scholarly journals Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Meet Edward II

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boldizsár Fejérvári
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
The Real ◽  
Edward Ii

It is a common fashion in literary criticism, or 'Lit Crit,' to treat reality, human behaviour, communication, and everything else as though they were 'texts to be read.' This paper proposes to go the other way: it interprets literature (or, more precisely, one literary text, Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead) as a part of reality in which several other layers of the real combine, such as linguistics, science, or other literary texts, most notably Hamlet. While Edward II is not generally considered a direct source for Stoppard's play, this paper shows how, in the wider perspective of 'interreality,' Marlowe's tragedy might interact with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. At the same time it is proved that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, contrary to the critical conception of many, is not a parasitic work 'feeding off' Elizabethan playwrights, but a play that enters a symbiotic relationship with its host (as defined by Hillis Miller).

scholarly journals Бытие и небытие смерти в смысловой картине реально- сти и художественного текста на материале романов Леонида Леонова Дорога на Океан и Максима Горького Жизнь Клима Самгина

2018 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 375-383
Author(s):  
Valentyna Gerasymchuk
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Space ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Transcendental Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
Physical Time ◽  
Existence And Nonexistence ◽  
The One

Existence and nonexistence of death in the semantic picture of reality and artistic text on the material of romans Leonid Leonov Road to the Ocean and Maxim Gorkogo The Life of Klim SamginIn this article the problem of death is unfolding in the semantic space of its ontological and existential conception in reality and a literary text. On the one hand, death as the concept of being is presented as its continuation, spiritual content, confirmation. On the other hand, death as a concept of non-being is considered as nothingness, rejection of being and its spiritual content.In reality the concept of death becomes an issue of the questionary and transcendental philosophy, that takes place in the physical time and metaphysical space of thought and expression. When the matter concerns the death of human being, his death acquires an ontological status of being, a status of spiritual significance. In the contrary case, it is possible to consider death and even life in terms of the concepts of being and nothingness. In literary texts the concept of death is also considered to be being or non-being, but taking into account constitutive characteristics of the text, its figurative and notional polysemant, the concept of death acquires not only aesthetic but also conceptual focus. In the article the main points of the topic of death, its being and non-being, are illustrated on the examples of specific literary texts. Буття і небуття смерті в смисловій картині реальності і художньому текстіПроблема смерті у статті розгортається в смисловому просторі онтологічного і екзистенціалістського її розуміння в реальності і в художньому тексті. З одного боку, смерть — поняття буття — постає як його продовження, його духовна наповненість, його стверждення. З другого — смерть — поняття небуття — розглядається як ніщо, як заперечення буття і його духовної наповненості.У реальності поняття смерті стає проблемою запитальної, трансцендентальної філософії, що розгортається у фізичному часі і метафізичному просторі думки і слова. І якщо йдеться про смерть буттюючої особистості, то і її смерть набуває онтологічного статусу, статусу духовної значущості, інакше можна говорити про смерть і навіть життя у поняттях небуття і ніщо. У художніх текстах поняття смерті також розглядається як буття і небуття, проте з урахуванням конститутивних особливостей тексту, його образної і смислової багатозначності, образ смерті набуває, крім онтологічної, ще й естетичну спрямованість.

scholarly journals Ideologie, ‘egte’ norme en literêre taalhandelinge

Literator ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
M. Rossouw
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
South African ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
African Community ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
Different Levels

For many years text-immanent approaches to literature have dominated the scene of Afrikaans literary criticism. This article adds a voice to the ‘spontaneous' discourse in which ethical norms (especially socio-political guidelines), too, come into play when a literary text is studied. Since the context in which a text is written and read is of great importance in such an approach, speech act theory is used in order to determine the intentions (illocutions) of the writer in the texts, as well as the reactions (perlocutions) of readers to the text. The purpose of this is mainly to establish whether critique of ideology manifests itself in speech acts directed towards freedom and dignity for all people. On the other hand there may also be signs of unconscious ideological illocutions in the contradictions which occur within or between the different levels of communication (macro, meso and micro). These contradictions are related to socio-political contradictions which are repressed within the South African community. In order to illustrate this kind of approach, three novels of Etienne van Heerden are discussed, viz. Om te awol (1984), Toorberg (1986) and Casspirs en Campari's (1991).

SEMANTIC COUNTERPOINT AND THE POETRY OF GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-119
Author(s):  
Dennis Sobolev
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Practical Criticism

IT IS WELL KNOWN that both traditional, historically orientated, literary criticism and new-critical studies were inseparable from a belief in the “unity” of meaning – a belief in the existence, below the multicolored surface of the literary text, of a single semantic center, which unifies the text and turns it into an “organic whole.” Similarly, Russian Formalists and Prague Structuralists, though critical of the notion of the “organic whole” and its use in art criticism by the Neo-Romantics and the Symbolists, never questioned the alleged semantic unity of the literary text. An alternative approach to the problem of meaning was developed in the early books of Michel Foucault and conceptualized in his Archeology of Knowledge; he described meaning as “dispersal” and “dissemination.” A little later, in Dissemination and On Grammatology, Jacques Derrida radicalized Foucault's position by questioning the existence of clear-cut boundaries for Foucault's semantic “dissemination,” and he applied this notion in both philosophy and literary criticism. The resultant polemics between the two major approaches to the problem of the organization of meaning in the literary text caused the extreme polarization of literary studies; moreover, this polemics was often based on the tacit assumption that there exist only these two possibilities of the formal description of such organization: it should be described as either “unity” or “dissemination.” At the same time, from the logical, a priori, point of view, these terms describe only the poles of possible organization of meaning; moreover, practical criticism tends to show that both pure “unity” of meaning and its pure “dissemination” are very rarely found in literary texts. Thus, it seems to me, that those scholars who work in the field of literary criticism and cultural theory should attempt to create more complex and more precise models of the organization of meaning, which will transcend the dichotomy of “unity” and “dissemination.” One of these such models, the model of “semantic counterpoint,” is described and exemplified in this paper.

scholarly journals General Tendencies in Semiotic Research

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1 (3)) ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Diana Hambardzumyan
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Real ◽  
Linguistic Unit ◽  
Linguistic Fact

Modern linguistics knows a great number of semiotic researches which focus on a literary text both as a subject matter of literary semiotic and linguosemiotic study. While literary semiotics deals with controversial issues of the style of literary works, linguistic semiotics investigates literary texts paying special attention to the significance of the language unit which reflects the real phenomena, relations and actions turning into a linguistic fact as soon as strong and historically, culturally correlated ties appear in between the linguistic unit as a sign and its referent.

scholarly journals The Importance of Visual Reading for the Interpretation of a Literary Text

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-49
Author(s):  
Janja Batič ◽  
Dragica Haramija
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Education ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Research Survey ◽  
Illustrated Text ◽  
Survey Sample ◽  
Visual Reading

In this paper, the two authors showcase the results of a research survey on the role of illustrations in the interpretation of literary texts. The survey sample included students of primary education and preschool education, who were given the poem Učenjak (Scholar) by Niko Grafenauer and asked to answer questions regarding the character’s personality and appearance, the literary space, and other factors. The first group of interviewees was given the poem illustrated by Lidija Osterc and the other the same poem illustrated by Marjan Manček. The results showed that the illustration had a significant impact on the message conveyed by the poem, particularly when the illustrator added the context by representing the character’s environment (which was not explicitly given in the text). Furthermore, the results showed the need for the comprehensive reading of an illustrated text, given that it is the interaction between the verbal and the visual that provides vital information necessary for the reader to understand the message of the dedicated literary work. 

THE LINGUO-COGNITIVE ASPECT OF EKPHRASTIC REFERENCES IN A LITERARY TEXT (BASED ON THE WORKS BY D. RUBINA AND M. ATWOOD)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-79
Author(s):  
Polina I. GAVIN ◽  
Olga B. PONOMAREVA
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
English Language ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Cognitive Analysis ◽  
Resonance Model ◽  
Art Object ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
Visual Construction

The following article explores ekphrasis as a literary device in the context of the Russian and English language literary texts. The phenomenon of ekphrasis is regarded to be a relatively researched area in the literary criticism. However, the majority of the existing research focuses on the visual representations in the verbal medium, thereby neglecting the aspect of the reader’s possible interpretation of an ekphrastic description and its stylistic expression in a literary text. Thus, the aim of this article is to identify the specific language patterns constructing ekphrastic references in the Russian and English language literary texts by conducting a comparative linguo-cognitive analysis of ekphrastic intertextual references in Dina Rubina’s ‘On the Sunny Side of the Street’ (2006) and Margaret Atwood’s ‘Cat’s Eye’ (1988). The research is based on the comparative linguo-cognitive analysis combining the following cognitive poetic techniques: the ‘figure — ground’ dichotomy, the model of literary resonance, and the narrative interrelation theory. The analysis of the figure-ground relations in ekphrastic descriptions has shown that the main character takes the figure position and becomes a pronounced attractor, thereby exerting an affective influence on the reader’s perception. The application of the literary resonance model confirms this claim by identifying typical semantic, syntactic and stylistic features (attractors) of the character in the analysed ekphrastic passages. The comparison of an ekphrastic description to a passage which it is based on has revealed the characteristic parallelism of their syntactic and semantic patterns. In part, parallel constructions contain specific intertextual references that create links to an art object, thus actualising the representation of a picture in the reader’s perception. A comparative linguo-cognitive analysis of ekphrastic references in Russian and English literary texts has shown the possible intratextuality of ekphrastic references, which establish the relationships between plots within the narrative. Additionally, in both literary texts, ekphrastic references imitate the visual construction of an object of art at the semantic, syntactic and textual levels and, as a result, accentuate the metaphorical realisation of the presented artefact.

scholarly journals The Fallacy of Analogy and the Risk of Moral Imperialism: Israeli Literature and the Palestinian Other

Humanities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adia Mendelson-Maoz
Keyword(s):  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Rhetorical Devices ◽  
Ethics Of Reading ◽  
Moral Imperialism

This article discusses the role of analogy within the ethics of reading. It examines how Israeli literature uses analogies when reflecting on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Many literary texts that depict the Israeli–Palestinian conflict draw analogies between the Israeli Jewish people and the Palestinians, between specific individuals on both sides, or between historical traumas. These analogies are designed to bridge gaps and encourage empathetic reading. This article challenges this role of analogy by arguing that analogies may in fact paint an erroneous picture of symmetrical relations, strengthen victimhood that denies responsibility, and can often lead to “empty empathy.” Analogies may also create a willfully deceptive understanding of the other, while actually maintaining a narcissistic superior stance. Based on philosophical notions put forward by Emmanuel Levinas, this article suggests a different path to ethical understanding in which the literary text, while still enabling analogy, uses other rhetorical devices to create relationships that suspend it and reveal its imposture.

scholarly journals المنهج البنيوي النفسي: التحولات والأبعاد والإشكالات/ Psychoanalytic Structuralism Method; Transformation, Dimensions and Problems

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
ʽUmar ʽAbdullah Al-ʽAnbar
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Psychological Method ◽  
Specific Dimension ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Psychological Dimensions ◽  
Descriptive Method

ملخص البحث:  تشكل البنيويات نظريات نقدية غربية سيطرت على الساحات النقدية منذُ بدايات القرن التاسع عشر، وقدمت البنيوية النفسية كثيراً الأفكار والأدوات والنماذج والمحاولات المفيدة في معاينة النصوص الأدبية وتحليلها، وتحتاج البنيوية المعاصرة إلى مراجعة شاملة لتحولاتها؛ ولذلك اختار هذا البحث البنيوية النفسية موضوعاً له، واتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي، وتهدف الدراسة إلى بيان تحولات البنيويات، والبنيوية النفسية، وإشكالات البنيوية النفسية. من نتائج الدراسة ما يأتي: أظهر البحث تطبيق البنيوية النقدية والنفسية جملة من الأدوات القادرة على وعي أبعاد النص الأدبي وتجلياته، وأظهرت الأدوات المنهجية التي يعتمدها المنهج البنيوي النفسي قدرة تحليلية للنصوص الأدبية، وتقوم المناهج النقدية البنيوية وما بعدها على فكرة الدمج والتعديل؛ حيث يتم الدمج بين الجوانب البنيوية والأبعاد النفسية لتخرج لنا البنيوية النفسية مؤلفة منهجاً نقدياً نفسياً جديداً ذا أبعادٍ خاصة ومهمة. الكلمات المفتاحية: تحولات البنيويات-البنيوية النفسية-الأبعاد-العلاقات-الإشكاليات.   Abstract Structural approaches are Western theories of literary criticism which prevailed since it first appeared in the 19th century. Psychoanalytic structuralism, discussed in this paper, tends to offer multifarious conceptions, tools, models, and disciplines for scrutinizing and analyzing literary works. Therefore, contemporary structuralism requires a comprehensive review to investigate their transformations. For this reason, psychoanalytic structuralism is the focus of this paper. The researcher uses the analytical descriptive method. The study aims to explain the transformation of structuralisms, psychoanalytic structuralism, and its problems. Among the conclusions of the study are; the application of critical psychoanalytic structuralism has proven the benefit of a number of tools able to bring awareness about the dimensions and manifestations of a literary text. The methodological tools that are used by the psychoanalytical structuralism method have the analytical ability on literary texts. This method is based on the idea of combination and amendment; combining the aspects of structuralism and the psychological dimensions to give us psychoanalytical structuralism as a critical psychological method that has significant and specific dimension. Keywords: Psychoanalytic structuralism, the transformation of structuralisms, psychoanalytic structuralism, problems.   Abstrak Pendekatan Strukturalis adalah merupakan teori-teori kirik kesusasteraan yang telah timbul semenjak kurun ke 19. Strukturalisma psikoanaltik yang dibincangkan di dalam kertas ini menawarkan pelbagai konsep, peralatan, acuan dan disiplin untuk mendekati dan menganalisa kerja-kerja kesusasteraan. Oleh kerana itu, struktularisma semasa memerlukan ulasan yang komprehensif untuk disingkap perubahannya. Untuk tujuan ini, strukturalisma psikoanalitik akan diberikan tumpuan di dalam kertas kajian ini. Pengkaji menggunakan metod analitik dan deskriptif untuk menerangkan perubahan strukturalisma, strukturalisma psikoanalitik dan permasalahannya. Di antara rumusan kajian ialah: penggunaan strukturalisma psikoanalitik secara kritikal telah terbukti dapat memberi manfaat kepada beberapa wadah yang dapat memberikan kesedaran tentang dimensi dan manifestasi sesuatu teks sastera itu. Alatan metodologi yang digunakan oleh metod strukturalisma psikoanalitikal mempunyai potensi menganalisa teks kesusasteraan. Metod ini adalah berdasarkan kepada ide penggabungan dan perubahan; yang menggabungkan aspek-aspek strukturalisma dan dimensi psikoanalitik yang memberikan kita strukturalisma psikoanalitik sebagai satu metod psikologikal yang kritikal yang mempunyai kepentingannya dan dimensinya yang tersendiri. Kata kunci: Strukturalisme psikoanalitik, transformasi struktur struktur, struktur struktural psikoanalitik, masalah.

Compound Symbiosis in Peridinium Balticum

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
R. N. Tomas
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship

Peridinium balticum appears to be unusual among the dinoflagellates in that it possesses two DNA-containing structures as determined by histochemical techniques. Ultrastructurally, the two dissimilar nuclei are contained within different protoplasts; one of the nuclei is characteristically dinophycean in nature, while the other is characteristically eucaryotic. The chloroplasts observed within P. balticum are intrinsic to an eucaryotic photosynthetic endosymbiont and not to the dinoflagellate. These organelles are surrounded by outpocketings of endoplasmic reticulum which are continuous with the eucaryotic nuclear envelope and are characterized by thylakoids composed of three apposed lamellae. Girdle lamellae and membranebounded interlamellar pyrenoids are also present. Only the plasmalemma of the endosymbiont segregates its protoplast from that of the dinophycean cytoplasm. The exact nature of this symbiotic relationship is at present not known.

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

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