses are common in nature and may result in synergisms in pathologies. Several environmental factors influence plant-virus interactions and act on virulence and host defense responses. Mixed viral infections may be more frequent under environmental conditions associated with global warming. Here, we address how changes in the two main parameters behind global warming, carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) and temperature, may affect virulence of Potato virus X (PVX)/potyvirus-associated synergism compared with single infections in Nicotiana benthamiana. Elevated [CO2] resulted in attenuated virulence of single infection by PVX, which correlated with a lower accumulation of virus. In contrast, virulence of PVX/potyvirus-associated synergism was maintained at elevated [CO2]. On the other hand, elevated temperature decreased markedly both virulence and virus titers in the synergistic infection. We also show that the HR-like response elicited by transient coexpression of PVX P25 together with the potyviral helper component-proteinase protein was significantly enhanced by elevated temperature, whereas it was reduced by elevated [CO2]. Both proteins are main pathogenicity determinants in PVX-associated synergisms. These findings indicate that, under environmental conditions associated with global warming, virulence of PVX/potyvirus-associated synergisms is expected to vary relative to single infections and, thus, may have pathological consequences in the future.

scholarly journals Warming shapes nirS- and nosZ-type denitrifier communities and stimulates N2O emission in acidic paddy soil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyi Xing ◽  
Yafang Tang ◽  
Huifang Xu ◽  
Hongling Qin ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Paddy Soil ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Paddy Soils ◽  
Community Structures ◽  
Total N ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Denitrifier Communities

Warming strongly stimulates soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, contributing to the global warming trend. Submerged paddy soils exhibit huge N2O emission potential; however, the N2O emission pathway and underlying mechanisms under warming are not clearly understood. We conducted an incubation experiment using 15N to investigate the dynamics of N2O emission at controlled temperatures (5, 15, 25, and 35 °C) in 125% water-filled pore space. The community structures of nitrifiers and denitrifiers were determined via high-throughput sequencing of functional genes. Our results showed that elevated temperature sharply enhanced soil N2O emission from submerged paddy soil. Denitrification was the main contributor, accounting for more than 90% of total N2O emission at all treatment temperatures. N2O flux was coordinatively regulated by nirK-, nirS-, and nosZ-containing denitrifiers, but not ammonia-oxidising archaea or ammonia-oxidising bacteria. The nirS-containing denitrifiers were more sensitive to temperature shifts, especially at a lower temperature range (5 to 25 °C), and showed a stronger correlation with N2O flux than that of nirK-containing denitrifiers. By contrast, nosZ-containing denitrifiers exhibited substantial variation at higher temperatures (15 to 35 °C), thereby playing an important role in N2O consumption. Certain taxa of nirS- and nosZ-containing denitrifiers regulated N2O flux, including nirS-containing denitrifiers affiliated with Rhodanbacter and Cupriavidus as well as nosZ-containing denitrifiers affiliated with Azoarcus and Azospirillum. Together, these findings suggest that elevated temperature can significantly increase N2O emission from denitrification in submerged paddy soils by shifting the overall community structures and enriching some indigenous taxa of nirS- and nosZ-containing denitrifiers. Importance The interdependence between global warming and greenhouse gas N2O has always been the hotspot. However, information on factors contributing to N2O and temperature-dependent community structure changes are scarce. This study demonstrated high temperature-induced N2O emission from submerged paddy soils, mainly via stimulating denitrification. Further, we speculate that key functional denitrifiers drive N2O emission. This study showed that denitrifiers were more sensitive to temperature rise than nitrifiers, and the temperature sensitivity differed among denitrifier communities. N2O-consuming denitrifiers (nosZ-containing denitrifiers) were more sensitive at a higher temperature range than N2O-producing denitrifiers (nirS-containing denitrifiers). This study’s findings help predict N2O fluxes under different degrees of warming and develop strategies to mitigate N2O emissions from paddy fields based on microbial community regulation.

scholarly journals Analysis of Vibrio harveyi adaptation in sea water microcosms at elevated temperature provides insights into the putative mechanisms of its persistence and spread in the time of global warming

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Itxaso Montánchez ◽  
Elixabet Ogayar ◽  
Ander Hernández Plágaro ◽  
Anna Esteve-Codina ◽  
Jèssica Gómez-Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Vibrio Harveyi

scholarly journals Elevated temperature and deposited sediment jointly affect early life history traits in southernmost arctic charr populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisandrina Mari ◽  
Martin Daufresne ◽  
Jean Guillard ◽  
Guillaume Evanno ◽  
Emilien Lasne
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Life History ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Arctic Charr ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interactive Effects

The combination of global warming and local stressors can have dramatic consequences on freshwater biota. Sediment deposition is an important pressure that can affect benthic species and benthic ontogenetic stages (eggs and larvae) habitat quality. However, knowledge on the effects of sediment in a warming context is lacking. We used a common garden approach to examine the effects of combined exposure to elevated temperature and deposited sediment on early life history traits in offspring of four wild arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) populations, originating from geographically isolated lakes at the Southern edge of the species range. We report interactive effects of temperature and sediment, with higher temperature exacerbating the negative effects of sediments on the duration of the incubation period and on the body size-yolk expenditure trade-off during development. Our results highlight that reevaluating the impacts of sediment on organisms under the lens of global warming and at the scale of several wild populations is needed to improve our understanding of how vulnerable species can respond to environmental changes.

scholarly journals Adding insult to injury: Effects of chronic oxybenzone exposure and elevated temperature on two reef-building corals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Wijgerde ◽  
Mike van Ballegooijen ◽  
Reindert Nijland ◽  
Luna van der Loos ◽  
Christiaan Kwadijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Effect Study ◽  
List Type ◽  
Stylophora Pistillata ◽  
Coral Microbiome ◽  
The Face ◽  
Acropora Tenuis ◽  
Coral Health

AbstractWe studied the effect of chronic oxybenzone exposure and elevated temperature on coral health. Microcolonies of Stylophora pistillata and Acropora tenuis were cultured in 20 flow-through aquaria, of which 10 were exposed to oxybenzone at a field-relevant concentration of ~0.06 μg L−1 at 26 °C. After two weeks, half of the corals experienced a heat wave culminating at 33 °C. All S. pistillata colonies survived the heat wave, although heat reduced growth and zooxanthellae density, irrespective of oxybenzone. A. tenuis survival was reduced to 0% at 32 °C, and oxybenzone accelerated mortality. Oxybenzone and heat significantly reduced photosynthetic yield in both species, causing a 5% and 22−33% decrease, respectively. In addition, combined oxybenzone and temperature stress altered the abundance of five bacterial families in the microbiome of S. pistillata. Our results suggest that oxybenzone adds insult to injury by further weakening corals in the face of global warming.Highlights➢Chronic effect study on corals combining oxybenzone and elevated temperature➢Oxybenzone affected photosystem II of coral photosymbionts and altered coral microbiome➢Temperature effects were stronger than oxybenzone effects➢Sensitivities were species-dependent➢Oxybenzone adds insult to injury by weakening corals in the face of global warming

scholarly journals The Greenhouse Effect Definition

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Antero Ollila
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Climate Sensitivity ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Heating Effects ◽  
Downward Radiation

The greenhouse effect concept explains the Earth’s elevated temperature. The IPCC endorses the anthropogenic global warming theory, and it assumes that the greenhouse (GH) effect is due to the longwave (LW) absorption by GH gases and clouds. The IPCC’s GH definition lets to understand that the LW absorption is responsible for the downward radiation to the surface. According to the energy laws, it is not possible that the LW absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by the GH gases could re-emit downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 on the Earth’s surface. When the shortwave (SW) absorption is decreased from this total LW radiation, the rest of the radiation is 270.6 Wm-2. This LW radiation downward is the imminent cause for the GH effect increasing the surface temperature by the 33°C. It includes LW absorption by the GH gases and clouds in the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effects. Without the latent and sensible heating impacts in the atmosphere, the downward LW radiation could not close the energy balance of the surface. The contribution of CO2 in the GH effect is 7.4% corresponding to 2.5°C in temperature. This result does not only mutilate the image of CO2 as a strong GH gas, but it has further consequences in climate models. It turned out that the IPCC’s climate model showing a climate sensitivity (CS) of 1.2°C (caused by CO2 effects only) could not be fitted into the total GH effect of CO2. A climate model showing a CS of 0.6°C matches the CO2 contribution in the GH effect.

Performance of promising rice varieties under ambient and elevated temperature regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Shubhechhya Regmi ◽  
Binayak P. Rajbhandari
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Ambient Condition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Chamber System ◽  
Open Top Chamber ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Plastic Sheet ◽  
Significant Difference

Open top chamber system was designed for undertaking research into rice crop response to increased temperature during rainy season at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Khajura, Banke in 2018. With the objective of determining the efficacy of the chamber system and to generate possible differences in climate which could alter plant response between ambient and chamber system, 5 different rice varieties (Radha-4, Sukhkhadhan-3, Sukhkhadhan-2, IR83383-G-B-141-1 and IR87751-20-4-4-2) with three temperature conditions were used: ambient condition, open top chamber with 1.2m height enclosed from base with plastic sheet and open top chamber with 1.5m height enclosed from base with plastic sheet. With 3.1°c higher temperature Sukhkhadhan-2 significantly (p value= 0.0199) produced higher grain yield 4.33 t/ha under chamber condition in contrast to open field (2.93 t/ha) as well as significantly (p value=0.0175) higher biomass yield 13.62 t/ha under elevated temperature. Also, Sukhkhadhan-2 significantly (p value=0.0012) attained maximum height (86.99 cm) under chamber condition compared to open field (73.06 cm) during harvest. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference for number of tillers per hill during maturity stage. Significantly sukhkhadhan-3 (p value=0.02994) showed longer panicle length 25.7cm under chamber than normal field condition (23.74 cm). In addition, Radha- 4 significantly (p value=0.03823) produced more filled grains per panicle (169) under chamber conditions than ambient condition (112). The consideration of crop variety is a good adoption measure to minimize incidence of elevated temperature in farming system.

scholarly journals Heat-induced masculinization in domesticated zebrafish is family-specific and yields a set of different gonadal transcriptomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. E941-E950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laia Ribas ◽  
Woei Chang Liew ◽  
Noèlia Díaz ◽  
Rajini Sreenivasan ◽  
László Orbán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Sex Determination System

Understanding environmental influences on sex ratios is important for the study of the evolution of sex-determining mechanisms and for evaluating the effects of global warming and chemical pollution. Fishes exhibit sexual plasticity, but the underlying mechanisms of environmental effects on their reproduction are unclear even in the well-established teleost research model, the zebrafish. Here we established the conditions to study the effects of elevated temperature on zebrafish sex. We showed that sex ratio response to elevated temperature is family-specific and typically leads to masculinization (female-to-male sex reversal), resulting in neomales. These results uncovered genotype-by-environment interactions that support a polygenic sex determination system in domesticated (laboratory) zebrafish. We found that some heat-treated fish had gene expression profiles similar to untreated controls of the same sex, indicating that they were resistant to thermal effects. Further, most neomales had gonadal transcriptomes similar to that of regular males. Strikingly, we discovered heat-treated females that displayed a normal ovarian phenotype but with a “male-like” gonadal transcriptome. Such major transcriptomic reprogramming with preserved organ structure has never been reported. Juveniles were also found to have a male-like transcriptome shortly after exposure to heat. These findings were validated by analyzing the expression of genes and signaling pathways associated with sex differentiation. Our results revealed a lasting thermal effect on zebrafish gonads, suggesting new avenues for detection of functional consequences of elevated temperature in natural fish populations in a global warming scenario.

scholarly journals Elevated temperature differently affects growth, photosynthetic capacity, nutrient absorption and leaf ultrastructure of Abies faxoniana and Picea purpurea under intra- and interspecific competition

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1342-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yu ◽  
Mengya Song ◽  
Zhichao Xia ◽  
Helena Korpelainen ◽  
Ülo Niinemets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Nutrient Absorption ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Ultrastructure ◽  
Abies Faxoniana

Abstract There is a limited understanding of the impacts of global warming on intra- and interspecific plant competition. Resolving this knowledge gap is important for predicting the potential influence of global warming on forests, particularly on high-altitude trees, which are more sensitive to warming. In the present study, effects of intra- and interspecific competition on plant growth and associated physiological, structural and chemical traits were investigated in Abies faxoniana and Picea purpurea seedlings under control (ambient temperature) and elevated temperature (ET, 2 °C above ambient temperature) conditions for 2 years. We found that A. faxoniana and P. purpurea grown under intra- and interspecific competition showed significant differences in dry matter accumulation (DMA), photosynthetic capacity, nutrient absorption, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents and leaf ultrastructure under ET conditions. ET increased leaf, stem and root DMA of both conifers under both competition patterns. Moreover, under ET and interspecific competition, P. purpurea had overall superior competitive capacity characterized by higher organ (leaf, stem and root) and total DMA, height growth rate, net photosynthetic rate, specific leaf area, water use efficiency (δ13C), leaf and root N and NSC concentrations and greater plasticity for absorption of different soil N forms. Thus, the growth of P. purpurea benefitted from the presence of A. faxoniana under ET. Our results demonstrated that ET significantly affects the asymmetric competition patterns in subalpine conifer species. Potential alteration of plant competitive interactions by global warming can influence the composition, structure and functioning of subalpine coniferous forests.

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