scholarly journals Akhlak dan Etika

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Mohammad Faizin
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Moral Behavior ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
The Other ◽  
Islamic Science

As a scientific discipline, morality with ethics orients its study on human behavior in the perspective of how it should not be. So not a few among Muslims who translate morals with ethics. In fact, the two depart from a different study and from a different source. Morals are developed from standard Islamic sources, namely the Qur'an and Sunnah. While ethics is developed from the thinking of the human brain, namely philosophy, so that one is sacred and the other is profane, one is from heaven and the other is from earth, one is kholiq, while the other is from creatures. This thought feels unfair if moral behavior that is what it should be is based on ugliness, so that it becomes akhlakul qobiha or al akhlakul madmumah. Moreover, if morality is then believed to be an Islamic science, then of course the other Islamic sciences are fiqh, aqidah, and tasawwuf.

Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Crime

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selden D. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Social Custom ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This article is concerned with the overlapping of two phe nomena, each of which can occur independently of the other. The first is deviation from the specific social custom of drinking. The second, crime, refers to a class of deviations from many different customs of a society—deviations possessing one unique attribute in common, that of eliciting purposeful, negative sanc tions by the government. General knowledge about deviation from custom and about the impact of alcohol upon human behavior must be combined with an understanding of each of these two categories of deviance in order to assess the overlap.

On the Production of Religious Configurations

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Benavides
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Hominid Evolution ◽  
The Other

AbstractResearch on the emergence of the configuration known as “religion” requires tracing the articulation among biological, psychological and social processes. This research must take into account evolutionary approaches; first, in terms of hominid evolution, for it is only by taking into consideration work on symbolization, language development, the capacity to engage in metacognition and cooperation, the tendency to form hierarchies, engage in violence, sexual differentiation, and related topics, that one can hope to trace the emergence of certain relatively stable features of human behavior. But since symbolization and the other capacities mentioned above are exercised in specific social circumstances—which themselves could not have come into existence were it not for the exercise of those capacities—it is essential to consider social evolution, especially insofar as this evolution leads to the appearance of stratified societies and to the kind of labor that prevails in them.

Negotiating Ethics as a Two Level Debate

1998 ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert van Es
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Moral Behavior ◽  
Discourse Ethic ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
Ideal Speech Situation ◽  
Moral Debate ◽  
Common Understanding ◽  
Speech Situation ◽  
The Ideal

As a form of moral debate, discourse ethic, according to Habermas, is based on regulated discussion. Participating moral agents share a common understanding in the ideal speech situation. Following procedures they try to reach consensus on questions of justice and rights. Critics of discourse ethic point to the bias of Western assumptions regarding agents and methods, the danger of elitism, and the optimism and the pacifism that run through the theory. After modification, Habermas distinguishes two types of discourse: the discourse of justification and the discourse of application. The second is inferior to the first. In the second, there is room for negotiating. There is another way of looking at negotiation, one that takes negotiating seriously as an important category of human behavior. This category shows an interesting overlap with moral behavior. Distinguishing four concepts of negotiating and using reciprocity and trust as the moral minimum, Negotiating Ethics is presented as a two level moral debate, close to Habermas but morally different in essential aspects.

Operational Research and the British Bombing Offensive against Germany, 1941–1945: Calculating Choices in War

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-554
Author(s):  
Victor Bissonnette
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Operational Research ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Research Section ◽  
Second World ◽  
Conflicting Goals

Operational research is a scientific discipline that appeared in Great Britain on the eve of the Second World War. Bomber Command’s Operational research section began its studies in September 1941, using civilian scientists to analyse the bombing operations. Two potentially conflicting goals were pursued, one intended to maximize the offensive power against Germany, the other striving to minimize bomber losses. This article uses the Operational research performed during the conflict to illustrate the choices made by Bomber Command between those two possibilities, concluding on a clear priority in favour of the offensive.

FRACTAL-BASED CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN BRAIN RESPONSE TO LIVING AND NON-LIVING VISUAL STIMULI

Fractals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 1850069 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMMAD ALI AHMADI-PAJOUH ◽  
TIRDAD SEIFI ALA ◽  
FATEMEH ZAMANIAN ◽  
HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽  
SAJAD JAFARI
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Fractal Structure ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Chaotic Signal ◽  
Eeg Signal ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Human Eeg ◽  
Structure Complexity

Analysis of human behavior is one of the major research topics in neuroscience. It is known that human behavior is related to his brain activity. In this way, the analysis of human brain activity is the root for analysis of his behavior. Electroencephalography (EEG) as one of the most famous methods for measuring brain activity generates a chaotic signal, which has fractal characteristic. This study reveals the relation between the fractal structure (complexity) of human EEG signal and the applied visual stimuli. For this purpose, we chose two types of visual stimuli, namely, living and non-living visual stimuli. We demonstrate that the fractal structure of human EEG signal changes significantly between living versus non-living visual stimuli. The capability observed in this research can be applied to other kinds of stimuli in order to classify the brain response based on the types of stimuli.

scholarly journals Autonomy and the Ownership of Our Own Destiny: Tracking the External World and Human Behavior, and the Paradox of Autonomy

Philosophies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Magnani
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
External World ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moral Autonomy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Autonomy

Research on autonomy exhibits a constellation of variegated perspectives, from the problem of the crude deprivation of it to the study of the distinction between personal and moral autonomy, and from the problem of the role of a “self as narrator”, who classifies its own actions as autonomous or not, to the importance of the political side and, finally, to the need of defending and enhancing human autonomy. My precise concern in this article will be the examination of the role of the human cognitive processes that give rise to the most important ways of tracking the external world and human behavior in their relationship to some central aspects of human autonomy, also to the aim of clarifying the link between autonomy and the ownership of our own destinies. I will also focus on the preservation of human autonomy as an important component of human dignity, seeing it as strictly associated with knowledge and, even more significantly, with the constant production of new and pertinent knowledge of various kinds. I will also describe the important paradox of autonomy, which resorts to the fact that, on one side, cognitions (from science to morality, from common knowledge to philosophy, etc.) are necessary to be able to perform autonomous actions and decisions because we need believe in rules that justify and identify our choices, but, on the other side, these same rules can become (for example, as a result of contrasting with other internalized and approved moral rules or knowledge contents) oppressive norms that diminish autonomy and can thus, paradoxically, defeat agents’ autonomous capacity “to take ownership”.

Cognitive Issues in Bible Translation: The Biblical Text in the Context of Human Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-56
Author(s):  
R. Daniel Shaw ◽  
Danny DeLoach ◽  
Jonathan Grimes ◽  
John O. Luchivia ◽  
Sheryl Silzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Interactive Environments ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive studies affect all disciplines that reflect the connection between the mind–brain and human behavior. To state the obvious, Bible translation is a multidisciplinary task influenced by cognitive processes. What, then, do Bible translators need to know about the intended communication of a biblical text on one hand and a people’s context-based inferences on the other? Can these disparate, but necessarily interactive, environments blend to reflect a totality of knowledge from the content of the biblical text? Together, the coauthors explore a variety of cognitive processes that reflect on the relationship between translation and human behavior. Our objective is to show how translated biblical text interfaces with human cognition to affect behavior in specific contexts.

scholarly journals Will We Hit a Wall? Forecasting Bottlenecks to Whole Brain Emulation Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Alstott
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Complex Technology ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Whole brain emulation (WBE) is the possible replication of human brain dynamics that reproduces human behavior. If created, WBE would have significant impact on human society, and forecasts frequently place WBE as arriving within a century. However, WBE would be a complex technology with a complex network of prerequisite technologies. Most forecasts only consider a fraction of this technology network. The unconsidered portions of the network may contain bottlenecks, which are slowly-developing technologies that would impede the development of WBE. Here I describe how bottlenecks in the network can be non-obvious, and the merits of identifying them early. I show that bottlenecks may be predicted even with noisy forecasts. Accurate forecasts of WBE development must incorporate potential bottlenecks, which can be found using detailed descriptions of the WBE technology network. Bottlenecks identification can also increase the impact of WBE researchers by directing effort to those technologies that will immediately affect the timeline of WBE development

scholarly journals Turning the Other Lobe: Directional Biases in Brain Diagrams

i-Perception ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 204166951770776
Author(s):  
Richard Wiseman ◽  
Adrian M. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Exhaustive Search ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Tradition

Past research shows that in drawn or photographic portraits, people are significantly more likely to be posed facing to their right than their left. We examined whether the same type of bias exists among sagittal images of the human brain. An exhaustive search of Google images using the term ‘brain sagittal view’ yielded 425 images of a left or right facing brain. The direction of each image was coded and revealed that 80% of the brains were right-facing. This bias was present in images that did not contain any representation of a human head. It is argued that the effect might be aesthetic in nature, the result of the Western tradition of reading left to right or due to the facial factors that underlie the bias previously found in portraits.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document