scholarly journals Efficiency of biomass and solid waste energy processing based on the cogeneration plant with plasma heat source

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 01031 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Sadrtdinov ◽  
T. K. Galeev ◽  
I. Y. Mazarov ◽  
R. G. Safin ◽  
V. A. Saldaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Wide Range

The urgency of the use of low-grade organic fuels and wastes, in particular municipal solid (MSW), is due to recent developments in energy saving and energy efficiency. This directly relates to the direction of renewable energy, responsible for involving all wastes, such as MSW, in fuel energy balance to provide heat and electricity to decentralized power supply areas. This paper presents the process of high-temperature thermal decomposition of MSW in the steam-air medium of plasma under excessive pressure to generate electrical energy. The high enthalpy and great reactivity of the plasma gasifying agent makes it possible to carry out the process of thermal decomposition in the autothermal mode. The high-temperature mode and the use of plasma blast provides a high degree of conversion of waste into combustible components (CO, CH4, H2), the resulting gas mixture. The technological process significantly reduces the formation of potentially hazardous substances that affect the kinetics of the process. After generating electrical energy, the exhaust gases are subjected to complex purification from the products of combustion and cogeneration of residual thermal energy. In particular, purification from toxic nitrogen oxides (NOx) occurs, the formation of dioxins, furans and other dangerous derivatives of chloride compounds is prevented. Thermal energy, discharged at various sites of the plant, is almost completely used for the needs of the cogeneration plant and its units, which allows to achieve a total efficiency of at least 86%. The ability of the cogeneration plant to work on various types of solid waste gives a wide range of applications and operational capabilities.

scholarly journals Performance Investigation of High Temperature Application of Molten Solar Salt Nanofluid in a Direct Absorption Solar Collector

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Karim ◽  
Owen Arthur ◽  
Prasad Yarlagadda ◽  
Majedul Islam ◽  
Md Mahiuddin
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Molten Salt ◽  
Solar Collector ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluid ◽  
Total Efficiency ◽  
Total System ◽  
Direct Absorption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Direct Absorption Solar Collector

Nanofluids have great potential in a wide range of fields including solar thermal applications, where molten salt nanofluids have shown great potential as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) for use in high temperature solar applications. However, no study has investigated the use of molten salt nanofluids as the HTF in direct absorption solar collector systems (DAC). In this study, a two dimensional CFD model of a direct absorption high temperature molten salt nanofluid concentrating solar receiver has been developed to investigate the effects design and operating variables on receiver performance. It has been found that the Carnot efficiency increases with increasing receiver length, solar concentration, increasing height and decreasing inlet velocity. When coupled to a power generation cycle, it is predicted that total system efficiency can exceed 40% when solar concentrations are greater than 100×. To impart more emphasis on the temperature rise of the receiver, an adjusted Carnot efficiency has been used in conjunction with the upper temperature limit of the nanofluid. The adjusted total efficiency also resulted in a peak efficiency for solar concentration, which decreased with decreasing volume fraction, implying that each receiver configuration has an optimal solar concentration.

scholarly journals Numerical Analysis of an Active Thermomagnetic Device for Thermal Energy Harvesting

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Makita R. Phillips ◽  
Gregory P. Carman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Applied Field ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Thermal Energy Harvesting ◽  
Magnetic States ◽  
Energy Harvesting Devices

Abstract The abundance of low-grade waste heat necessitates energy harvesting devices to convert thermal energy to electrical energy. Through magnetic transduction, thermomagnetics can perform this conversion at reasonable efficiencies. Thermomagnetic materials use thermal energy to switch between magnetic and non-magnetic states and convert thermal energy into electrical energy. In this study, we numerically analyzed an active thermomagnetic device for thermal energy harvesting composed of gadolinium (Gd) and neodymium iron boron (NdFeB). A parametric study to determine the device efficiency was conducted by varying the gap distance, heat source temperature, and Gd thickness. Furthermore, the effect of the thermal conductance and applied field was also evaluated. It was found that the relative efficiency for smaller gap distances ranges from ∼15% to 28%; the largest allowable volume of Gd should be used and higher applied field leads to higher efficiencies.

The Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag–Rich Vein and Breccia Detachment-Related Deposits (Greece): Involvement of Evaporated Seawater and Meteoric Fluids During Postorogenic Exhumation

2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (7) ◽  
pp. 1415-1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Scheffer ◽  
Alexandre Tarantola ◽  
Olivier Vanderhaeghe ◽  
Panagiotis Voudouris ◽  
Paul G. Spry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Meteoric Water ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Base Metal Sulfides ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Homogenization Temperatures

Abstract The formation of ore deposits in the Lavrion Pb-Zn-Ag district was associated with Miocene detachment that accommodated orogenic collapse and exhumation of high-grade nappes across the ductile-brittle transition. This district consists of (1) low-grade porphyry Mo style, (2) Cu-Fe skarn, (3) high-temperature carbonate replacement Pb-Zn-Ag, and (4) vein and breccia Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization. The vein and breccia mineralization locally contains high-grade silver in base metal sulfides that are cemented by fluorite and carbonate gangue. The rare earth element contents of these gangue minerals, chondrite-normalized patterns, and fluid inclusion studies suggest that they precipitated from a low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in fluorite and calcite are characterized by a wide range of homogenization temperatures (92°–207°C) and salinities of up to 17.1 wt % NaCl equiv. Secondary fluid inclusions only represent <5 vol % of the total fluid trapped. Fluids extracted from inclusions in fluorite have values of δD = –82.1 to –47.7‰ (Vienna-standard mean ocean water [V-SMOW]) and δ18O = –10.4 to –5.1‰ (V-SMOW). These data and low ratios of Cl/Br measured by crush-leach analyses for fluids in fluorite (102–315) and calcite (162–188) are compatible with the ore fluid being the result of mixing of meteoric water with evaporated seawater. These data suggest that fluids leading to the deposition of late Pb-Zn-Ag–rich vein- and breccia-style mineralization in Lavrion were related to circulation of mixed evaporated seawater and meteoric fluids that was enhanced by brittle deformation. This contrasts with the fluids of magmatic origin related to the formation of low-grade porphyry Mo, Cu-Fe skarn, and high-temperature carbonate replacement deposits spatially related to the Plaka granodiorite.

scholarly journals Lead-free relaxor-ferroelectric thin films for energy harvesting from low-grade waste-heat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrit P. Sharma ◽  
Makhes K. Behera ◽  
Dhiren K. Pradhan ◽  
Sangram K. Pradhan ◽  
Carl E. Bonner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Ferroelectric Materials ◽  
Relaxor Ferroelectric ◽  
Lead Free ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Pyroelectric Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy From Waste

AbstractOne of the ways to mitigate the world energy crisis is to harvest clean and green energy from waste-heat, which is abundant, ubiquitous, and free. Energy harvesting of this waste-heat is one of the most encouraging methods to capture freely accessible electrical energy. Ferroelectric materials can be used to harvest energy for low power electronic devices, as they exhibit switchable polarization, excellent piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. The most important characteristic of ferroelectric materials, in the context of energy harvesting, is their ability to generate electric power from a time-dependent temperature change. In this work, we grew highly c-axis oriented heterostructures of BaZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (barium zirconium titanate, BZT)/Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3 (barium calcium titanate, BCT) on SrRuO3 (strontium ruthenate, SRO) and deposited on SrTiO3 (strontium titanate, STO) single crystalline substrate using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. We investigated the structural, electrical, dielectric, and pyroelectric properties of the above-mentioned fabricated heterostructures. The wide range of θ–2θ X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns only shows (00l) reflection peaks of heterostructures and the substrate which confirmed that the films are highly c-axis oriented. We are also capable to convert the low-grade waste-heat into electrical energy by measuring various temperature-dependent ferroelectric hysteresis loops of our nanostructure films via pyroelectric Ericsson cycles and the structures show an energy conversion density ~ 10,970 kJ/m3 per cycle. These devices exhibit a large pyroelectric current density of ~ 25 mA/m2 with 11.8 °C of temperature fluctuation and the corresponding pyroelectric coefficient of 3425 μC/m2K. Our research findings suggest that these lead-free relaxor-ferroelectric heterostructures might be the potential candidates to harvest electrical energy from waste low-grade thermal energy.

Oxide-Based Thermoelectric Generator for High-Temperature Application Using p-Type Ca3Co4O9 and n-Type In1.95Sn0.05O3 Legs

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bittner ◽  
Benjamin Geppert ◽  
Nikola Kanas ◽  
Sathya Prakash Singh ◽  
Kjell Wiik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermoelectric Generator ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
High Temperature Application ◽  
Thermoelectric Energy ◽  
Entropy Current ◽  
Temperature Application ◽  
P Type

AbstractA thermoelectric generator couples an entropy current with an electrical current in a way, that thermal energy is transformed to electrical energy. Hereby the thermoelectric energy conversion can be described in terms of fluxes of entropy and electric charge at locally different temperature and electric potential. Crucial for the function of a thermoelectric generator is the sign and strength of the coupling between the entropy current and the electrical current in the thermoelectric materials. For high-temperature application, tin-doped indium oxide (In

Options in Gas Turbine Power Augmentation Using Inlet Air Chilling

1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. S. Ondryas ◽  
D. A. Wilson ◽  
M. Kawamoto ◽  
G. L. Haub
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Absorption Chillers ◽  
Gas Turbine Exhaust ◽  
Turbine Exhaust

Gas turbine power augmentation in a cogeneration plant using inlet air chilling is investigated. Options include absorption chillers, mechanical (electric driven) chillers, thermal energy storage. Motive energy for the chillers is steam from the gas turbine exhaust or electrical energy for mechanical chillers. Chilled water distribution in the inlet air system is described. The overall economics of the power augmentation benefits is investigated.

scholarly journals Options in Gas Turbine Power Augmentation Using Inlet Air Chilling

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor S. Ondryas ◽  
Dwayne A. Wilson ◽  
Marvin Kawamoto ◽  
Gary L. Haub
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
Absorption Chillers ◽  
Gas Turbine Exhaust ◽  
Turbine Exhaust

Gas Turbine Power Augmentation in a Cogeneration Plant using inlet air chilling is investigated. Options include absorption chillers, mechanical (electric driven) chillers, thermal energy storage. Motive energy for the chillers is steam from the gas turbine exhaust or electrical energy for mechanical chillers. Chilled water distribution in the inlet air system is described. Overall economics of the power augmentation benefits is investigated.

Implementation and Operation of a Cogeneration Plant for Steam Injection in Oil Field

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Borzea ◽  
Gheorghe Fetea ◽  
Radu Codoban
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Cogeneration Plant ◽  
North West

As part of Europe, Romania now faces increasing natural gas prices, growing dependence on fuel imports and the threat of global warming. One of the modern and long-term solutions, efficient and environmentally friendly to such issues is cogeneration of both electricity and useful heat. The paper deals with the implementation of an experimental cogeneration plant for combined electrical and thermal energy production, necessary for extracting heavy oil. Located in North West of Romania, at Suplacu de Barcau, the cogeneration plant was built with the aim of studying its efficiency in growing oil production with lower costs for the electrical and thermal energy used in oil field. The cogeneration plant was designed to meet the parameters of superheated steam injected in heavy oil field at 19 bars and 300°C, assuming lower costs than market prices. The cogeneration plant consists in two identical cogenerative lines; each line consisting of an electrical turbogenerator powered by one aero derivative ST18 Pratt&Whitney turbine engine, a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) with afterburner and linked installations. The cogeneration plant is automatically operated using Programmable Logic Controllers – PLC, which provide 3 operating conditions: combined electrical and thermal energy production, electrical energy only and steam only. Design, installation and commissioning in 2004 were realized by National Research and Development Institute for Gas Turbines – INCDT COMOTI, providing 32,000 hours between overhauls. Operated over 55,000 hours, the 2 lines of cogeneration plant fulfil an efficiency of 85%. Experimental data of 3 years of cogeneration plant operation is also present in the paper.

scholarly journals The Storage and Regeneration of High Temperature Thermal Energy by Means of Reversible Chemical Reactions: The Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate System

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Wentworth ◽  
C. F. Batten ◽  
J. Merrill ◽  
T. Schuler ◽  
J. G. Ibanez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Kinetic Data ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfate ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Reaction Cycle ◽  
Ammonium Hydrogen ◽  
Ammonium Hydrogen Sulfate

A chemical reaction cycle suitable for the storage of high temperature thermal energy from concentrated solar flux is described. The cycle is based on a reversible reaction involving ammonium hydrogen sulfate. Thermal decomposition of this compound would be used to store energy in the liquified reaction products (NH3, H2O, and SO3) at ambient temperature with a theoretical density of 3100 MJ/m3. Recombination of these products would be used to regenerate energy upon demand at a temperature suitable for use in electrical power generating facilities. Both steps of the cycle have been studied experimentally. Thermodynamic and kinetic data have been obtained for the energy storage step. These results are presented and discussed in terms of their significance to the proposed cycle.

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