scholarly journals Will We Hit a Wall? Forecasting Bottlenecks to Whole Brain Emulation Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Alstott
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Complex Technology ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Whole brain emulation (WBE) is the possible replication of human brain dynamics that reproduces human behavior. If created, WBE would have significant impact on human society, and forecasts frequently place WBE as arriving within a century. However, WBE would be a complex technology with a complex network of prerequisite technologies. Most forecasts only consider a fraction of this technology network. The unconsidered portions of the network may contain bottlenecks, which are slowly-developing technologies that would impede the development of WBE. Here I describe how bottlenecks in the network can be non-obvious, and the merits of identifying them early. I show that bottlenecks may be predicted even with noisy forecasts. Accurate forecasts of WBE development must incorporate potential bottlenecks, which can be found using detailed descriptions of the WBE technology network. Bottlenecks identification can also increase the impact of WBE researchers by directing effort to those technologies that will immediately affect the timeline of WBE development

scholarly journals Capturing the non-stationarity of whole-brain dynamics underlying human brain states

NeuroImage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 118551
Author(s):  
J.A. Galadí ◽  
S. Silva Pereira ◽  
Y. Sanz Perl ◽  
M.L. Kringelbach ◽  
I. Gayte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Brain States

scholarly journals Walking through Architectural Spaces: The Impact of Interior Forms on Human Brain Dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Banaei ◽  
Javad Hatami ◽  
Abbas Yazdanfar ◽  
Klaus Gramann
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Architectural Spaces

scholarly journals Turbulent-like dynamics in the human brain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Deco ◽  
Morten L. Kringelbach
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Large Scale Network ◽  
Maximal Sensitivity ◽  
Scale Network ◽  
Best Fit

SummaryTurbulence facilitates fast energy/information transfer across scales in physical systems. These qualities are important for brain function, but it is currently unknown if the dynamic intrinsic backbone of brain also exhibits turbulence. Using large-scale neuroimaging empirical data from 1003 healthy participants, we demonstrate Kuramoto’s amplitude turbulence in human brain dynamics. Furthermore, we build a whole-brain model with coupled oscillators to demonstrate that the best fit to the data corresponds to a region of maximally developed amplitude turbulence, which also corresponds to maximal sensitivity to the processing of external stimulations (information capability). The model shows the economy of anatomy by following the Exponential Distance Rule of anatomical connections as a cost-of-wiring principle. This establishes a firm link between turbulence and optimal brain function. Overall, our results reveal a way of analysing and modelling whole-brain dynamics that suggests turbulence as the dynamic intrinsic backbone facilitating large scale network communication.

scholarly journals Multiscale dynamic mean field model to relate resting-state brain dynamics with local cortical excitatory-inhibitory neurotransmitter homeostasis in health and disease

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Naskar ◽  
Anirudh Vattikonda ◽  
Gustavo Deco ◽  
Dipanjan Roy ◽  
Arpan Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tractography Data

AbstractPrevious neuro-computational studies have established the connection of spontaneous resting-state brain activity with “large-scale” neuronal ensembles using dynamic mean field approach and showed the impact of local excitatory−inhibitory (E−I) balance in sculpting dynamical patterns. Here, we argue that whole brain models that link multiple scales of physiological organization namely brain metabolism that governs synaptic concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate on one hand and neural field dynamics that operate on the macroscopic scale. The multiscale dynamic mean field (MDMF) model captures the synaptic gating dynamics over a cortical macrocolumn as a function of neurotransmitter kinetics. Multiple MDMF units were placed in brain locations guided by an anatomical parcellation and connected by tractography data from diffusion tensor imaging. The resulting whole-brain model generates the resting-state functional connectivity and also reveal that optimal configurations of glutamate and GABA captures the dynamic working point of the brain, that is the state of maximum metsatability as observed in BOLD signals. To demonstrate test-retest reliability we validate the observation that healthy resting brain dynamics is governed by optimal glutamate-GABA configurations using two different brain parcellations for model set-up. Furthermore, graph theoretical measures of segregation (modularity and clustering coefficient) and integration (global efficiency and characteristic path length) on the functional connectivity generated from healthy and pathological brain network studies could be explained by the MDMF model. In conclusion, the MDMF model could relate the various scales of observations from neurotransmitter concentrations to dynamics of synaptic gating to whole-brain resting-state network topology in health and disease.

scholarly journals Cognitive chimera states in human brain networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. eaau8535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanika Bansal ◽  
Javier O. Garcia ◽  
Steven H. Tompson ◽  
Timothy Verstynen ◽  
Jean M. Vettel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Chimera States ◽  
Regional Brain ◽  
The Impact

The human brain is a complex dynamical system, and how cognition emerges from spatiotemporal patterns of regional brain activity remains an open question. As different regions dynamically interact to perform cognitive tasks, variable patterns of partial synchrony can be observed, forming chimera states. We propose that the spatial patterning of these states plays a fundamental role in the cognitive organization of the brain and present a cognitively informed, chimera-based framework to explore how large-scale brain architecture affects brain dynamics and function. Using personalized brain network models, we systematically study how regional brain stimulation produces different patterns of synchronization across predefined cognitive systems. We analyze these emergent patterns within our framework to understand the impact of subject-specific and region-specific structural variability on brain dynamics. Our results suggest a classification of cognitive systems into four groups with differing levels of subject and regional variability that reflect their different functional roles.

Narrative, Intertext and Allusion in the Qur'anic Presentation of Job

1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Johns
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Key Words And Phrases ◽  
Divine Revelation ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Job (Ayyūb) is a byword for patience in the Islamic tradition, notwithstanding only six Qur'anic verses are devoted to him, four in Ṣād (vv.41-4), and two in al-Anbiyā' (vv.83-4), and he is mentioned on only two other occasions, in al-Ancām (v.84) and al-Nisā' (v.163). In relation to the space devoted to him, he could be accounted a ‘lesser’ prophet, nevertheless his significance in the Qur'an is unambiguous. The impact he makes is achieved in a number of ways. One is through the elaborate intertext transmitted from the Companions and Followers, and recorded in the exegetic tradition. Another is the way in which his role and charisma are highlighted by the prophets in whose company he is presented, and the shifting emphases of each of the sūras in which he appears. Yet another is the wider context created by these sūras in which key words and phrases actualize a complex network of echoes and resonances that elicit internal and transsūra associations focusing attention on him from various perspectives. The effectiveness of this presentation of him derives from the linguistic genius of the Qur'an which by this means triggers a vivid encounter with aspects of the rhythm of divine revelation no less direct than that of visual iconography in the Western Tradition.

Socio-Technological Aspects of Automation in Public Works Activities

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 633-643
Author(s):  
William F. Garber
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Training Problem ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete Automation ◽  
The Impact

The history of human society is replete with examples of advances in technology overrunning the ability of societal organizations to efficiently handle the resulting massive societal dislocations. The social impacts of the “Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th Centuries” illustrate how profound such effects can be. The automation-computer-robotics revolution now underway also has the potential for serious societal changes. In this regard public works activities are subject to increasing amounts of automation with impacts upon current and net total employment and training needs. To evaluate the present status of automation in the USA, questionnaires were sent to public works authorities in 110 cities or agencies. The current degree of automation, the impact upon employment and the skills now needed by public works employers were queried. It was found that in most cases automation was just starting; but that as complete automation as was possible was inevitable given the increasing complexity of the tasks, the demands of the public and the long term prospects for public works funding. In many cases the candidates now in the work force were not properly trained for automation needs. Retraining and changes in the educational system appeared necessary if the employees now needed were to be continuously available. Public works management as well as several labor organizations appeared to be aware of this need and were organizing to handle the training problem and the changes in employment qualifications now necessary. It appeared to be a consensus that the larger societal effects of automation should be handled by society as a whole.

Engels on women, the family, class and gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 194277862110000
Author(s):  
Sheila Margaret McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Women's Oppression ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This article looks at Engels’s writings to show that his ideas about the role of labour in the evolution of human beings in a dialectical relationship between human beings and nature is a crucial starting point for understanding human society and is correct in its essentials. It is important for understanding that we developed as a species on the basis of social cooperation. The way human beings produce and reproduce themselves, the method of historical materialism, provides the basis for understanding how class and women’s oppression arose and how that can explain LGBTQ oppression. Although Engels’s analysis was once widely accepted by the socialist movement, it has mainly been ignored or opposed by academic researchers and others, including geographers, and more recently by Marxist feminists. However, anthropological research from the 1960s and 1970s as well as more recent anthropological and archaeological research provide overwhelming evidence for the validity of Engels’s argument that there were egalitarian, pre-class societies without women’s oppression. However, much remains to be explained about the transition to class societies. Engels’s analysis of the impact of industrial capitalism on gender roles shows how society shapes our behaviour. Engels’s method needs to be constantly reasserted against those who would argue that we are a competitive, aggressive species who require rules to suppress our true nature, and that social development is driven by ideas, not by changes in the way we produce and reproduce ourselves.

scholarly journals Imaging with Coherent X-rays: From the Early Synchrotron Tests to SYNAPSE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Giorgio Margaritondo ◽  
Yeukuang Hwu
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
X Rays ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Simple Description ◽  
Contrast Radiography ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Extract Information

The high longitudinal and lateral coherence of synchrotron X-rays sources radically transformed radiography. Before them, the image contrast was almost only based on absorption. Coherent synchrotron sources transformed radiography into a multi-faceted tool that can extract information also from “phase” effects. Here, we report a very simple description of the new techniques, presenting them to potential new users without requiring a sophisticated background in advanced physics. We then illustrate the impact of such techniques with a number of examples. Finally, we present the international collaboration SYNAPSE (Synchrotrons for Neuroscience—an Asia-Pacific Strategic Enterprise), which targets the use of phase-contrast radiography to map one full human brain in a few years.

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