Visual acuity and correctable visual impairment among Norwegian 65-year olds

Prevalence of ocular disease and visual impairment increases with increased age. Population studies have shown that uncorrected refractive error is the main cause of visual impairment in the general population. The aim of this study was to examine visual acuity (VA) and the prevalence of correctable visual impairment among Norwegian 65-year-olds. The study had a crosssectional design. A random sample born in 1943 (n = 300) was invited to participate. The participants underwent a full eye examination including: patient history, habitual visual acuity (HVA), refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and examination of ocular health. The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics and reported to the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Data was analyzed by Fisher’s exact test, χ2-test, student t-test and logistic regression, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated for correctable visual impairment. In all 129 subjects (43%) participated in the study. Three were excluded from the analysis due to missing data. The analysis included 126 subjects, 67 males and 59 females. None of the participants had permanent visual impairment. Mean (±SD) BCVA was logMAR -0.06 (±0.10) (Snellen decimal 1.2). Six subjects (5%) had correctable visual impairment, HVA logMAR > 0.3 (Snellen < 0.5) in the better eye, which improved with best correction to logMAR ≤ 0.3 (Snellen > 0.5). Eight subjects (6%) had clinically relevant undercorrected refractive error, i.e. an undercorrection in refractive error which when corrected produced an improvement in VA of 10 letters (2 lines on the logMAR chart) or more after refraction, when HVA was logMAR < 0.2 (Snellen 0.63). Long time (> 5 years) since last eye examination was an independent risk factor for correctable visual impairment, OR 2.7, 95% CI [1.0, 7.3], p = 0.046. Subjects with correctable visual impairment had either low refractive error or hyperopia (spherical equivalent refraction (SER) > -0.50 D), but there was no statistically significant association between refractive error and correctable visual impairment. Regular eye examination and correction of low refractive error and hyperopia can prevent unnecessary visual impairment in the elderly.

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The prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Dariyah, a rural community in Saudi Arabia

African Vision and Eye Health ◽

10.4102/aveh.v80i1.579 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Waleed Alghamdi ◽

Godwin O. Ovenseri-Ogbomo

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Rural Community ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Population Based ◽

Vision Impairment ◽

Health Examination ◽

Refractive Errors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eye Examination

Background: Visual impairment is disproportionately distributed between rural and urban dwellers. Rural dwellers have limited access to the eye care services that are available in urban cities.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Dariyah, a rural community in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.Setting: This research comprised a population-based assessment of the vision and visual status of the inhabitants of Dariyah community.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst the inhabitants of the community of Dariyah. A comprehensive eye examination consisting of visual acuity, ocular health examination, objective and subjective refraction was performed. The examinations were conducted by registered ophthalmologists and optometrists from the Qassim University. Vision impairments were categorised according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Section 9D90, ‘Vision impairment including blindness’ (2018).Results: In all, 68 (24.5%) participants had vision impairment (using the better-seeing eye), with refractive errors being the main cause of vision impairment. Other causes of vision impairment included cataract (20, 7.2%), trichiasis (5, 1.8%) and glaucoma (2, 0.7%). Refractive errors were present in 193 (69.7%), with astigmatism being the commonest refractive error. About 60% of those with refractive errors presented without spectacles for correction, and 20% reported that they had never had an eye examination. Refractive errors could not be determined in 19 (6.9%) of the subjects because of conditions such as matured cataract and other ocular abnormalities.Conclusion: Uncorrected refractive error was found to be the leading cause of vision impairment in this rural community in Saudi Arabia.

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Prevalence and risk factors for visual impairment among elderly residents in ‘homes for the aged’ in India: the Hyderabad Ocular Morbidity in Elderly Study (HOMES)

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-315678 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 105 (1) ◽

pp. 32-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Srinivas Marmamula ◽

Navya Rekha Barrenakala ◽

Rajesh Challa ◽

Thirupathi Reddy Kumbham ◽

Satya Brahmanandam Modepalli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Vision Loss ◽

The Elderly ◽

Posterior Capsular Opacification ◽

Routine Practice ◽

Homes For The Aged ◽

Uncorrected Refractive Error

Background/AimTo investigate the prevalence, causes and risk factors of visual impairment (VI) among the elderly in ‘home for the aged’ in Hyderabad, India.MethodsIndividuals aged ≥60 years were recruited from 41 ‘homes for the aged’. All participants had complete eye examinations including presenting visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure measurement and fundus imaging by trained clinicians. VI was defined as presenting visual acuity worse than 6/18 in the better eye. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors associated with VI.Results1512 elderly residents from 41 homes for the aged were enumerated, of whom 1182 (78.1%) were examined. The mean age of examined participants was 75.0 years (SD 8.8 years; range: 60–108 years); 35.4% of those examined were men. The prevalence of VI was 30.1% (95% CI 27.5 to 32.8). The leading cause of VI was cataract (46.3%, n=165), followed by uncorrected refractive error (27.0%, n=96), posterior capsular opacification (14.9%, n=53) and posterior segment disease (6.5%, n=23). Overall, 88.2% of the VI was either treatable or correctable. In multiple logistic regression, those aged 80 years and older (OR: 1.7, p<0.01), living in ‘free’ homes (OR: 1.5, p<0.01) and who were immobile/bedridden (OR: 3.02, p<0.01) had significantly higher odds of VI. Gender was not associated with VI.ConclusionsVI was common and largely avoidable in residents of ‘homes for the aged’ in Hyderabad, India. Screening for vision loss in ‘homes for aged’ and the provision of appropriate services should become routine practice to achieve the goal of healthy ageing in India.

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Pelatihan Pemeriksaan Tajam Penglihatan Mandiri Pada Guru dan Penyuluhan Miopia Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri 07 Pondok Labu Jakarta Selatan

JPPM JURNAL PENGABDIAN DAN PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT ◽

10.30595/jppm.v2i1.2020 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Mila Citrawati Asiyanto ◽

Yanti Harjono ◽

Citra Ayu Aprilia

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Community Service ◽

Social Problem ◽

Early Age ◽

Limited Time ◽

Lecture Method ◽

Snellen Chart ◽

Eye Examination ◽

Power Point

ABSTRAK Gangguan penglihatan masih menjadi masalah sosial yang berarti di Indonesia. Pemeriksaan dan perawatan mata penting dilakukan secara teratur. Pemeriksaan mata dan penyuluhan kesehatan mata rutin sebaiknya dimulai pada usia dini. Metode pelatihan pemeriksaan tajam penglihatan untuk pengabdian kepada masyarakat di Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) 07 Pondok Labu Jakarta Selatan adalah dengan melakukan pelatihan pemeriksaan tajam penglihatan pada guru dengan menggunakan penutup mata (occluder) dan Snellen chart. Metode penyuluhan pada pengabdian kepada masyarakat yang dilakukan adalah dengan ceramah dan media slide power point. Ketercapaian target peserta dikatakan baik dengan melihat bahwa seluruh siswa dan guru mengikuti kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini. Ketercapaian tujuan berdasarkan pemeriksaan tajam penglihatan didapatkan 43% siswa mengalami penurunan tajam penglihatan dan setelah dilakukan tanya jawab dapat diketahui bahwa ada peningkatan pengetahuan dari siswa mengenai gangguan tajam penglihatan (miopia). Ketercapaian target materi yang telah direncanakan dapat dikatakan baik (80%). Semua materi pelatihan dapat disampaikan oleh tim pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan waktu yang terbatas. Materi yang disampaikan adalah mengenai miopia yaitu definisi dari miopia, cara pemeriksaan miopia dan cara pencegahan miopia. Kesimpulan yang didapat dari pengabdian kepada masyarakat yang telah dilakukan adalah bahwa guru mampu melakukan pemeriksaan tajam penglihatan mandiri dan pemberian materi mengenai miopia kepada siswa kelas V dan VI SDN 07 Pondok Labu dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa tersebut Kata Kunci : Pemeriksaan Tajam Penglihatan, Myopia, Penyuluhan ABSTRACT Visual impairment is a significant social problem in Indonesia. Eye examination and care are important on a regular basis. Regular eye examinations and counseling should start at an early age. The method of visual acuity examination workshop on community service at Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) 07 Pondok Labu South Jakarta was by examining the visual acuity used occluder and Snellen chart. The method of counseling on community service performed by using lecture method and slide power point media. Participant target achievement was good by seeing that all students and teachers attended this community service. Achievement of goals based on visual acuity screening was 43% of students found to have decreased visual acuity. After counseling, there was an increased of student’s knowledge about myopia. Achievement of counseling that had been planned was good (80%). All counseling material could be delivered by a team of community service at limited time. The counseling material presented was about definition, examination, and prevention of myopia. The conclusion were that teachers could do the visual acuity assessment and myopia counseling to V and VI grade students of SDN 07 Pondok Labu could increase their knowledge. Keywords : Visual Acuity, Myopia, Counseling

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Visual Acuity, Refractive Error, and Adaptation to Spectacle Wear in Children with Autism and in Typical Peers

Vision Development & Rehabilitation ◽

10.31707/vdr2020.6.3.p208 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 208-220

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Parental Support ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Verbal Communication ◽

Spherical Equivalent ◽

Examination Protocol ◽

Refractive Correction ◽

Eye Examination

Purpose: To compare visual acuity, refractive error, and spectacle adaptation in children with autism to typically developing (TD) peers; to report visual acuity and spectacle wear in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by parent reported level of verbal communication. Methods: In a prospective pilot study, 61 children and adolescents (34 with ASD and 27 who were TD) aged 9 to 17 years completed an eye examination protocol including tests of visual acuity and refraction. Children who required new refractive correction were given a spectacle prescription. Parents provided information for ASD patients regarding their level of verbal communication. Results: ASD subjects had significantly poorer distance and near, binocular and monocular visual acuity. Though there were no differences in spherical equivalent refractive error between the groups, ASD children were less likely to be wearing appropriate refractive correction. Both TD and ASD children successfully adapted to spectacle wear; Adaptation time was faster for TD subjects (1 week) than ASD subjects (16 weeks). ASD children were more likely to complain about wearing spectacles and require more parental prompting to wear glasses than TD children. ASD children who, were reported to be less verbal wore their glasses fewer hours than ASD children who were reported to be more verbal. Conclusion: When visual acuity is measured during a comprehensive eye examination, ASD children show a small, but significant decrease over multiple measures. Spherical equivalent refractive error does not differ from TD children. ASD children adapt to spectacle wear, but require more time, and experience more symptoms and require more parental support.

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The Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment among Children in Kenya – The Kenya Eye Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41148/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shadrack Muma ◽

Stephen Obonyo

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

The Mean ◽

Health Organization ◽

Uncorrected Refractive Error

Abstract Background: Visual impairment is the partial or complete loss of vision and it is attributed to uncorrected refractive error. In Kenya, little attention has been directed towards children vision and causes of visual impairment. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the children population of Kenya.Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study included 3400 (1800, 52.9% female) randomly selected children with a mean age of 12 ± 2 years (range 5–16 years). Visual acuity was taken using Snellens chart at 6 meters. Anterior and posterior segment was assessed using slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. The World Health Organization definition formed the baseline for calculating the mean prevalence of visual impairment.Results: Visual acuity measurements were available for 3240 (95.3%) participants. The mean prevalence of visual impairment, based on pin-hole value, using World Health Organization definition, was 1.7 ± 0.3%. The prevalence of visual impairment, based on presenting visual acuity value, was 2.4 ± 0.7%, using the World Health Organization definition. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of visual impairment on pin-hole, according to World Health Organization definition increased significantly with increasing age (odds ratio 1.230, P=.021) and increased uncorrected refractive error (odds ratio 0.834, P = .032). Cases of uncorrected refractive error remained the main cause for presenting visual impairment. Causes of visual impairment due to presenting visual acuity were nystagmus (14%), amblyopia (24%) and uncorrected refractive error (62%).Conclusion: The prevalence of visual impairment in Kenya is associated with age. Uncorrected refractive error remains the major causes of visual impairment.

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The prevalence and causes of visual impairment among children in Kenya – the Kenya eye study

BMC Ophthalmology ◽

10.1186/s12886-020-01665-w ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shadrack Muma ◽

Stephen Obonyo

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

The Mean ◽

Health Organization ◽

Uncorrected Refractive Error

Abstract Background Visual impairment is the partial or complete loss of vision in which the presenting visual acuity lie between 6/18-no perceptions of light. In Kenya, little attention has been directed towards children vision and causes of visual impairment. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the children population of Kenya. Methods This cross-sectional population-based study included 3400 (1800, 52.9% female) randomly selected children with a mean age of 12 ± 2 years (range 5–16 years). Visual acuity was taken using Snellens chart at 6 m. Anterior and posterior segment was assessed using slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. The World Health Organization definition formed the baseline for calculating the mean prevalence of visual impairment. Results Visual acuity measurements were available for 3240 (95.3%) participants. The mean prevalence of visual impairment based on pin-hole value was 1.7 ± 0.3% using World Health Organization definition. The prevalence of visual impairment based on presenting visual acuity value was 2.4 ± 0.7% using the World Health Organization definition. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of visual impairment on pin-hole increased significantly with increasing age (odds ratio 1.230, P = .021) and uncorrected refractive error (odds ratio 0.834, P = .032) according to World Health Organization definition. Cases of uncorrected refractive error remained the major cause for presenting visual impairment. Causes of visual impairment due to presenting visual acuity were nystagmus (14%), amblyopia (24%) and uncorrected refractive error (62%). Conclusion The prevalence of visual impairment in Kenya is associated with age. Uncorrected refractive error remains the major causes of visual impairment.

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The Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment among Children in Kenya – The Kenya Eye Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-41148/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shadrack Muma ◽

Stephen Obonyo

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Population Based ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The World ◽

Health Organization

Abstract BackgroundVisual impairment impacts negatively on quality of life. Kenya has a total fertility rate of 3.5 an indication of more younger generation. However, little is known on the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the children population of Kenya.MethodsThis cross-sectional population-based study included 3400 (1800, 52.9% female) randomly selected children with a mean age of 12 ± 2 years (range 5–16 years) in Kenya. Visual acuity was taken using snellens chart at 6 meters. Anterior and posterior segments were assessed using slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscope. The World Health Organization formed the baseline for calculating prevalence of visual impairment.ResultsVisual acuity measurements were available for 3240 (95.3%) participants. The prevalence of visual impairment, based on pin-hole value, using World Health Organization, was 1.7 ± 0.3%. The prevalence of visual impairment, based on presenting visual acuity value, was 2.4 ± 0.7%, using the World Health Organization definition. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of visual impairment on pin-hole, according to World Health Organization definition increased significantly with increasing age (odds ratio 1.230, P = .021) and increased astigmatism (odds ratio 0.834, P = .032), but not significantly associated with socioeconomic, ocular conditions after adjusting for age and astigmatism. Lack of refractive error correction was the most common reason for presenting visual impairment. Causes of visual impairment due to presenting visual acuity were amblyopia (24%), nystagmus (14%), myopia (49%) and hyperopia (13%).ConclusionThe prevalence of visual impairment in Kenya increased significantly with socio-economic activities. Uncorrected refractive error remains the major causes of visual impairment.

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Visual impairment among commercial intercity vehicle drivers in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria

Annals of African Medical Research ◽

10.4081/aamr.2020.113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Usman Shehu Ibrahim ◽

Rabiu Ibrahim Jalo ◽

Fatimah Isma’il Tsiga-Ahmed ◽

Hadiza Musa Abdullahi ◽

Auwal Umar Gajida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

Safe Driving ◽

Commercial Drivers ◽

Uncorrected Refractive Error

Good vision is an essential component of safe driving and it is one of the most important requirements for commercial drivers. Little is known about the visual acuity of commercial drivers and the perceived effect on driving in our setting. The study assessed the prevalence and pattern of visual impairment among commercial intercity vehicle drivers in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. A systematic sampling technique was used to select 172 commercial intercity vehicle drivers in four major motor parks in Dutse. All respondent were tested for distance visual acuity using Snellen’s tumbling E chart and categorised as normal (VA≥6/12) or vision impaired (VA<6/12). Drivers with impaired vision were further assessed to determine those due to uncorrected refractive error. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0. The mean age (±SD) of the respondents was 41.7 (±11.1) years. Prevalence of visual impairment was found to be 11.0% (n=19). Of those with visual impairment, majority (n=16; 84.2%) had impairment relating to uncorrected refractive errors, while the rest (n=3; 15.8%) had impairment originating from background pathology (diabetes, cataract and glaucoma). A third (32%) of the respondents had been involved in Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) in the past. However, there was no statistically significant association between visual impairment and involvement in RTA (χ²= 0.002, p= 0.90). Visual impairment mainly in the form of uncorrected refractive error was prevalent among commercial drivers in Dutse. Government and trade unions should introduce programs to ensure provision of appropriate eye care for all commercial drivers in the state.

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The effect THE EFFECT OF FREQUENCY, DURATION AND TYPES OF GADGETS ON VISUAL ACUITY OF STUDENTS

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCE (IJNMS) ◽

10.29082/ijnms/2018/vol2.iss03.161 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (03) ◽

pp. 217-221

Author(s):

Tria Wahyuningrum ◽

Veryudha Eka Prameswari

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Human Life ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Eye Disease ◽

Measuring Instrument ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Long Time ◽

Eye Examination ◽

Modern Era ◽

Decrease In Visual Acuity

Technology that is increasingly sophisticated is very influential in human life. Countless types of technology can be found in this modern era. One example of a very popular technology is gadgets. Psychologically, gadgets are easy to create addiction, game facilities that exist in the gadget make children always challenged to reach a higher level. Waste and especially on the eyes that are always used to view gadgets for a long time and without rest can result in asthenopia or tired eyes. Namely, the pupils are slow to react to light, so there is a decrease in visual acuity. The design used in this study is an analytic correlation with cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were all 4-5 graders at Mlirip II Elementary School in Mojokerto. The sampling technique is to use total sampling, that is, the entire population is used as a sample, which is 95 respondents. The results of this study are the fit model, namely the model interpreting the influence between duration, frequency and type of gadget on visual acuity. The duration and frequency of gadget usage significantly affect visual acuity. While for this type of gadget is not significant and does not affect visual acuity. If the duration of gadget usage increases, the decrease in visual acuity ratio increases by 5,299 times. If the frequency of gadget usage increases, the ratio of decreased visual acuity increases by 5,986 times. The level of accuracy of the model in this study was 85.3%. Eye disease problems in children can be prevented by early detection to find out the vision status in children supported by eye examination as a measuring instrument, namely snallen card (Snellen card).

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The Prevalence and Causes of Visual Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Northeast China

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2020/5969816 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Liang Wen ◽

Yu Wang ◽

Zhong Lin ◽

Feng Hua Wang ◽

Xiao Xia Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Visual Acuity ◽

Visual Impairment ◽

Refractive Error ◽

Northeast China ◽

Low Vision ◽

Uncorrected Refractive Error ◽

Myopic Maculopathy

Purpose. To evaluate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in a group of community people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Northeast China. Methods. Population-based cross-sectional survey. Patients diagnosed with T2DM residing in 15 communities in Fushun, Northeast China, were enrolled between July 2012 and May 2013. All participants underwent an extensive and standardized eye examination (visual acuity testing, slit-lamp, and fundus examination). Low vision was defined as presenting VA of better-seeing eye <20/60 and ≥20/400, and blindness was defined as VA <20/400, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions. The primary causes of blindness and low vision were assessed by senior ophthalmologists. Results. Visual acuity measurements were available for 1998 (89.8%) of 2224 subjects in the study. The prevalence of bilateral blindness and low vision defined was 0.90% and 10.81%. Uncorrected refractive error was the first leading cause of low vision (75.0%) and blindness (38.9%). After correcting the refractive error, the first leading cause of low vision was cataract (44.4%), followed by diabetic retinopathy (29.6%) and myopic maculopathy (18.5%), while the first leading cause of blindness was proliferative DR (45.4%), followed by cataract (36.4%) and myopic maculopathy (18.2%). Conclusions. This study suggested a high prevalence of low vision and blindness in this study cohort. Uncorrected refractive error and cataract remain the leading cause of visual impairment, but the major challenge is the early diagnosis and intervention of diabetic retinopathy to reduce diabetes-related blindness.

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