The Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag–Rich Vein and Breccia Detachment-Related Deposits (Greece): Involvement of Evaporated Seawater and Meteoric Fluids During Postorogenic Exhumation

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 1415-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Scheffer ◽  
Alexandre Tarantola ◽  
Olivier Vanderhaeghe ◽  
Panagiotis Voudouris ◽  
Paul G. Spry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Base Metal Sulfides ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures

Abstract The formation of ore deposits in the Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag district was associated with Miocene detachment that accommodated orogenic collapse and exhumation of high-grade nappes across the ductile-brittle transition. This district consists of (1) low-grade porphyry Mo style, (2) Cu-Fe skarn, (3) high-temperature carbonate replacement Pb-Zn-Ag, and (4) vein and breccia Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. The vein and breccia mineralization locally contains high-grade silver in base metal sulfides that are cemented by fluorite and carbonate gangue. The rare earth element contents of these gangue minerals, chondrite-normalized patterns, and fluid inclusion studies suggest that they precipitated from a low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in fluorite and calcite are characterized by a wide range of homogenization temperatures (92°–207°C) and salinities of up to 17.1 wt % NaCl equiv. Secondary fluid inclusions only represent <5 vol % of the total fluid trapped. Fluids extracted from inclusions in fluorite have values of δD = –82.1 to –47.7‰ (Vienna-standard mean ocean water [V-SMOW]) and δ18O = –10.4 to –5.1‰ (V-SMOW). These data and low ratios of Cl/Br measured by crush-leach analyses for fluids in fluorite (102–315) and calcite (162–188) are compatible with the ore fluid being the result of mixing of meteoric water with evaporated seawater. These data suggest that fluids leading to the deposition of late Pb-Zn-Ag–rich vein- and breccia-style mineralization in Lavrion were related to circulation of mixed evaporated seawater and meteoric fluids that was enhanced by brittle deformation. This contrasts with the fluids of magmatic origin related to the formation of low-grade porphyry Mo, Cu-Fe skarn, and high-temperature carbonate replacement deposits spatially related to the Plaka granodiorite.

scholarly journals Formation Mechanism of the Velyka Vyska Syenite Massif (Korsun-Novomyrhorod Pluton, Ukrainian Shield) Derived from Melt Inclusions in Zircon

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
D.K. VOZNYAK ◽  
E.V. ., LEVASHOVA ◽  
S.G. SKUBLOV ◽  
S.G. KRYVDIK ◽  
O.A. VYSHNEVSKYI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Melt Inclusions ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Type I ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Ree Distribution ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures ◽  
Primary Melt

The formation of leucosyenites in the Velyka Vyska syenite massif was provoked by the liquation layering of magmatic melt. This assumption is based on the presence of two primary melt inclusions of different chemical composition in zircon crystals from Velyka Vyska leucosyenites. They correspond to two types of silicate melts. Type I is a leucosyenite type that contains high SiO2 concentrations (these inclusions dominate quantitatively); type II is a melanosyenite type that contains elevated Fe and smaller SiO2 concentrations. The liquation layering of magmatic melt was slow because the liquates are similar in density; leucosyenite melt, which is more abundant than melt of melanosyenite composition, displays greater dynamic viscosity; the initial sizes of embryos of melanosyenite composition are microscopic. Sulphide melt, similar in composition to pyrrhotite, was also involved in the formation of the massif. Zircon was crystallized at temperatures over 1300°С, as indicated by the homogenization temperatures of primary melt inclusions. The REE distribution spectra of the main parts (or zones,) of zircon crystals from the Velyka Vyska massif are identical to those of zircon from the Azov and Yastrubets syenite massifs with which high-grade Zr and REE (Azov and Yastrubets) ore deposits are associated. They are characteristic of magmatically generated zircon. Some of the grains analyzed contain rims that are contrasting against the matrix of a crystal, look dark-grey in the BSE image and display flattened REE distribution spectra. Such spectra are also typical of baddeleyite, which formed by the partial replacement of zircon crystals. The formation of a dark-grey rim in zircon and baddeleyite is attributed to the strong effect of high-pressure СО2-fluid on the rock. The formation patterns of the Velyka Vyska and Azov massifs exhibit some common features: (а) silicate melt liquation; (b) high ZrO2 concentrations in glasses from hardened primary melt inclusions; (c) the supply of high-pressure СО2-fluid flows into Velyka Vyska and Azov hard rocks. Similar conditions of formation suggest the occurrence of high-grade Zr and REE ores in the Velyka Vyska syenite massif.

scholarly journals Ore Geology, Fluid Inclusions, and (H-O-S-Pb) Isotope Geochemistry of the Sediment-Hosted Antimony Mineralization, Lyhamyar Sb Deposit, Southern Shan Plateau, Eastern Myanmar: Implications for Ore Genesis

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Aung Min Oo ◽  
Lv Xinbiao ◽  
Khin Zaw ◽  
Than Htay ◽  
Sun Binke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Isotope Geochemistry ◽  
Pb Isotope ◽  
Primary Fluid ◽  
Magmatic Fluids ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures ◽  
Deposit Model ◽  
Fluid Homogenization ◽  
Stage Stage

The Lyhamyar deposit is a large Sb deposit in the Southern Shan Plateau, Eastern Myanmar. The deposit is located in the Early Silurian Linwe Formation, occurring as syntectonic quartz-stibnite veins. The ore body forms an irregular staircase shape, probably related to steep faulting. Based on the mineral assemblages and cross-cutting relationships, the deposit shows two mineralization stages: (1) the pre-ore sedimentary and diagenetic stage, and (2) the main-ore hydrothermal ore-forming stage (including stages I, II, and III), i.e., (i) early-ore stage (stage I) Quartz-Stibnite, (ii) late-ore stage (stage II) Quartz-calcite-Stibnite ± Pyrite, and (iii) post-ore stage (stage III) carbonate. The ore-forming fluid homogenization temperatures from the study of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite indicate that the ore-forming fluid was of a low temperature (143.8–260.4 °C) and moderate to high-salinity (2.9–20.9 wt. % NaCl equivalent). Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes suggest that the ore-forming fluids of the Lyhamyar deposit were derived from circulating meteoric water mixed with magmatic fluids that underwent isotopic exchange with the surrounding rocks. Sulfur in Lyhamyar was dominated by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) with dominant magmatic source sulfur. The lead isotope compositions of the stibnite indicate that the lead from the ore-forming metals was from the upper crustal lead reservoir and orogenic lead reservoir. On the basis of the integrated geological setting, ore geology, fluid inclusions, (H-O-S-Pb) isotope data, and previous literature, we propose a new ore-deposit model for the Lyhamyar Sb deposit: It was involved in an early deposition of pyrite in sedimentary and diagenetic stages and later Sb mineralization by mixing of circulating meteoric water with ascending magmatic fluids during the hydrothermal mineralization stage.

scholarly journals Carbonic fluids in the Hamadi gold deposit, Sudan: origin and contribution to gold mineralization

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi-hui Cheng ◽  
Jiu-hua Xu ◽  
Jian-xiong Wang ◽  
Qing-po Xue ◽  
Hui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gold Deposit ◽  
Melting Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Gold Mineralization ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Quartz Veins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures ◽  
Gold Bearing

The Hamadi gold deposit is located in North Sudan, and occurs in the Neoproterozoic metamorphic strata of the Arabian–Nubian Shield. Two types of gold mineralization can be discerned: gold-bearing quartz veins and altered rock ores near ductile shear zones. The gold-bearing quartz veins are composed of white to gray quartz associated with small amounts of pyrite and other polymetallic sulfide minerals. Wall-rock alterations include mainly beresitization, epidotization, chloritization, and carbonatization. CO2-rich inclusions are commonly seen in gold-bearing quartz veins and quartz veinlets from gold-bearing altered rocks; these include mainly one-phase carbonic (CO2 ± CH4 ± N2) inclusions and CO2–H2O inclusions with CO2/H2O volumetric ratios of 30% to ∼80%. Laser Raman analysis does not show the H2O peak in carbonic inclusions. In quartz veins, the melting temperature of solid CO2 (Tm,CO2) of carbonic inclusions has a narrow range of −59.6 to −56.8 °C. Carbonic inclusions also have CO2 partial homogenization temperatures (Th,CO2) of −28.3 to +23.7 °C, with most of the values clustering between +4.0 and +20 °C; all of these inclusions are homogenized into the liquid CO2 state. The densities range from 0.73 to 1.03 g/cm3. XCH4 of carbonic fluid inclusions ranges from 0.004 to 0.14, with most XCH4 around 0.05. In CO2–H2O fluid inclusions, Tm,CO2 values are recorded mostly at around −57.5 °C. The melting temperature of clathrate is 3.8–8.9 °C. It is suggested that the lowest trapping pressures of CO2 fluids would be 100 to ∼400 MPa, on the basis of the Th,CO2 of CO2-bearing one-phase (LCO2) inclusions and the total homogenization temperatures (Th,tot) of paragenetic CO2-bearing two-phase (LCO2–LH2O) inclusions. For altered rocks, the Tm,CO2 of the carbonic inclusions has a narrow range of −58.4 to ∼−57.0 °C, whereas the Th,CO2 varies widely (−19 to ∼+29 °C). Most carbonic inclusions and the carbonic phases in the CO2–H2O inclusions are homogenized to liquid CO2 phases, which correspond to densities of 0.70 to ∼1.00 g/cm3. Fluid inclusions in a single fluid inclusion assemblage (FIA) have narrow Tm,CO2 and Th,CO2 values, but they vary widely in different FIAs and non-FIAs, which indicates that there was a wide range of trapping pressure and temperature (P–T) conditions during the ore-forming process in late retrograde metamorphism after the metamorphism peak period. The carbonic inclusions in the Hamadi gold deposit are interpreted to have resulted from unmixing of an originally homogeneous aqueous–carbonic mixture during retrogress metamorphism caused by decreasing P–T conditions. CO2 contributed to gold mineralization by buffering the pH range and increasing the gold concentration in the fluids.

scholarly journals Efficiency of biomass and solid waste energy processing based on the cogeneration plant with plasma heat source

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 01031 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sadrtdinov ◽  
T. K. Galeev ◽  
I. Y. Mazarov ◽  
R. G. Safin ◽  
V. A. Saldaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Wide Range

The urgency of the use of low-grade organic fuels and wastes, in particular municipal solid (MSW), is due to recent developments in energy saving and energy efficiency. This directly relates to the direction of renewable energy, responsible for involving all wastes, such as MSW, in fuel energy balance to provide heat and electricity to decentralized power supply areas. This paper presents the process of high-temperature thermal decomposition of MSW in the steam-air medium of plasma under excessive pressure to generate electrical energy. The high enthalpy and great reactivity of the plasma gasifying agent makes it possible to carry out the process of thermal decomposition in the autothermal mode. The high-temperature mode and the use of plasma blast provides a high degree of conversion of waste into combustible components (CO, CH4, H2), the resulting gas mixture. The technological process significantly reduces the formation of potentially hazardous substances that affect the kinetics of the process. After generating electrical energy, the exhaust gases are subjected to complex purification from the products of combustion and cogeneration of residual thermal energy. In particular, purification from toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx) occurs, the formation of dioxins, furans and other dangerous derivatives of chloride compounds is prevented. Thermal energy, discharged at various sites of the plant, is almost completely used for the needs of the cogeneration plant and its units, which allows to achieve a total efficiency of at least 86%. The ability of the cogeneration plant to work on various types of solid waste gives a wide range of applications and operational capabilities.

scholarly journals Age, Conditions of Formation, and Fluid Composition of the Pervomaiskoe Molybdenum Deposit (Dzhidinskoe Ore Field, South-Western Transbaikalia, Russia)

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damdinova ◽  
Damdinov ◽  
Huang ◽  
Bryansky ◽  
Khubanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Western Transbaikalia ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Deposition Processes ◽  
Mo Content ◽  
Ore Deposition

The article discusses the composition of studied ore-forming solutions and the P-T conditions of molybdenum mineralization in the Pervomaisky stockwork deposit which is situated within the Dzhidinsky ore field (South-Western Transbaikalia, Russia). New geochronological data of zircons from granites, muscovite, and molybdenite from the ore zones indicates the association of the granite formation and ore deposition processes which occurred 119–128 million years ago. Quartz-molybdenite veins of the Pervomaisky deposit were formed at the temperature of ≥314–186 °C with some boiling periods. Fluid inclusions in these veins have total salt concentration of 6.3–12.7 wt. % NaCl equivalent (eq. NaCl). The salt solution is composed of chlorides of Na, Ca, K, and Fe. The gas phase contains CO2, CH4, and N2. A series of elements were determined in fluid inclusions by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS: Li, Be, B, F, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ag, Sn, La, Ce, Ta, W, Au, Pb, Th, U. The Mo content reaches 559 ppm (average of 228 ± 190 ppm) in high-grade quartz-molybdenite veinlets, whereas Mo content is up to 212 ppm (average of 25 ± 29 ppm) in the low-grade veinlets. High-grade veinlets were formed by near-neutral solutions with a higher content of Mo, S, and F, while relatively low-grade veinlets were deposited from alkaline solutions. Our results demonstrate the pH of the solutions as one of the key factors for ore deposition.

Industrial Production and Application in LCCs of Bauxite-Based Homogenized Grogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 287-290 ◽  
pp. 1079-1083
Author(s):  
Jian Cheng An ◽  
Lin Jun Wang ◽  
Yun Sheng Feng
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Homogenization Process ◽  
Sintering Method

The Bauxite-based Homogenized Grog (BHG) was industrial producted using bauxite with about 70 wt.% Al2O3 as starting materials and its properties were tested. Through comparing with high-grade bauxite clinker, the applications in LCCs of BHG and bauxite clinker were discussed. The results showed that the BHG with mullite as chief phase, with consistent components and structure and properties using middle or low grade bauxite as starting materials can been prepared industrially by homogenization process, vacuum-extrusion moulding and high-temperature sintering method. It also resulted that the BHG can replace competently high-grade bauxite clinker to apply in LCCs as coarses and the LCCs with BHG as coarses have more outstanding properties.

scholarly journals Rh, Ir, and Ru Partitioning in the Cu-Poor IPGE Massive Ores, Talnakh Intrusion, Skalisty Mine, Russia

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Nadezhda Tolstykh ◽  
Valeriya Brovchenko ◽  
Viktor Rad’ko ◽  
Maria Shapovalova ◽  
Vera Abramova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Partial Melting ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Platinum Group Minerals ◽  
Base Metal Sulfides ◽  
Sulfide Melt

Pyrrhotite (or Cu-poor) massive ores of the Skalisty mine located in Siberia, Russia, are unique in terms of their geochemical features. These ores are Ni-rich with Ni/Cu ratios in the range 1.3–1.9 and contain up to 12.25 ppm Ir + Rh + Ru in bulk composition, one of the highest IPGE contents for the Norilsk-Talnakh ore camp. The reasons behind such significant IPGE Contents cannot simply be explained by the influence of discrete platinum-group minerals on the final bulk composition of IPGE because only inclusions of Pd minerals such as menshikovite, majakite, and mertieite II in Pd-maucherite were observed. According to LA-ICP-MS data obtained, base metal sulfides such as pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and pyrite contain IPGE as the trace elements. The most significant IPGE concentrator being Py, which occurs only in the least fractionated ores, and contains Os up to 4.8 ppm, Ir about 6.9 ppm, Ru about 38.3 ppm, Rh about 36 ppm, and Pt about 62.6 ppm. High IPGE contents in the sulfide melt may be due to high degrees of partial melting of the mantle, interaction with several low-grade IPGE impulses of magma, and (or) fractionation of the sulfide melt in the magma chamber.

scholarly journals Fluid processes in the Tesbihdere base-metal-Au deposit: Implications for epithermal mineralization in the Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulcan Bozkaya ◽  
David Banks ◽  
Fatih Ozbas ◽  
Jon Wallington
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Magmatic Fluid ◽  
Biga Peninsula ◽  
Epithermal Mineralization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nw Turkey ◽  
Fracture Opening ◽  
Enclosing Rocks

AbstractTesbihdere is one of a number of spatially close epithermal Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au deposits hosted by andesites and rhyolites, typical of deposits in the Biga peninsula. Microthermometry of fluid inclusions shows a wide range of temperatures, ∼360–170°C, and salinities, ∼10-0.5 wt.% NaCl, in the different deposits studied. Dilution of a moderately saline magmatic? fluid with meteoric water occurred at constant temperature indicating, the temperature of both fluids was controlled by the geological environment. Boiling was not a major factor, but did occur in very minor amounts. The large range of temperatures within individual samples can only reasonably be explained by variations from near lithostatic to hydrostatic pressure during vein and fracture opening. That this pressure decrease did not produce extensive boiling suggests that vein opening was gradual rather than aggressive, allowing the pressure and temperature decrease to follow a path close to the L-V boiling curve. P-T reconstruction places emplacement of these ore veins at between 300–500 m beneath the surface. Similarities of LA-ICPMS of fluid inclusions from Tesbihdere, Azitepe and Basmakci, supports the conclusion that they were part of the same contemporaneous mineralizing system. The fluids are dominated by Na, with the concentrations of K>Ca>Mg combined equivalent to the concentration of Na. The range of K/Na ratios is not consistent with the fluid inclusion temperatures as the calculated temperatures are significantly higher indicating the fluids were not close to equilibrium with the enclosing rocks. Elevated K concentrations are consistent with acid-sulphate waters in shallow epithermal systems. Ore metals Cu, Zn and Pb are present in significant concentrations ∼500, 300 and 200 ppm respectively and the low Fe/Mn ratios are indicative of a relatively oxidising fluid. The negative δ 34S values of sulphides are consistent with boiling and oxidising redox conditions.

scholarly journals High Temperature Reduced Granulite-Facies Nature of Garnetites in the Khabarny Mafic–Ultramafic Massif, Southern Urals: Evidence from Fluid and Mineral Analyses

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J Bakker ◽  
Evgenii Pushkarev ◽  
Anna P Biryuzova
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Granulite Facies ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Metamorphic Rocks ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Ultramafic Massif ◽  
Fluid Environment ◽  
Formation Conditions

Abstract High-grade metamorphic rocks underlying the intrusive layered dunite–pyroxenite–gabbronorite East-Khabarny Complex (EKC) are integrated in the complex Khabarny mafic–ultramafic Massif in the Sakmara Allochthon zone in the Southern Urals. These rocks are associated with high-temperature shear zones. Garnetites from the upper part of the metamorphic unit close to the contact with EKC gabbronorite are chemically and texturally analysed to estimate their formation conditions and fluid regime. Fluids provide crucial information of formation conditions and evolution of these garnetites during high-grade metamorphism, and are preserved in channel positions within Si6O1812- rings of cordierite, and in fluid inclusions in quartz and garnet. Minerals and fluid inclusions of the garnetites are studied with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, electron microprobe analyses, Raman spectroscopy, and microthermometry. The garnetites mainly consist of garnet (up to 80 vol. %), cordierite and quartz. Accessory minerals are rutile, ilmenite, graphite, magnetite and cristobalite. Granulite-facies metamorphic conditions of the garnetites are estimated with the garnet–cordierite–sillimanite–quartz geothermobarometer: temperatures of 740 to 830 ˚C and pressures of 770–845 MPa. The average garnet composition in end-member concentrations is 48·5 mole % almandine (±3·9), 34·7 mole % pyrope (±3·3), 10·3 mole % spessartine (±1·1), 1·8 mole % grossular (±1·5), and 1·5 mole % andradite (±1·5). The cordierite electron microprobe analyses reveal an average Mg2+ fraction of 0·79 ± 0·01 in the octahedral site. Relicts of a strong positive temperature anomaly (up to 1000 ˚C) are evidenced by the preservation of cristobalite crystals in garnet and the high titanium content of quartz (0·031 ± 0·008 mass % TiO2) and garnet (0·31 ± 0·16 mole % end-member Schorlomite-Al). The fluid components H2O, CO2, N2 and H2S are detected in cordierite, which correspond to a relatively oxidized fluid environment that is common in granulites. In contrast, a highly reduced fluid environment is preserved in fluid inclusions in quartz nodules, which are mono-fluid phase at room temperature and composed of CH4 (&gt;96 mole %) with locally minor amounts of C2H6, N2, H2S and graphite. The fluid inclusions occur in homogeneous assemblages with a density of 0·349 to 0·367 g·cm-3. The CH4-rich fluid may represent peak-temperature metamorphic conditions, and is consistent with temperature estimation (∼1000 ˚C) from Ti-in-garnet and Ti-in-quartz geothermometry. Tiny CH4-rich fluid inclusions (diameter 0·5 to 2 µm) are also detected by careful optical analyses in garnet and at the surface of quartz crystals that are included in garnet grains. Graphite in fluid inclusions precipitated at retrograde metamorphic conditions around 300–310 ± 27 ˚C. Aragonite was trapped simultaneously with CH4-rich fluids and is assumed to have crystallized at metastable conditions. The initial granulite facies conditions that led to the formation of a cordierite and garnet mineral assemblage must have occurred in a relative oxidized environment (QFM-buffered) with H2O–CO2-rich fluids. Abundant intrusions or tectonic emplacement of mafic to ultramafic melts from the upper mantle that were internally buffered at a WI-buffered (wüstite–iron) level must have released abundant hot CH4-rich fluids that flooded and subsequently dominated the system. The origin of the granulite-facies conditions is similar to peak-metamorphic conditions in the Salda complex (Central Urals) and the Ivrea–Verbano zone (Italian Alps) as a result of magmatic underplating that provided an appearance of a positive thermal anomaly, and further joint emplacement (magmatic and metamorphic rocks together) into upper crustal level as a high temperature plastic body (diapir).

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