scholarly journals ORIGENS DA INTEGRAÇÃO DO CONE SUL: COMÉRCIO E CONTRABANDO

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco De Borja B. De Magalhães Filho
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Direct Participation ◽  
Productive System ◽  
Productive Systems ◽  
National Economies

Este trabalho tem como objetivo levantar e analisar as atividades econômicas que se desenvolveram no processo de formação, expansão e integração dos estabelecimentos coloniais de caráter secundário, criados por Espanha e Portugal na Bacia do Prata, e sua evolução no que se refere ao comércio entre eles, ao longo do período colonial. O que se procura destacar é como, apesar das restrições impostas pelas metrópoles, principalmente a Espanha, mas também Portugal, esses estabelecimentos criam mecanismos de contatos comerciais entre si – alguns à margem das leis vigentes – consolidando e fortalecendo seus sistemas produtivos, com pouco ou nenhum apoio das administrações coloniais, e sem participação direta significativa do capital mercantil europeu. Objetiva-se, também, analisar o destino desses sistemas produtivos no século XIX, à medida em que se integram às recém-formadas economias nacionais, então fortemente dependentes dos mercados e capitais internacionais. Abstract This article aims at identifying and analysing the economic activities that were involved in the process of development, expansion and integration of the colonial settlements of secondary importance founded by Spain and Portugal in the River Plate’s estuary and basin, and the evolution and growth of their trade among them, through the colonial period. In fact, the main objective is to analyse how, even with the restrictions imposed by the colonial metropolis, those settlements established forms of commercial contacts among them - sometimes without respecting the laws in force - that consolidated and strengthen their own productive system, with none or limited backing from the colonial administration, and without significant direct participation of European mercantile capital. Another objective is to analyse what happened with those productive systems in the nineteenth century, as they are integrated in the just formed national economies, at the time strongly dependent of international markets and capitals.

A Mediterranean insular port-city in transition: economic transformations, spatial antagonism and the metamorphosis of landscape in nineteenth-century Hermoupolis on the island of Syros

Urban History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
APOSTOLOS DELIS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Industrial Capitalism ◽  
Port City ◽  
World War ◽  
Port Cities ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Economic Landscape

ABSTRACT:Port-cities provide excellent examples of the socio-economic transformations that occurred during the transition from merchant to industrial capitalism in the second half of the nineteenth century. Hermoupolis on the island of Syros was a major economic centre in Greece and a hub of international trade during the nineteenth century. However, economic transformations that commenced in the 1860s affected long-established port-based activities such as wooden shipbuilding and its related industries due to the decline of sailing ships and the expansion of factories. This factor led to an increase in tension and antagonism between manufacturers and shipbuilders over the use of land and altered the physical and the socio-economic landscape of the port-city. However, new types of economic activities flourished, like the tramp steamship business and factories, which enabled Hermoupolis to maintain its economic importance until World War II.

scholarly journals Colonial State as ‘New Manu’? Explorations in Education Policies in Relation to Dalit and Low-Caste Education in the Nineteenth-Century India

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-107
Author(s):  
Parimala V. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Caste System ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Lower Castes ◽  
Priestly Class ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Implementation Stage

The colonial state always asserted itself as a harbinger of ‘modernity’ and emphasised its role in India as a ‘civilising mission’. The 1811 Educational Minute of Governor General Minto, declared Hindus and Muslims of India as inherently corrupt and insisted on the British role as ‘civilising’. Conventionally the terms ‘modern’ and ‘civilising mission’ have been considered as offensive, and scholars have critiqued them as Eurocentric and racist. However, these terms have not been analysed at the implementation stage in India. The colonial government used these terms to actually strengthen the structures of the traditional hierarchy. When Minto declared that the education policy was to civilise Hindus and Muslims of India, it was through the ‘the dread of their religion in this world and the next’ and through strengthening and empowering the priestly class of Hindus and Muslims (Sharp, 1920, pp. 19–21). The colonial administration regarded this kind of education as the corner stone of its education policy. This article looks at the education policies of the colonial state towards lower castes in the nineteenth-century India and how these policies upheld and reinforced the caste system.

Who Ran the British Empire 1830-1850?

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Taft Manning
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Historical Writing ◽  
The People ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
The Government ◽  
Colonial Office

Patterns of historical writing are notoriously difficult to change. Much of what is still being written about colonial administration in the nineteenth-century British Empire rests on the partisan and even malicious writings of critics of the Government in England in the 1830s and '40s who had never seen the colonial correspondence and were unfamiliar with existing conditions in the distant colonies. The impression conveyed in most textbooks is that the Colonial Office after 1815 was a well-established bureaucracy concerned with the policies of the mother country in the overseas possessions, and that those policies changed very slowly and only under pressure. Initially Edward Gibbon Wakefield and Charles Buller were responsible for this Colonial Office legend, but it was soon accepted by most of the people who had business to transact there. Annoyed by the fact that the measures proposed by the Wakefield group did not meet with instant acceptance, Wakefield and Buller attacked the Permanent Under-Secretary, James Stephen, as the power behind the throne in 14 Downing Street and assumed that his ideas of right and wrong were being imposed willy-nilly on the unfortunate colonists and would-be colonists.The picture of Stephen as all-powerful in shaping imperial policy was probably strengthened by the publication in 1885 of Henry Taylor's Autobiography. Taylor was one of Stephen's warmest admirers and had served with him longer than anyone else; when he stated that for a quarter of a century Stephen “more than any one man virtually governed the British Empire,” historians were naturally inclined to give credence to his words.

scholarly journals DEVELOPING INDICATORS FOR CAPTURING THE AIRPORTS DYNAMICS IN REGIONAL AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM GREECE

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Tsiotas ◽  
Spyros Niavis ◽  
Serafeim Polyzos ◽  
Artemis Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Transport Studies ◽  
Tourism Information ◽  
Regional Airports ◽  
National Economies

Air transport is an aspect of the transportation and communication sector, it is a capital and technology intensive component of the national economies, and it plays an important role in communication and trade, in tourism development, and generally in the economic and regional development. The major role of air transport in the support of distant communication makes it a valuable tool for the strategic planning and innovative marketing in tourism, especially for tourism policies addressed to international markets. Within this context, this paper studies air transport in Greece and particularly the regional dimension of the Greek air transport, by excluding the metropolitan airports of Athens and Thessaloniki. The paper examines the factors that determine the attractiveness of the Greek regional airports on data referring to air traffic statistics and on available spatial and tourism information. For measuring the dynamics of the regional airports in Greece in regional development, the paper introduces a composite index, which computes passenger-traffic change between time periods by considering an airports’ classification. Next, for measuring the airport dynamics in tourism development, an index is introduced in terms of the international arrivals and overnights per region. The results of applying the proposed indices comply with the observations of the common practice and they seem sufficient to be used in other areas of application. The overall approach provides a novel measure for air transport studies and it illustrates the contribution of the small and regional airports to tourism and regional development in Greece.

scholarly journals Wahania koniunkturalne na światowym i polskim rynku odtłuszczonego mleka w proszku w latach 2004-2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (1) ◽  
pp. 206-215
Author(s):  
Piotr Szajner
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
The Eu

Economic activities are featured with certain cycles. The cycles can concern the whole economy as well as particular sectors. The dairy industry is one of the branches that are of high importance in Polish and the world as regards food sector. Polish dairy industry faced deep structural changes and modernisation. After the accession to the EU domestic market is strongly linked to both the EU and the world markets. The production in Poland exceeds consumption by ca 20%. The surplus is exported, which ties up the situation on the domestic market with the situation on international markets. Conducted analysis of the domestic and the world markets of milk skimmed powder showed parallel fluctuations. Domestic prices and the prices on the world markets are strongly correlated. The knowledge on the characteristics of those fluctuations allows stakeholders for a proper risk management as well as elaboration of suitable policy options by government administration.

scholarly journals Transformation of Criteria for the Efficiency of Economic Activities of Countries in the Context of the Modern Model of Globalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina Makarova ◽  
Vasilii Rudyakov
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
National Economies

Although macroeconomics as an independent economic science emerged only in the twen­tieth century, the first steps in developing the macroeconomic aspect of efficiency were taken several centuries earlier — beginning from the 16th — 17th centuries — at the pre-industrial stage of development of society. Due to the underdevelopment of the production sphere, the search for sources of growth in the efficiency of national economies at that time was mainly carried out from the most general economic positions — as an integral part of solving the main task of the economics of those eras — searching for ways and means of increasing the wealth of nations. At the same time, naturally, among the first were the climatic and foreign economic factors of increasing the efficiency of national economies. For example, factors related to identifying the advantages of various countries in a geographic location and the ability to solve their economic problems by using the most advantageous options for organizing and conducting foreign economic and trade relations. The transition of developed countries to new stages of development — industrial and postindustrial, as well as the selection by John M. Keynes of the new direction of economic research — macroeconomics, historically leads both to a deepening of the meaning of the very category of “macroeconomic efficiency” and to more detailed studies of factors affecting it.

scholarly journals Capitalismo distrettuale, localismi d'impresa, globalizzazione

2008 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Scope Economies ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Productive System ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
It Revolution ◽  
Made In

From the late Sixties on, industrial development in Italy evolved through the spread of small and medium sized firms, aggregated in district networks, with an elevated propensity to enterprise and the marked presence of owner-families. Installed within the local systems, the industrial districts tended to simulate large-scale industry exploiting lower costs generated by factors that were not only economic. The districts are characterised in terms of territorial location (above all the thriving areas of the North-east and Centre) and sector, since they are concentrated in the "4 As" (clothing-fashion, home-decor, agri-foodstuffs, automation-mechanics), with some overlapping with "Made in Italy". How can this model be assessed? This is the crucial question in the debate on the condition and prospects of the Italian productive system between the supporters of its capacity to adapt and the critics of economic dwarfism. A dispassionate judgement suggests that the prospects of "small is beautiful" have been superseded, but that the "declinist" view, that sees only the dangers of globalisation and the IT revolution for our SMEs is risky. The concept of irreversible crisis that prevails at present is limiting, both because it is not easy either to "invent", or to copy, a model of industrialisation, and because there is space for a strategic repositioning of the district enterprises. The book develops considerations in this direction, showing how an evolution of the district model is possible, focusing on: gains in productivity, scope economies (through diversification and expansion of the range of products), flexibility of organisation, capacity to meld tradition and innovation aiming at product quality, dimensional growth of the enterprises, new forms of financing, active presence on the international markets and valorisation of the resources of the territory. It is hence necessary to reactivate the behavioural functions of the entrepreneurs.

The Changing Functions of a Rural Port: Dumfries, 1700-1850

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Hill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
National Economies

This essay is a case study of the development of the Port of Dumfries, and the surrounding mercantile activity during the eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth century. Author Carol Hill argues that despite its small size, the Port of Dumfries was significant to both local and national economies. Using Dumfries, the essay also explores the changing function of ports due to the industrialisation of the shipping industry. The conclusion considers Dumfries a successful port, due to a willingness to adapt to change, especially in light of its limited facilities.

Food Provisioning at Betty’s Hope Plantation, 1780s–1850s

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-82
Author(s):  
Geneviève Godbout
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Food Provisioning ◽  
Informal Trade

Throughout the colonial period, the occupants of the Betty’s Hope site relied a complex provisioning networks to obtain edible goods, tableware, and other necessities not only from the British Metropole and from local producers in Antigua but also from neighboring islands, including Guadeloupe, and from continental America. In this context, Betty’s Hope residents called upon food production and convivial hospitality were used to negotiate and stabilize their position within Antiguan society, both under slavery and after Emancipation (1834), under the particular constraints of absentee ownership and colonial trade regulations. The chapter combined the analysis of material cultural recovered at Betty’s Hope plantation with a close reading of correspondence relating to provisioning on the estate, to illustrate the enduring presence of informal trade, customary reciprocity, smuggling and illicit transactions on the estate throughout the nineteenth century.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document