scholarly journals Elemental Studies of Soil and Food Flour for Risk Assessment of Highway Pollution Using Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) Spectrometry

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
O. I. Asubiojo ◽  
F. M. Adebiyi ◽  
E. I. Obiajunwa ◽  
J. A. Ajao
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Geoaccumulation Index ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Correlation Matrices ◽  
Potential Toxic Elements ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Plot Analysis

The study investigated potential toxic elements in soils and food flours for highway pollution using PIXE spectrometry. The contaminated soils and cassava food flours contained higher levels of the elements than their control samples, while comparison with their standard permissible limits followed similar trend which was attributable to anthropogenic influences. These were corroborated by their elevated Enrichment factor, Pollution index and Geoaccumulation index values for the elements, suggesting significant anthropogenically—derived contaminations of the soils. T-test value (0.038) for the elemental composition of the contaminated soils & cassava flours was significant due to considerable higher concentrations of the elements in the soils than the cassava flours. Cross plot analysis result for the contaminated soils and cassava fours showed moderate positive correlation (R2 = 0.426), indicating inter-element relationship between them. Cluster analysis results for the analyzed elements in the contaminated soil samples indicated that Mn, Fe, V, Cr, Zn, Cl, Ti and S showed closest inter-element clustering and was corroborated by the results of Pearson correlation matrices, while inter-element clustering in the food flour followed the same trend and was also supported by their results of Pearson correlation matrices, validating that the soils and cassava flours were contaminated via similar sources.

Spatial Distribution and Evaluation of Cadmium in Agricultural Soils Based on GIS: A Case Study of Chaoyang City in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 2806-2811
Author(s):  
Wen Juan Jia ◽  
Ying Yan ◽  
Ying Su ◽  
Ming Da Liu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Geoaccumulation Index ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Index Method

To identify the concentration and spatial distribution of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils, 207 soil samples were collected from Chaoyang and analyzed based on pollution index methods and GIS. The concentration of Cd in the soils of Chaoyang ranged from 0.030 to 0.687 mg/kg, with an average concentration of 0.246 mg/kg. The evaluated results of Cd in agricultural soils of Chaoyang shows that the pollution excess rate is 2.90%, the total agricultural soil environment of Cd was still clean, but some areas were accumulated by Cd. The differences between two evaluated methods indicate that evaluated criteria had a direct impact on the evaluation results, compared to integrated pollution index, the Geoaccumulation index method was more accurate and objective.

X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF SOIL SAMPLES FROM THE NAVESINK FORMATION IN MONMOUTH COUNTY, NEW JERSEY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Maliszka ◽  
◽  
Sabrina Sobel ◽  
Anthony Johnson ◽  
Dennis Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Monmouth County

scholarly journals Chemical Properties of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils from a Korean Military Shooting Range: Evaluation of Pb Sources Using Pb Isotope Ratios

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7099
Author(s):  
Inkyeong Moon ◽  
Honghyun Kim ◽  
Sangjo Jeong ◽  
Hyungjin Choi ◽  
Jungtae Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Shooting Range ◽  
Geochemical Properties ◽  
Mineral Phases

In this study, the geochemical properties of heavy metal-contaminated soils from a Korean military shooting range were analyzed. The chemical behavior of heavy metals was determined by analyzing the soil pH, heavy metal concentration, mineral composition, and Pb isotopes. In total, 24 soil samples were collected from a Korean military shooting range. The soil samples consist of quartz, albite, microcline, muscovite/illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and calcite. Lead minerals, such as hydrocerussite and anglesite, which are indicative of a transformation into secondary mineral phases, were not observed. All soils were strongly contaminated with Pb with minor concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn. Arsenic was rarely detected. The obtained results are indicated that the soils from the shooting range are contaminated with heavy metals and have evidences of different degree of anthropogenic Pb sources. This study is crucial for the evaluation of heavy metal-contaminated soils in shooting ranges and their environmental effect as well as for the establishment of management strategies for the mitigation of environmental risks.

scholarly journals A Highly Selective Turn-On Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Zinc

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3825
Author(s):  
Ling-Yi Shen ◽  
Xiao-Li Chen ◽  
Xian-Jiong Yang ◽  
Hong Xu ◽  
Ya-Li Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Selectivity ◽  
Fluorescence Probe ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Imine Nitrogen ◽  
System A ◽  
Plot Analysis ◽  
L System

A novel turn-on fluorescence probe L has been designed that exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity with a detection limit of 9.53 × 10−8 mol/L for the quantification of Zn2+. 1H-NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the unsymmetrical nature of the structure of the Schiff base probe L. An emission titration experiment in the presence of different molar fractions of Zn2+ was used to perform a Job’s plot analysis. The results showed that the stoichiometric ratio of the complex formed by L and Zn2+ was 1:1. Moreover, the molecular structure of the mononuclear Cu complex reveals one ligand L coordinates with one Cu atom in the asymmetric unit. On adding CuCl2 to the ZnCl2/L system, a Cu-Zn complex was formed and a strong quenching behavior was observed, which inferred that the Cu2+ displaced Zn2+ to coordinate with the imine nitrogen atoms and hydroxyl oxygen atoms of probe L.

Bacterial influence on the formation of hematite: implications for Martian dormant life

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Sudeera Wickramarathna ◽  
Rohana Chandrajith ◽  
Atula Senaratne ◽  
Varun Paul ◽  
Padmanava Dash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Extraterrestrial Life ◽  
X Ray

Abstract Previous exploration missions have revealed Mars as a potential candidate for the existence of extraterrestrial life. If life could have existed beneath the Martian subsurface, biosignatures would have been preserved in iron-rich minerals. Prior investigations of terrestrial biosignatures and metabolic processes of geological analogues would be beneficial for identifying past metabolic processes on Mars, particularly morphological and chemical signatures indicative of past life, where biological components could potentially be denatured following continued exposure to extreme conditions. The objective of the research was to find potential implications for Martian subsurface life by characterizing morphological, mineralogical and microbial signatures of hematite deposits, both hematite rock and related soil samples, collected from Highland Complex of Sri Lanka. Rock samples examined through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) spectroscopy. Analysis showed globular and spherical growth layers nucleated by bacteria. EDX results showed a higher iron to oxygen ratio in nuclei colonies compared to growth layers, which indicated a compositional variation due to microbial interaction. X-ray diffraction analysis of the hematite samples revealed variations in chemical composition along the vertical soil profile, with the top surface soil layer being particularly enriched with Fe2O3, suggesting internal dissolution of hematite through weathering. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses carried out on both rock and soil samples showed a possible indication of microbially induced mineral-weathering, particularly release of trapped trace metals in the parent rock. Microbial diversity analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the rock sample was dominated by Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, specifically, members of iron-metabolizing bacterial genera, including Mycobacterium, Arthrobacter, Amycolatopsis, Nocardia and Pedomicrobium. These results suggest that morphological and biogeochemical clues derived from studying the role of bacterial activity in hematite weathering and precipitation processes can be implemented as potential comparative tools to interpret similar processes that could have occurred on early Mars.

Macrostructural and Microstructural Properties of Residual Soils as Engineered Landfill Liner Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Li Yong ◽  
Vivi Anggraini ◽  
Mavinakere Eshwaraiah Raghunandan ◽  
Mohd. Raihan Taha
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Diffuse Double Layer ◽  
Microstructural Properties ◽  
Residual Soils ◽  
Soil Leachate ◽  
Landfill Liner ◽  
X Ray

ABSTRACT This study assessed the performance of residual soils with regard to their macrostructural and microstructural properties and compatibility with leachate in pursuit of exploring alternative cost-effective and efficient landfill liner materials. A series of laboratory investigations was conducted on three residual soil samples by using tap water and leachate as permeation fluid to achieve the objectives of the study. The zeta potential measurements revealed that the presence of multivalent cations in the leachate decreased the diffuse double layer (DDL) thickness around the soil particles. The reduced DDL thickness caused a decrease in Atterberg limits of soil-leachate samples and changes in the classification of fine fractions. Additionally, the effects of pore clogging attributed to chemical precipitation and bioclogging were responsible for the reduction in measured hydraulic conductivities of soil-leachate samples. These effects can be clearly observed from the field-emission scanning electron microscopy images of soil-leachate samples with the appearance of less visible voids that led to a more compact and dense structure. The formation of new non-clay minerals and associated changes in the Al and Si ratio as reflected in the x-ray diffraction diffractograms and energy-dispersive x-ray analyses, respectively, were attributed to the effects of chemical precipitation. This study concluded that S1 and S2 residual soil samples are potential landfill liner materials because they possess adequate grading characteristics, adequate unconfined compressive strength, low hydraulic conductivity, and good compatibility with leachate. In contrast, the S3 sample requires further treatment to enhance its properties in order to comply with the requirements of landfill liner materials.

Evaluation of computer-controlled SEM in the study of metal-contaminated soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Langmi ◽  
J. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Weathering Crusts ◽  
Individual Particles ◽  
Element Mapping ◽  
Scanning Electron

Computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) has been assessed for the determination of form and size distribution of heavy metals in urban contaminated soils. Metal distributions within individual particles were determined using X-ray element mapping. The sites selected for study were (1) around a landfill site, previously a colliery in Wolverhampton, UK and (2) a private garden adjacent to a railway in Nottingham, UK. Backscattered thresholding techniques were used to isolate the Pb-containing categories. The classification results for both Wolverhampton and Nottingham soils were generally similar but more Pb-containing classes were observed for the Nottingham samples when a comparison was made between results of the same size fractions. However, difficulties with the technique arose when particles showing chemically similar weathering crusts were assigned to the same class, despite having different internal compositions. The CCSEM data therefore need to be interpreted with caution and their application limited to situations in which particle internal complexity is not an issue.

scholarly journals Distribution of Contaminated Soils along Transversal and Longitudinal Gradients in Dynamic Fluvial Environment (Southern Québec, Canada)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. ASWR.S22465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Saint-Laurent ◽  
Francis Baril ◽  
Ilias Bazier ◽  
Vernhar Gervais-Beaulac ◽  
Camille Chapados
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Copper Mining ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Pb Contamination ◽  
Flood Zone ◽  
Longitudinal Gradients ◽  
Mine Sites

This research combines a hydrological and pedological approach to better understand the spatial distribution of contaminated soils along the Massawippi River (southern Québec, Canada). This river crosses through former mines, which were some of the largest copper mining areas in North America from 1865 to 1939. To determine the spatial distribution and concentration of the metal elements, soil samples were taken in each flood recurrence zone appearing on official flood zone maps. The maximum values obtained for Cu and Pb are 380 and 200 mg kg−1, respectively, for the soils in the frequent flood zones (FFzs), while the values for soils in the moderate flood zones (MFzs) range from 700 to 540 (Cu) and 580 to 460 mg kg−1 (Pb). Contamination extends through several kilometers of the former mining sites (Eustis and Capleton), and concentration of metals in alluvial soils is slightly higher near the mine sites.

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