Kidney complications after COVID-19

Aims: The virus is common in patients with viral pneumonia. However, the viral etiology and clinical features of patients with viral pneumonia in China remain unclear. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the viral causes and epidemiology of patients with viral pneumonia in Beijing, which can significantly improve the pertinence and accuracy of clinical treatment of the disease. Methods: Firstly, 1,539 respiratory specimens of pneumonia (oropharyngeal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, saliva samples and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) were collected from 19 hospitals in Beijing from September 2015 to August 2018. Then, TaqMan low-density microfluidic chip technology was used to detect viral pneumonia specimens in 1,539 respiratory tract specimens of pneumonia, and determine the types of viral bacteria in them. Lastly, the analysis of demographic, clinical and etiological data of patients with viral pneumonia was performed. Results: The results showed that among the 1,539 respiratory tract specimens with pneumonia, 760 were detected as viral pneumonia specimens, with a positive rate of 49.4%. Among which, 467 were infected with mono-viral and 293 were infected with multi-viral. Influenza A virus (Flu A), mycoplasma pneumoniae (MPn), ebola virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were the major viral components in the samples of these patients. Furthermore, these viral species were significantly associated with sample sources, onset season and certain clinical characteristics. Discussion: Our findings may provide corresponding treatment strategies for viral pneumonia patients infected with specific viruses.

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Experimental Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhalers During In- and Exhalation Using a Model of the Human Respiratory System (xPULM™)

10.20944/preprints202111.0195.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Pasteka ◽

Joao Pedro Santos da Costa ◽

Mathias Forjan

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Particle Number ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Upper Airway ◽

System Model ◽

Dry Powder Inhalers ◽

Dry Powder ◽

Pharmaceutical Aerosols ◽

Airway Model

Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by five dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. The active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used as a model of the human respiratory system and to simulate a patient undergoing inhalation therapy. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that the upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and act as a filter for bigger particles (>3 µm). Furthermore, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung. The minimum deposition is reached for particle size of 0.5 µm. The mean particle number concentrations exhaled are 2.94% (BreezHaler®), 2.66% (Diskus®), 10.24% (Ellipta®) 2.13% (HandiHaler®) and 6.22% (Turbohaler®). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract in terms of applicable deposition mechanisms. The model can support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provide an alternative to experiments with human subjects.

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New prospects for local etiotropic treatment of acute respiratory viral infections

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2019-8-105-108 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 105-108

Author(s):

A. A. Krivopalov ◽

V. A. Shatalov ◽

S. V. Shervashidze

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Safety Profile ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Positive Experience ◽

High Efficacy ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Respiratory Viral Infections

According to WHO, the respiratory system diseases are currently inside the ten most common pathologies. The modern strategy for treating influenza and ARVI gives priority to the antiviral and immunostimulating agents, but the symptomatic drugs, which include preparations based on silver and its compounds, also play an important role. The large positive experience in using silver preparations supported by numerous clinical studies shows their high efficacy and satisfactory safety profile in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the nose and upper respiratory tract in children and adults.

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Maternal and Infant Death and the rVSV-ZEBOV Vaccine Through Three Recent Ebola Virus Epidemics-West Africa, DRC Équateur and DRC Kivu: 4 Years of Excluding Pregnant and Lactating Women and Their Infants from Immunization

Current Tropical Medicine Reports ◽

10.1007/s40475-019-00195-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 213-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

David A. Schwartz

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Clinical Trials ◽

West Africa ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Viral Disease ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Health Communities

Abstract Purpose of Review Ebola virus infection has one of the highest overall case fatality rates of any viral disease. It has historically had an especially high case mortality rate among pregnant women and infants—greater than 90% for pregnant women in some outbreaks and close to 100 % in fetuses and newborns. The Merck recombinant vaccine against Ebola virus, termed rVSV-ZEBOV, underwent clinical trials during the 2013–2015 West Africa Ebola epidemic where it was found to be 100% efficacious. It was subsequently used during the 2018 DRC Équateur outbreak and in the 2018 DRC Kivu Ebola which is still ongoing, where its efficacy is 97.5 %. Pregnant and lactating women and their infants have previously been excluded from the design, clinical trials, and administration of many vaccines and drugs. This article critically examines the development of the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine and its accessibility to pregnant and lactating women and infants as a life-saving form of prevention through three recent African Ebola epidemics—West Africa, DRC Équateur, and DRC Kivu. Recent Findings Pregnant and lactating women and their infants were excluded from participation in the clinical trials of rVSV-ZEBOV conducted during the West Africa epidemic. This policy of exclusion was continued with the occurrence of the DRC Équateur outbreak in 2018, in spite of calls from the public health and global maternal health communities to vaccinate this population. Following the onset of the DRC Kivu epidemic, the exclusion persisted. Eventually, the policy was reversed to include vaccination of pregnant and lactating women. However, it was not implemented until June 2019, 10 months after the start of the epidemic, placing hundreds of women and infants at risk for this highly fatal infection. Summary The historical policy of excluding pregnant and lactating women and infants from vaccine design, clinical trials, and implementation places them at risk, especially in situations of infectious disease outbreaks. In the future, all pregnant women, regardless of trimester, breastfeeding mothers, and infants, should have access to the Ebola vaccine.

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Mucosal parainfluenza virus-vectored vaccine against Ebola virus replicates in the respiratory tract of vector-immune monkeys and is immunogenic

Virology ◽

10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.015 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 399 (2) ◽

pp. 290-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Alexander A. Bukreyev ◽

Joshua M. DiNapoli ◽

Lijuan Yang ◽

Brian R. Murphy ◽

Peter L. Collins

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Parainfluenza Virus ◽

Vectored Vaccine

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The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks: Changes from 1976 to 2019

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x20000333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 247-253

Author(s):

Pedro Arcos González ◽

Ángel Fernández Camporro ◽

Anneli Eriksson ◽

Carmen Alonso Llada

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Ebola Virus Disease ◽

World Health ◽

Study Objective ◽

Population At Risk ◽

Case Fatality Ratio

AbstractIntroduction:Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is the international health emergency paradigm due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its control, and need for a national and international response.Study Objective:The objective of this work is to study the evolution and progression of the epidemiological presentation profile of Ebola disease outbreaks since its discovery in 1976 to the present, and to explore the possible reasons for this evolution from different perspectives.Methods:Retrospective observational study of 38 outbreaks of Ebola disease occurred from 1976 through 2019, excluding laboratory accidents. United Nations agencies and programs; Ministries of Health; the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); ReliefWeb; emergency nongovernmental organizations; and publications indexed in PubMed, EmBase, and Clinical Key have been used as sources of data. Information on the year of the outbreak, date of beginning and end, duration of the outbreak in days, number of cases, number of deaths, population at risk, geographic extension affected in Km2, and time of notification of the first cases to the World Health Organization (WHO) have been searched and analyzed.Results:Populations at risk have increased (P = .024) and the geographical extent of Ebola outbreaks has grown (P = .004). Reporting time of the first cases of Ebola to WHO has been reduced (P = .017) and case fatality (P = .028) has gone from 88% to 62% in the period studied. There have been differences (P = .04) between the outbreaks produced by the Sudan and Zaire strains of the virus, both in terms of duration and case fatality ratio (Sudan strain 74.5 days on average and 62.7% of case fatality ratio versus Zaire strain with 150 days on average and 55.4% case fatality ratio).Conclusion:There has been a change in the epidemiological profile of the Ebola outbreaks from 1976 through 2019 with an increase in the geographical extent of the outbreaks and the population at risk, as well as a significant decrease in the outbreaks case fatality rate. There have been advances in the detection and management capacity of outbreaks, and the notification time to the WHO has been reduced. However, there are social, economic, cultural, and political obstacles that continue to greatly hinder a more efficient epidemiological approach to Ebola disease, mainly in Central Africa.

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G508(P) Prophylactic azithromycin dosing regimes in children at risk of lower respiratory tract infections: a literature review and survey in the east of england region

10.1136/archdischild-2019-rcpch.492 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

D Metaxa ◽

A Hajnal ◽

C Giggins ◽

E Cattaneo

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Literature Review ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Children At Risk ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Tract Infections

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On respiratory manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Terapevticheskii arkhiv ◽

10.26442/terarkh2018908131-136 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 90 (8) ◽

pp. 131-136

Author(s):

V N Abrosimov ◽

I B Ponomareva ◽

A A Nizov ◽

M V Solodun

Keyword(s):

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Reflux Disease ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Current Information ◽

Extraesophageal Symptoms

One of the manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is extraesophageal symptoms, in particular, from the upper and lower respiratory tract. Gastroesophageal reflux is capable of both causing respiratory symptoms independently and aggravating the course of already existing diseases of the respiratory system. The article presents available in the literature current information on the pathogenesis of GERD respiratory symptoms, their clinical course, considerations of diagnosis and treatment.

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Experimental Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhalers During In- and Exhalation Using a Model of the Human Respiratory System (xPULM™)

10.20944/preprints202111.0195.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Pasteka ◽

Lara Schöllbauer ◽

Joao Pedro Santos da Costa ◽

Radim Kolar ◽

Mathias Forjan

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Particle Number ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Upper Airway ◽

System Model ◽

Dry Powder Inhalers ◽

Dry Powder ◽

Pharmaceutical Aerosols ◽

Airway Model

Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by five dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. The active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used as a model of the human respiratory system and to simulate a patient undergoing inhalation therapy. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that the upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and act as a filter for bigger particles (>3 µm). Furthermore, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung. The minimum deposition is reached for particle size of 0.5 µm. The mean particle number concentrations exhaled are 2.94% (BreezHaler®), 2.66% (Diskus®), 10.24% (Ellipta®) 2.13% (HandiHaler®) and 6.22% (Turbohaler®). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract in terms of applicable deposition mechanisms. The model can support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provide an alternative to experiments with human subjects.

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EXTRAORAL SWEET TASTE RECEPTORS IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Medical academic journal ◽

10.17816/maj18127-33 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 27-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

V N Mineev ◽

P V Brukhanova ◽

D E Koksharova

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Antimicrobial Peptides ◽

Respiratory System ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Sweet Taste ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Taste Receptors ◽

Sweet Taste Receptors

The possible pathogenetic role of extraoral sweet taste receptors Tas1R in respiratory system is considered. In many respects, the function of extraoral receptors for sweet taste still remains unclear. The mechanism of intracellular signal transduction at sweet taste reception is considered, as well as the molecular mechanism of interaction of Tas2R and Tas1R receptors, expressed on the same cell. Tas1R receptors in respiratory system can function as a “rheostat” to control the amount of secretion of antimicrobial peptides that is mediated by extraoral bitter taste receptors Tas2R, depending on the concentration of glucose on the surface of the airways. In diabetes mellitus, the liquid on the luminal surface of respiratory tract contains an increased concentration of glucose, which leads to overexpression of TAS1R2 / TAS1R3, inhibition of Tas2R signaling activity and to decrease in secretion of antimicrobial peptides. Clinically, the effect on glucose homeostasis in the lumen of the respiratory tract with comorbid respiratory pathology, including diabetes mellitus, is considered. A possible sequence of pathogenetic mechanisms in respiratory system, associated with extraoral sweet taste receptors is presented as a vicious circle. Research into the problem of role of the ectopic chemosensory network in clinical medicine will bring new knowledge on the predisposition to diseases, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of their development, and will serve as a scientific basis for developing new medicinal approaches.

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