scholarly journals Determination of Serum Thyroglobulin Concentration in Simple Diffuse Goiter Patients with Known Iodine Status

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 358-367
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdul Halim Khan
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Diffuse Goiter

Background: Thyroglobulin (TG) seems to be a valuable indicator of thyroid function and iodine nutrition status. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to observe the relationship between serum thyroglobulin and urinary iodine (UI) in simple diffuse goiter patients.Methods:This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Endocrinology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was 2 years, starting from May 2014 to March 2016. Total 87 patients with simple diffuse goiter attending the OPD Department of Endocrinology of BSMMU had been recruited as study population. A purposive sampling technique was followed for sample selection.Results:Serum thyroglobulin (ng/mL, mean±SD and median) was lowest in the age group 12-16 years (6.0±4.5, 5.16 ng/mL) followed by age>31 years (8.8±8.1, 6.16 ng/mL), whereas other age groups showed level around 13.0 and 10.0 ng/mL (p= 0.520). Mean (±SD) Urinary Iodine was not statistically different among age groups (347.4± 226.5 vs. 337.08±188.9 vs. 300.5± 95.37 vs. 337.7± 225.42 vs. 278.3± 105.7, µg/L; F 0.451, p=0.771) while median values were 325.26 vs. 355.68 vs. 325.80 vs. 338.86 and 300.90 µg/L respectively. Neither thyroglobulin (5.76±5.72 vs. 11.60± 13.50; 3.47 vs. 8.9 ng/mL, m±SD and median; p=0.294) nor Urinary Iodine (373.5± 44.5 vs. 317.2± 180.32; 378.1 vs. 308.9 µg/L, m±SD and median; p=0.450) were statistically different between the gender groups. Similarly, thyroglobulin and Urinary Iodine were also statistically similar for grade-1 and grade-2 goiter (thyroglobulin: 6.79±4.33 vs. 11.67±13.69 and 6.74 vs. 8.02 ng/mL, m±SD and median, p=0.319; Urinary Iodine: 361.33± 51.60 vs. 317.09± 182.44, 362.69 vs. 305.35 µg/L, m±SD and median, p=0.498).Conclusion:Thyroglobulin seems to have an inverse association in iodine deficiency state and positive association in over sufficient state with UI. There was no statistically significant difference of TG concentration between males and females nor between Grade-1 and Grade-2 goiter.

scholarly journals Thyroglobulin as a marker of iodine nutrition status in the general population

2009 ◽  
Vol 161 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pernille Vejbjerg ◽  
Nils Knudsen ◽  
Hans Perrild ◽  
Peter Laurberg ◽  
Allan Carlé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Reference Limit

ObjectiveThe iodine status of a population is traditionally evaluated by either urinary iodine (UI) excretion or by some measure of thyroid volume and the prevalence of goitre. In this prospective study of a mandatory iodization programme, we aimed to evaluate serum thyroglobulin (Tg) as a marker of iodine status in the population.MethodsTwo identical cross-sectional studies were performed before (1997–1998,n=4649) and after (2004–2005,n=3570) the initiation of the Danish iodization programme in two areas with mild and moderate iodine deficiency. Serum Tg was measured from blood samples. Thyroid volume was measured by ultrasonography.ResultsBefore iodization, the median serum Tg was considerably higher in moderate than in mild iodine deficiency. Iodization led to a lower serum Tg in all examined age groups. The marked pre-iodization difference in Tg level between the regions was eliminated. The prevalence of Tg above the suggested reference limit (40 μg/l) decreased from 11.3 to 3.7% (P<0.0001). Using bootstrapping, we demonstrated a higher efficacy of Tg than of thyroid volume to show a difference between pre- and post-iodization values.ConclusionWe found serum Tg to be a suitable marker of iodine nutrition status in the population. The results may suggest that the Danish iodization programme has led to a sufficient iodine intake, even if the median UI excretion is still marginally low according to WHO criteria.

scholarly journals Can postpartum maternal urinary iodine be used to estimate iodine nutrition status of newborns?

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1226-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantea Nazeri ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
Mehdi Hedayati ◽  
Yadollah Mehrabi ◽  
Hossein Delshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Heel Prick ◽  
Postpartum Mothers

AbstractI deficiency can lead to detrimental effects, particularly in neonates and young infants. The aim of this study was to explore whether postpartum maternal urinary I can be used to estimate the I status of newborns. In this cross-sectional study conducted in Tehran, lactating mothers and newborns, within 3–5 d postpartum, were randomly selected. Urine samples were collected from each mother and newborn, and a heel-prick blood sample was obtained from all newborns as part of the routine national newborn screening programme. According to the WHO criteria, median urinary I concentration (UIC) <100 µg/l and frequency over 3 % of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) >5 mIU/l was considered as I insufficiency. A total of 147 postpartum women and neonates, aged 27·8 (sd5·3) years and 4·2 (sd0·6) d, respectively, completed this study. The median UIC was 68·0 (interquartile range (IQR) 39·4–133·5) and 212·5 (IQR 92·3–307·3) µg/l in postpartum mothers and newborns, respectively. The median neonatal TSH was 1·00 (IQR 0·50–1·70) mIU/l. There was no significant difference in the neonatal UIC and TSH of infants whose mothers had deficient and sufficient urinary I. In the multiple linear regression, neonatal UIC value was associated with maternal urinary I (P=0·048) and parity (P=0·039); a significant association was observed between neonatal TSH and infant sex (P=0·038) and birth weight (P=0·049). The findings of our study demonstrate that, despite postpartum mothers being mildly I deficient, I status of their infants was adequate as assessed by UIC and TSH values. It seems factors other than maternal urinary I may influence the I status in newborns.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uchenna C. Atowa ◽  
Alvin J. Munsamy ◽  
Samuel O. Wajuihian
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Significant Difference

Aim: To study the prevalence of myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in public and private (primary and secondary) schools. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used for selecting participants aged between 8 and 15 years from 12 schools in Aba, Nigeria. Data were analysed for 1197 children who underwent a comprehensive eye examination. The children were divided according to the following criteria: age groups (group 1 [8–11 years] or group 2 [12–15 years]), gender (male or female), level of education (primary or secondary) and type of school (public or private). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D in the poorer eye.Results: The prevalence of myopia was estimated to be 2.7%. Of the 96 children with refractive error, 78.1% were uncorrected. In using logistic regression analysis, risk of developing myopia was associated with older age groups (odds ratio [OR]: 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–9.11; p < 0.010) and higher level of education (OR: 1.73; 95% CI, 1.05–2.86; p < 0.030). There was no significant difference in myopia prevalence between male and female children (p = 0.89).Conclusion: Although the prevalence of myopia and overall prevalence of refractive error in school children in Aba were low, the high prevalence of uncorrected refractive error is a significant public health problem. An effective and sustainable children’s vision screening programme is needed to prevent visual impairment and blindness.

scholarly journals The Effect of Iodine Status on the Risk of Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Lou ◽  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
Zhifang Wang ◽  
Guangming Mao ◽  
Wenming Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective. The aim of this study was to explore whether iodine nutrition is associated with the risk of thyroid nodules among adult population in Zhejiang Province, China. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population aged 18 years or older. A total of 2,710 subjects received physical examination, questionnaires, and thyroid ultrasonography. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid hormone levels were measured and documented for each subject. 4 multiple logistic regression models adjusted for other risk factors were applied to analyze the association between iodine nutrition and thyroid nodules. Results. The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 15.5% among all adults. As indicated by all 4 models, subjects with UIC varying from 200 μg l−1 to 399 μg l−1 had lower risk of thyroid nodules compared with those with relatively low UIC (<100 μg l−1), with approximately 37–57 percent reduction in risk. Moreover, subjects with UIC between 100 and 199 μg l−1 had a decreased risk of thyroid nodules in model 1 and 2 (OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.58–0.97; OR = 0.75, 95% CI, 0.58–0.97, respectively). However, there was no significant difference of risk in thyroid nodules between subjects with high UIC (≥400 μg l−1) and low UIC (<100 μg l−1). Furthermore, intake of iodized salt was inversely associated with risk of thyroid nodules, with approximately 69–77 percent reduction in risk. Conclusion. The relationship between UIC and the risk of thyroid nodules is U-shaped. Consumption of noniodized salt is an independent risk factor of thyroid nodules.

scholarly journals Iodine nutrition status in clinically euthyroid pregnant women attending in BSMMU

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Md. Anowar Hossain ◽  
M. Abul Hasanat ◽  
Murshed Ahamed Khan ◽  
Jobaida Naznin ◽  
Kazi Ashraful Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Nutritional Problem

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are common nutritional problem globally. All groups of people are affected by it, but the pregnant women and their neonates are most vulnerable.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> This study was carried out to see the iodine status of pregnant women using median urinary iodine concentration (MUI) as a measure of outcome. Methods: This cross sectional observational study assessed the MUI in casual urine samples from 225 pregnant women (75 pregnants from each trimester) and 75 non-pregnant healthy controls. The urinary iodine content was estimated in urine sample using the method of Dunn et al. with the modification of Sandell &amp; Kolthoff (wet digestion method).</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Median value of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 48.21Ug/L compared to 52.27</p>

scholarly journals IODINE STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN RESIDING IN URBAN SLUMS IN DELHI

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 506
Author(s):  
Spriha Rao ◽  
Gurudayal Singh Toteja ◽  
Neena Bhatia ◽  
Supriya Dwivedi ◽  
Zaozianlungliu Gonmei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Urban Slums ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Salt Iodine

Objectives: The present study was carried out to determine the iodine nutrition status among pregnant women in slums of West Delhi.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among the third-trimester pregnant women residing in urban slums of West Delhi. Urinary iodine concentration was estimated using ammonium persulfate method, and salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration.Results: Of the total 180 pregnant women, 70.6% were consuming adequately iodized salt (iodine levels ≥15 ppm). Median urinary iodine level for the pregnant women was 147.5 μg/L indicating iodine deficiency among this group. A total of 51.1% of women had urinary iodine levels <150 μg/L.Conclusion: Pregnant women belonging to slum community from Delhi have a suboptimal iodine status. Further, the proportion of women consuming iodized salt is less than the national average indicating the need to educate these women about the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

Assessment of Iodine Nutrition of School Children in Gonda, India, Indicates Improvement and Effectivity of Salt Iodization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Kushagra Gaurav ◽  
Subhash Yadav ◽  
Sheo Kumar ◽  
Anjali Mishra ◽  
Madan M Godbole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
North India ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salt Iodine

Abstract Objective: To study the total goiter rate (TGR), urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and salt iodine content among school children in a previously endemic area for severe iodine deficiency disorder (IDD). Design: Cross-sectional epidemiological study. Setting: The study was carried out in the Gonda district (sub-Himalayan region) of North India. Participants: Nine hundred and seventy-seven school children (6-12 years) were studied for parameters such as height, weight, UIC, and salt iodine content. Thyroid volume (TV) was measured by ultrasonography to estimate TGR. Results: The overall TGR in the study population was 2.8% (95% CI: 1.8-3.8%). No significant difference in TGR was observed between boys and girls (3.5% vs. 1.9%, p=0.2). There was a non-significant trend of increasing TGR with age (p=0.05). Median UIC was 157.1 μg/L (IQR: 94.5-244.9). At the time of the study, 97% of salt sample were iodized and nearly 86% of salt samples had iodine content higher than or equal to 15 ppm. Overall, TGR was significantly lower (2.8% vs. 31.0%, p<0.001), and median UIC was significantly higher (157.1 vs. 100.0 μg/L, p<0.05) than reported in the same area in 2009. Conclusions: A marked improvement was seen in overall iodine nutrition in the Gonda district after three and a half decades of USI. To sustainably control IDD, USI and other programs such as health education, must be continuously implemented along with putting mechanisms to monitor the program at regular intervals in place.

scholarly journals A Hospital-Based Study of Iodine Nutrition Status of Breastfeeding Mothers in Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jobaida Naznin ◽  
Mohammad Fariduddin ◽  
Mashfiqul Hasan ◽  
Mohammad Atiqur-Rahman ◽  
Nusrat Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socioeconomic Condition ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Exclusive Or ◽  
Medical University

Adequacy of iodine nutrition status in breastfeeding mothers is vital in preventing iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) in neonates and children. The aim of the study was to assess urinary iodine status in breastfeeding mothers attending Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) hospital in Bangladesh. In this cross-sectional study carried out from January 2014 to January 2015, urinary iodine (UI; μgm/L) level of 266 mothers (age 26.6 ± 4.7 years (mean ± SD), exclusively breastfeeding: 132 and nonexclusively breastfeeding: 134), recruited on consecutive basis from BSMMU outdoor and indoor, were measured in spot urine following the wet digestion method. Median UI in the participants was 298.6 (interquartile range, IQR 206.6–454.9) μgm/L and only 6.4% lactating mother had low UI (i.e. <100 μgm/L). There was no difference of median UI in relation to exclusive or nonexclusive breast feeding, presence of goiter, parity, and age of breastfed baby (p=ns for all). But median UI was higher in older subjects (≥30 years vs. <30 years: 364.4 (228.4–529.9) vs. 283.7 (205.4–434.0); median (IQR) p=0.040)), with good socioeconomic condition (good vs. average or less: 328.2 (243.8–510.0) vs. 274.4 (200.0–433.3); median (IQR); p=0.020), and in those who are aware regarding the importance of iodine (aware vs. unaware: 316.6 (225.2–506.3) vs. 270.1 (196.0–407.2); median (IQR); p=0.018). The proportion of participants with UI < 100 μgm/L was similar in all the groups. Logistic regressions to predict deficient UI status revealed none of the variables to be an independent predictor. This study indicates that deficient iodine nutrition status in Bangladeshi breastfeeding mothers is not frequent at present.

scholarly journals Insufficient iodine nutrition status and the risk of pre-eclampsia: a systemic review and meta-analysis

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e043505
Author(s):  
Charles Bitamazire Businge ◽  
Anthony Usenbo ◽  
Benjamin Longo-Mbenza ◽  
AP Kengne
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Significant Difference

BackgroundAlthough subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is one of the established risk factors for pre-eclampsia, the link between iodine deficiency, the main cause of hypothyroidism, and pre-eclampsia remains uncertain. We conducted a systematic review to determine the iodine nutrition status of pregnant women with and without pre-eclampsia and the risk of pre-eclampsia due to iodine deficiency.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Scopus and Africa-Wide Information were searched up to 30th June 2020. Random-effect model meta-analysis was used to pool mean difference in urinary iodine concentration (UIC) between pre-eclamptic and normotensive controls and pool ORs and incidence rates of pre-eclampsia among women with UIC <150 µg/L.ResultsFive eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant difference in the pooled mean UIC of 254 pre-eclamptic women and 210 normotensive controls enrolled in three eligible case–control studies (mean UIC 164.4 µg/L (95% CI 45.1 to 283.6, p<0.01, I2 >50)). The overall proportions of pre-eclampsia among women with UIC <150 µg/L and UIC >150 µg/L in two cross-sectional studies were 203/214 and 67/247, respectively, with a pooled OR of 0.01 (95% CI 0 to 4.23, p=0.14, I2 >50) for pre-eclampsia among women with UIC >150 µg/L. The overall incidence of pre-eclampsia among women with UIC <150 µg/L and UIC >150 µg/L in two cohort studies was 6/1411 and 3/2478, respectively, with a pooled risk ratio of 2.85 (95% CI 0.42 to 20.05, p=0.09, I2 <25).ConclusionAlthough pre-eclamptic women seem to have lower UIC than normotensive pregnant women, the available data are insufficient to provide a conclusive answer on association of iodine deficiency with pre-eclampsia risk.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018099427.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Clinical and Epidemiological Profile of Adult Patients with Vitiligo

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Yogesh Poudyal ◽  
Chandra Bhal Jha ◽  
Niraj Parajuli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemiological Aspect ◽  
Epidemiological Features ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

INTRODUCTION Vitiligo is an acquired disorder of skin characterized by white macules. Though there are many studies describing clinical and epidemiological features of vitiligo; there are few studies which have attempted to see the differences between male and female. Understanding the gender differences in clinico-epidemiological features will help to find the direction for further research in understanding pathogenesis. The objective was to find the gender wise differences in clinico-epidemiological pattern of vitiligo.   MATERIAL AND METHODS This was cross sectional study done at Dermatology and Venereology out-patient clinic of Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching hospital, Bhairhawa, Nepal from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016. Consecutive sampling technique was used and the cases of 18 years and above were taken. Chi-square test, multi-variate logistic regression, two sample t-tests were used to analyze the data.   RESULTS The total number of case was 190. Female to male ratio was 1.38:1. Vitiligo vulgaris was seen more in female and mucosal vitiligo more in male and the difference was statistically significant.   However, there was no statistically significant difference among gender in family history, duration of disease, mucosal and hair involvement, history of recurrence and various age groups.   CONCLUSION Vitiligo vulgaris is seen more in female and mucosal vitiligo is seen more in male. This study has strengthened the evidence regarding the difference noted in clinic-epidemiological aspect of vitiligo. There should be more studies, so that more patterns in gender differences could be understood, and this will help in understanding the pathogenesis of vitiligo.  

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