scholarly journals Application of the Best Techniques to Reduce the Percentage of Storage Fungi in Peanut Seeds Arachis hypogaea

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-355
Author(s):  
Zahra Ibrahim El-Gali ◽  
Magida Younis El-Kadi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Seed Sample ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Microwave Roasting ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Potato Sucrose Agar ◽  
Sensitive Fungus

This study was conducted during the season 2019-2020 with the aim of testing the efficiency of some techniques to eliminate or reduce the frequency of storage fungi, namely Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, and Penicillium italicum naturally contaminating peanuts seeds. The seed sample was treated by soaking in hot water (50˚c, 60˚c, 70˚c), soaking in salt water at concentrations 10%, 15%, 20%, roasting in an ordinary oven at 150˚c for 10, 20 and 30 min, and roasting in a microwave oven at 100˚c for 1, 3, 5 and 7 min. The frequency of fungi occurrence percentage was estimated in seeds after treatments and incubation on the nutrient medium Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA). The results indicated the efficiency of all the techniques used in reducing the frequency of fungi in the treated seeds, as the fungus P. italicum was the most sensitive fungus under all techniques, and the study proved the superiority of the treatment by microwave roasting over the rest of the techniques, as it eliminated all the fungi carried in the seed by 100% when the duration of time used is 5 minutes.

The effectiveness of Virkon® S disinfectant against an invasive insect and implications for Antarctic biosecurity practices

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesamine C. Bartlett ◽  
Richard James Radcliffe ◽  
Pete Convey ◽  
Kevin A. Hughes ◽  
Scott A.L. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Salt Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Antarctic Region ◽  
Invasive Insect ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Biosecurity Practices ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Maximum Threshold

Abstract The flightless midge Eretmoptera murphyi is thought to be continuing its invasion of Signy Island via the treads of personnel boots. Current boot-wash biosecurity protocols in the Antarctic region rely on microbial biocides, primarily Virkon® S. As pesticides have limited approval for use in the Antarctic Treaty area, we investigated the efficacy of Virkon® S in controlling the spread of E. murphyi using boot-wash simulations and maximum threshold exposures. We found that E. murphyi tolerates over 8 h of submergence in 1% Virkon® S. Higher concentrations increased effectiveness, but larvae still exhibited > 50% survival after 5 h in 10% Virkon® S. Salt and hot water treatments (without Virkon® S) were explored as possible alternatives. Salt water proved ineffective, with mortality only in first-instar larvae across multi-day exposures. Larvae experienced 100% mortality when exposed for 10 s to 50°C water, but they showed complete survival at 45°C. Given that current boot-wash protocols alone are an ineffective control of this invasive insect, we advocate hot water (> 50°C) to remove soil, followed by Virkon® S as a microbial biocide on ‘clean’ boots. Implications for the spread of invasive invertebrates as a result of increased human activity in the Antarctic region are discussed.

scholarly journals Major Antifungals in Nutmeg Essential Oil against Aspergillus flavus and A. ochraceus

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vania Maria Moreira Valente ◽  
Gulab Newandram Jham ◽  
Carolina Marangon Jardim ◽  
Onkar Dev Dhingra ◽  
Ion Ghiviriga
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ionization Detector ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
Nutmeg Essential Oil

<p>Aiming to substitute toxic synthetic fungicides, the activity of nutmeg (<em>Myristica fragrans</em>) essential oil (EO, obtained by hydrodistillation) was investigated against two important storage fungi-<em>Aspergillus flavus</em> <em>A. ochraceus</em>. The activity of crude nutmeg EO was investigated using poison food assay (PFA). At a concentration of 0.1%, the EO inhibited <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. ochraceus</em> growth by 43 and 65%, respectively. At a concentration of 0.3 %, <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. ochraceus</em> inhibitions were 84 and 79%, respectively. The crude nutmeg EO on fractionation by preparative TLC-bioautography presented one band from which two pure compounds were isolated by semi-preparative normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Myristicin and safrole were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relative % of myristicin and safrol in the crude EO was 10.8 and 2.9, respectively, determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The crude EO, the isolated active fraction, isolated myristicin and standard myristicin presented similar activities against the two fungi at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3% by PFA. Based on these results it is concluded that myristicin is the major antifungal in nutmeg EO against <em>A. flavus</em> and <em>A. ochraceus</em>.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of pretreatment and drying temperature on antioxidants and antinutrients of Justicia insularis and Jatropha tanjorensis leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-88
Author(s):  
Mfrekemfon Akpan ◽  
Ubong Assian ◽  
Elijah Ikrang
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Probability Level ◽  
Fresh Sample ◽  
Hot Air

Antioxidants and antinutrient contents of leafy vegetables may be influenced by post-harvest processing. The present study was carried out to assess the effect of pretreatments (P) and drying temperatures (T) on antioxidants and antinutrients of Justicia insularis and Jatropha tanjorensis leaves. Four groups of samples were prepared, namely: fresh sample (FR), UN-blanched and dried sample (UB), sample blanched in hot water and dried (BHW) and sample blanched in salt water and dried (BSW). Drying was conducted at 40 0C, 50 0C and 60 0C using hot air oven. Antioxidants and antinutrients of the samples were determined. The data collected were subjected to a two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as well as Dunnett t-test at 5% probability level. Based on the results, BHW between 500 C and 600 C increased the antioxidant activity in both vegetables. BHW 60 0C was able to reduce oxalate and phytate contents to reasonable level while BSW50 0C drastically decreased hydrogen cyanide and tannin contents. However, the overall, individualistic, and interactive effects of P and T had significant ( < 0.05) influence on majority of antioxidant activity and antinutrient contents in both vegetables.

Mycoflora associated with infected plant parts of Tagetes erecta L. and Tagetes patula L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140
Author(s):  
Mahfuza Aktar ◽  
Shamim Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Tagetes Erecta ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Fusarium Semitectum ◽  
Tagetes Erecta L

Twenty species of fungi associated with blight symptom of different plant parts of Tagetes erecta L. and T. patula L. have been described. The associated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. niger van Tieghem, Bipolaris australiens is (M.B. Ellis) Tsuda &Ueyama, Chaetomium globosum Kunze, Cladosporium elatum (Harz) Nannf., Corynespora cambrensis M. B. Ellis, Curvularia brachyspora Boedijn, C. fallax Boedijn, C. lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, C. stapeliae(du Plessis) Hughes &du Plessis, Epicoccum purpuras cens Ehrenb. ex Schlecht,, Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Rav., Monochaetia ceratoniae (Sousa da Camera) Sutton, Nigrospora panici Zimm., Penicillium italicum Wehmer, Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill, Trichoderma viride Pers. and Trichothecium roseum Link.

Activity of essential oil and its major compound, 1,8-cineole, from Eucalyptus globulus Labill., against the storage fungi Aspergillus flavus Link and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia Rocha Vilela ◽  
Gustavo Steffen de Almeida ◽  
Marisa Aparecida Bismara Regitano D'Arce ◽  
Maria Heloisa Duarte Moraes ◽  
José Otávio Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Storage Fungi

scholarly journals The effect of microwave heating on the optical characteristics of berry extracts

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Author(s):  
L. P. Nilova ◽  
R. A. Ikramov ◽  
S. M. Malyutenkova
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Optical Characteristics ◽  
Color Intensity ◽  
Generation Frequency ◽  
Color Coordinates ◽  
Microwave Effect ◽  
Berry Extracts

The paper presents the optical characteristics of extracts obtained from marc berries of the heather family - lingonberries, cranberries, blueberries and blueberries. To obtain extracts, the berries were pressed by electromechanical method. From the obtained marc berries, water extracts were obtained in a microwave oven with a power of 800 W and a generation frequency of 2450 MHz for different exposure modes from 288 W to 800 W. Hydraulic module 1:10. The duration of the microwave heating 60 seconds. Controls were extracts obtained using hot water and infusion for 10 minutes. The optical characteristics of the juices and extracts from the marc berries were measured spectrophotometrically in the wavelength range of 410-630 nm. The maximum values of the optical spectra were recorded at D520, regardless of the berries used. An increase in the power of the microwave effect led to an increase in the optical values of the spectra of the extracts: bilberry > blueberry> lingonberry> cranberry. The optical characteristics of microwave extracts reached control values when exposed to 464 W for bilberries and blueberries, 648 W for lingonberries and 800 W for cranberries, which affected the color intensity and color coordinates, but did not significantly affect the shade, with the exception of bilberries. The color coordinates of bilberry extracts were closest to the color coordinates of the juices, the hue was more intense than in the juices, but was within the limits characteristic of the formation of color under the influence of anthocyanins. Bilberry extracts had a higher color intensity than blueberry extracts, but smaller shade values. Optical characteristics of berry extracts can be used to optimize the hydronic module and extraction modes.

scholarly journals Mycoflora associated with symptomatic leaves of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Zuhra Yasmin ◽  
Shamim Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
New Record ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Rauvolfia Serpentina ◽  
Plant Taxon ◽  
Fusarium Sp

Fifteen fungal species representing 12 genera were found to be associated with leaf spot and anthracnose diseases of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. which were collected from different habitats of Bangladesh. Fungi were isolated following ‘tissue planting’ and ‘blotter’ method. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fr., A. niger van Tieghm, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc., Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Fusarium sp.1. Fusarium sp. 2, Macrophoma sp., Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason, Penicillium digitatum Saccardo, Penicillium italicum Whemer, Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stay, Pseudocercospora libenbergii (Syd.) Deighton, Rhizopus stolonifera Vuillemin. Toney, Trichoderma viride Pers. During the present investigation, Pseudocercospora libenbergii is a new record for Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(1): 129-136, 2020 (June)

6. Extreme lakes

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Warwick F. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Alpine Lakes ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Scientific Interest ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
The World ◽  
Melting Threshold ◽  
Alkaline Waters

‘Extreme lakes’ describes a range of lakes that are of great scientific interest because of their unusual physical, chemical, and biological features. Salt water lakes occur in many parts of the world and are often highly productive, with a simplified food chain supporting large flocks of birds. Polar and alpine lakes are strongly affected by snow and ice, and are therefore sensitive to small changes in temperature across the freezing–melting threshold of water. Other extreme lakes include those that have acid and alkaline waters; geothermal hot-water lakes, and water bodies that periodically erupt, disgorging liquid and gas. In some, only the hardiest of ‘extreme-loving’ microbes can survive and grow.

scholarly journals Control of Postharvest Blue and Green Molds of Oranges by Hot Water, Sodium Carbonate, and Sodium Bicarbonate

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lluís Palou ◽  
Joseph L. Smilanick ◽  
Josep Usall ◽  
Inmaculada Viñas
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Carbonate Solutions ◽  
Immersion Period

Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges immersed in water at up to 75°C for 150 s; in 2 to 4% sodium carbonate (wt/vol) at 20 or 45°C for 60 or 150 s; or in 1 to 4% sodium bicarbonate at room temperature for 150 s, followed by storage at 20°C for 7 days. Hot water controlled blue mold at 50 to 55°C, temperatures near those that injured fruit, and its effectiveness declined after 14 days of storage. Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were superior to hot water. Temperature of sodium carbonate solutions influenced effectiveness more than concentration or immersion period. Sodium carbonate applied for 150 s at 45°C at 3 or 4% reduced decay more than 90%. Sodium bicarbonate applied at room temperature at 2 to 4% reduced blue mold by more than 50%, while 1% was ineffective. In another set of experiments, treatments of sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, sodium carbonate at 45°C, and hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on artificially inoculated oranges to 6, 14, and 27%, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C. These treatments reduced green mold incidence to 6, 1, and 12%, respectively, while incidence among controls of both molds was about 100%. When reexamined 5 weeks later, the effectiveness of all, particularly hot water, declined. In conclusion, efficacy of hot water, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate treatments against blue mold compared to that against green mold was similar after storage at 20°C but proved inferior during long-term cold storage.

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