Pengaruh Lama Waktu Pengadukan Terhadap Pengikatan Impuritis untuk Meningkatkan Kadar NaCl Pada Garam Rakyat

ABSTRAKGaram dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu kumpulan senyawa kimia yang bagian utamanya adalah Natrium Chlorida (NaCl) dengan zat-zat pengotor terdiri dari MgCl2, MgSO4, CaSO4, dan lain-lain. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan sampel garam rakyat dari Pasar Larangan Sidoarjo yang memiliki kualitas dibawah standar, dengan kadar NaCl 81,88% b/b. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pemurnian garam dengan menggunakan metode rekristalisasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama waktu pengadukan (15, 30, dan 45menit) terhadap penambahan beberapa senyawa kimia, seperti natrium hidroksida (NaOH), natrium karbonat (Na2CO3) dan barium klorida (BaCl2) untuk mengurangi ion polutan (Ca2+, Mg2+ dan SO42-). Sehingga kadar NaCl dalam garam rakyat akan meningkat. Kadar NaCl dihitung sebelum dan setelah diberi perlakuan dengan menggunakan metode titrasi argentometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar NaCl tertinggi diperoleh pada rekristalisasi dengan lama waktu pengadukan 45 menit, dengan kadar 98,86% b/b. Kemurnian ini sesuai untuk memenuhi tuntutan kebutuhan masyarakat dan industri.Kata Kunci: Garam Rakyat, Kadar NaCl, Lama Waktu PengadukanABSTRACTSalt can be defined as chemical compounds which the main substance is Sodium Chloride (NaCl) with impurity substances consist of MgCl2, MgSO4, CaSO4, etc. This study used public salt from Larangan Market Sidoarjo which has sub-standard quality, and the concentration of NaCl is about 81,88%b/b. Hence, salt purification is needed using recrystallization method. This study was conducted to determine the influence of stirring time (15, 30, and 45 minutes) of the addition of several chemical compounds, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodiumcarbonate (Na2CO3) and barium chloride (BaCl2) in order to reduce the pollutant ions (Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO42-). Eventually the percentage of NaCl concentration in public salt will increase. NaCl concentration was calculated before and after treatment was using argentometry titration. The results shows that the highest NaCl concentration is obtained at recrystallization with stirring time 45 minutes, concentration 98,86% b/b. This purity suitable to meet the needs of society and industry demands.Keywords: Stirring Time, The Concentration Of NaCl, Public Salt.

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Sedimentary Clays as Geopolymer Precursor

International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.39.97 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 97-111

Author(s):

F. Mostefa ◽

Nasr Eddine Bouhamou ◽

H.A. Mesbah ◽

Salima Aggoun ◽

D. Mekhatria

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Mineralogical Composition ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Calcination Time ◽

Calorimetric Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Before And After ◽

Mechanical Performances

This work aims to study the feasibility of making a geopolymer cement based on dredged sediments, from the Fergoug dam (Algeria) and to evaluate their construction potential particularly interesting in the field of special cementitious materials. These sediments due to their mineralogical composition as aluminosilicates; are materials that can be used after heat treatment. Sedimentary clays were characterized before and after calcination by X-ray diffraction, ATG / ATD, spectroscopy (FTIR) and XRF analysis. The calcination was carried out on the raw material sieved at 80 μm for a temperature of 750 ° C, for 3.4 and 5 hours. The reactivity of the calcined products was measured using isothermal calorimetric analysis (DSC) on pastes prepared by mixing an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 8 M in an amount allowing to have a Na / Al ratio close to 1 (1: 1). Also, cubic mortar samples were prepared with a ratio L / S: 0.8, sealed and cured for 24 hours at 60 ° C and then at room temperature until the day they were submited to mechanical testing. to check the extent of geopolymerization. The results obtained allowed to optimize the calcination time of 5 hours for a better reactivity of these sediments, and a concentration of 8M of sodium hydroxide and more suitable to have the best mechanical performances.

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Selected chemical compounds in firm and mellow persimmon fruit before and after the drying process

Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.1002/jsfa.7492 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 96 (9) ◽

pp. 3140-3147 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mateja Senica ◽

Robert Veberic ◽

Jana Jurhar Grabnar ◽

Franci Stampar ◽

Jerneja Jakopic

Keyword(s):

Chemical Compounds ◽

Drying Process ◽

Persimmon Fruit ◽

Before And After

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Characterization of Virus Adsorption by Using DEAE-Sepharose and Octyl-Sepharose

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.68.8.3965-3968.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 68 (8) ◽

pp. 3965-3968 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Patricia A. Shields ◽

Samuel R. Farrah

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Electrostatic Interactions ◽

Hydrophobic Interactions ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Sodium Chloride Concentration ◽

Virus Adsorption ◽

Nacl Concentration

ABSTRACT Viruses were characterized by their adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose or by their elution from octyl-Sepharose by using buffered solutions of sodium chloride with different ionic strengths. Viruses whose adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose was reduced most rapidly by an increase in the sodium chloride concentration were considered to have the weakest electrostatic interactions with the solids; these viruses included MS2, E1, and φX174. Viruses whose adsorption to DEAE-Sepharose was reduced least rapidly were considered to have the strongest electrostatic interactions with the column; these viruses included P1, T4, T2, and E5. All of the viruses studied adsorbed to octyl-Sepharose in the presence of 4 M NaCl. Viruses that were eluted most rapidly following a decrease in the concentration of NaCl were considered to have the weakest hydrophobic interactions with the column; these viruses included φX174, CB4, and E1. Viruses that were eluted least rapidly from the columns after the NaCl concentration was decreased were considered to have the strongest hydrophobic interactions with the column; these viruses included f2, MS2, and E5.

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Antibacterial Efficacy of Synthetic and Natural-Derived Novel Endodontic Irrigant Solutions

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201802172 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 459-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Larissa Tais Soligo ◽

Ediléia Lodi ◽

Ana Paula Farina ◽

Matheus Albino Souza ◽

Cristina de Mattos Pimenta Vidal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Grape Seed ◽

Control Group ◽

Bacterial Reduction ◽

Calcium Hypochlorite ◽

Root Canals ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Before And After ◽

Post Hoc

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE), calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2], and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigant solutions with rotary or reciprocating instrumentation for disinfection of root canals inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis. The mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars were prepared and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days. The roots were then randomly divided into the following eight experimental groups (n=11) according to the instrumentation technique and disinfection protocol: ProTaper Next or Reciproc R25 with sodium chloride (control group), 6% NaOCl, 6% Ca(ClO)2, or 50% GSE used for irrigation during instrumentation. The antimicrobial activity was determined on the basis of a reduction in colony-forming units (CFUs) counted on bacterial samples collected before and after root canal instrumentation and expressed as a percentage of reduction. Data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed in bacterial reduction between the ProTaper Next and Reciproc R25 systems (p>0.05), regardless of the irrigant solution used. Furthermore, all active solutions (6% NaOCl, 50% GSE, and 6% Ca(ClO)2) showed similar potential to reduce bacterial counts (p>0.05) and were significantly more effective than sodium chloride (control) (p<0.05). The results suggest that the GSE and Ca(ClO)2 have potential clinical application as irrigant solutions in endodontic therapy since they present bactericidal efficacy against Enterococcus faecalis.

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Ion exchange process in the presence of high sulphate concentration: resin regeneration and spent brine reuse

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2006.791 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. Baciocchi ◽

A. Chiavola

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Ion Exchange ◽

Exchange Process ◽

Chloride Concentration ◽

Barium Chloride ◽

Ion Exchange Resin ◽

Mass Action ◽

Sulphate Concentration ◽

Ion Exchange Process ◽

Resin Regeneration

This paper provides new insights on the regeneration step of an ion exchange process for the treatment of surface and ground water characterized by high sulphate concentration. Repeated regeneration of ion exchange resin with a sodium chloride solution (brine) did not alter the resin performances with respect to the fresh one. Besides, neither the sodium chloride concentration of the brine, which was varied between 1 and 3 M, nor the presence of sulphates at concentrations up to 20 g/L in the brine, did notably affect the regeneration efficiency. The brine was effectively treated by adding calcium or barium chloride, in order to remove the sulphates and re-establish the original chloride concentration. Calcium chloride was allowed to obtain up to 70% sulphate precipitation, whereas an almost 100% precipitation efficiency was obtained when barium chloride was used. The precipitation step was described by a model based on the mass action, coupled to the Bromley model for the description of the non-ideal behaviour of the electrolytic solution. This model was shown to give correct, or at least conservative, estimates of the equilibrium sulphate concentration when either calcium or barium chloride was used as precipitating agent.

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REGULATION OF RESPIRATION. -THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM CARBONATE, SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND SODIUM SULPHATE

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology ◽

10.1113/expphysiol.1930.sp000509 ◽

1930 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 313-320 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nathan B. Eddy

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Sodium Carbonate ◽

Intravenous Administration ◽

Salivary Secretion ◽

Sodium Sulphate ◽

Regulation Of Respiration

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Optimization of Chitosan/PVA Concentration in Fabricating Nanofibers Membrane and its Prospect as Air Filtration

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.901.20 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 901 ◽

pp. 20-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Himayatus Shalihah ◽

Ahmad Kusumaatmaja ◽

Ari Dwi Nugraheni ◽

Kuwat Triyana

Keyword(s):

Electrospun Fiber ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Air Filtration ◽

Maximum Condition ◽

Chemical Absorption ◽

Fiber Mats ◽

Before And After ◽

Porosity Percentage ◽

Scanning Electron

Chitosan/polyvinyl-alcohol (Chitosan/PVA) based nanofibers were successfully produced using electrospinning machine and investigated their application as air filtration. Firstly, 2 wt% chitosan was dissolved to 1 wt% acetic acid followed by mixing with PVA solution to produce fiber mats or membrane. Secondly, the morphology and diameter of the electrospun fiber were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the chemical compounds in the membrane were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was found that the conductivity of solution increased by the concentration of chitosan. Meanwhile, the average diameter and percentage of porosity decreased due to the upsurge of the conductivity of the solution. The average diameter of PVA 13 wt% was and the percentage of porosity were 50.32%. The maximum condition of chitosan/PVA was obtained at 20/80 wt%, in line with the average of fiber diameters and the percentage of porosity were 25.32%. Physicochemical properties of chitosan/PVA solution, such as conductivity, morphology, and chemical absorption were investigated before and after the air filtration. The porosity percentage of PVA 13wt% after air filtration changed to 35.85% and the percentage of porosity of chitosan/PVA 20/80 became 25.32%. Remarkable absorption peaks of PVA 13wt% exhibited and - shifted after the air filtration test, it was indicating that functional groups had been reduced. The chemical absorption of chitosan/PVA 20/80 wt% showed at the the region then disappeared after the air filtration test.

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Renin secretion and loop of Henle chloride reabsorption in the adrenalectomized rat

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1985.249.4.f596 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 249 (4) ◽

pp. F596-F602

Author(s):

W. J. Welch ◽

C. E. Ott ◽

G. P. Guthrie ◽

T. A. Kotchen

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Chloride Transport ◽

Plasma Renin ◽

Saline Infusion ◽

Renin Release ◽

Loop Of Henle ◽

Water Drinking ◽

Before And After ◽

Adrenalectomized Rats ◽

Stimulation Of

Renin release is increased in the adrenalectomized rat and is not inhibited by sodium chloride administration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether increased renin release is related to impaired absorptive chloride transport in the loop of Henle. Chloride transport in the loop was measured before and after acute saline infusion in three groups of rats: 1) saline-drinking adrenalectomized rats (Adx); 2) saline-drinking dexamethasone-treated adrenalectomized rats (Dex); and 3) water-drinking sham-operated controls. Unrelated to differences of arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate, or net sodium chloride balance, chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle of Adx [836 +/- 172 peq/min (SE)] was less (P less than 0.01) than in controls (1,646 +/- 353) and Dex (1,377 +/- 318) before saline infusion. After saline infusion, chloride delivery to the loop increased (P less than 0.05) in all three groups. However, loop chloride reabsorption increased (P less than 0.01) only in controls and Dex but not in Adx. Before saline infusion, plasma renin concentration (PRC) of Adx (350 +/- 108 U/ml) was greater (P less than 0.01) than that in controls (56 +/- 6) or Dex (108 +/- 36); sodium chloride infusion failed to inhibit PRC in Adx, whereas PRC was suppressed (P less than 0.01) by saline in Dex and controls. Thus stimulation of renin release in adrenalectomized animals was associated with decreased absorptive chloride transport in the loop of Henle. Dexamethasone normalized loop function and renin responsiveness to sodium chloride.

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