scholarly journals Stalk Rot Caused by Fusarium thapsinum on Sorghum at Organic Paddy-upland Rotation System in Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-296
Author(s):  
Byung-Ryun Kim ◽  
Kwang-Seop Han ◽  
Soo-Sang Hahm ◽  
Young-Sik Kang ◽  
In-Hee Park ◽  
...  
Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 690-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Jardine ◽  
John F. Leslie

Four strains each of Fusarium moniliforme (syn. Fusarium verticillioides) and Fusarium thapsinum were tested for aggressiveness toward two maize inbred lines grown under greenhouse conditions. All strains induced significantly longer stalk lesions than those observed in the controls. Mean lesion length resulting from inoculation with strains of F. moniliforme was longer than the mean lesion length resulting from inoculation with strains of F. thapsinum. Within each species, however, there was a broad range of lesion lengths observed, and all tested strains of both species probably should be regarded as potential pathogens of maize. No isolate × inbred interaction was detected. Fumonisins may play a role in aggressiveness, but under our conditions, stalk rot and the ability to produce fumonisins in vitro were not correlated.


Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 896-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna L. Funnell-Harris ◽  
Patrick M. O’Neill ◽  
Scott E. Sattler ◽  
Melinda K. Yerka

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has potential for bioenergy. It is adapted to a variety of U.S. locations and the extracted juice can be directly fermented into ethanol. However, little research on fungal stalk rots, diseases that pose serious constraints for yield and quality of juice and biomass, has been reported. A greenhouse bioassay was designed to assess charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) and Fusarium stalk rot (Fusarium thapsinum) in plants at maturity, the developmental stage at which these diseases are manifested. Multiple plantings of a susceptible grain line, RTx430, were used as a control for variation in flowering times among sweet sorghum lines. Lesion length measurements in inoculated peduncles were used to quantify disease severity. Sweet sorghum lines ‘Rio’ and ‘M81E’ exhibited resistance to F. thapsinum and M. phaseolina, respectively; and, in contrast, ‘Colman’ sorghum exhibited susceptibility to both pathogens. Lesion development over time in Colman was monitored. These results will enhance molecular and biochemical analyses of responses to pathogens, and breeding stalk-rot-resistant sweet sorghum lines.


Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 2277-2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna L. Funnell-Harris ◽  
Scott E. Sattler ◽  
Patrick M. O’Neill ◽  
Tammy Gries ◽  
Hannah M. Tetreault ◽  
...  

To increase phenylpropanoid constituents and energy content in the versatile C4 grass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), sorghum genes for proteins related to monolignol biosynthesis were overexpressed: SbMyb60 (transcriptional activator), SbPAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), SbCCoAOMT (caffeoyl coenzyme A [CoA] 3-O-methyltransferase), Bmr2 (4-coumarate:CoA ligase), and SbC3H (coumaroyl shikimate 3-hydroxylase). Overexpression lines were evaluated for responses to stalk pathogens under greenhouse and field conditions. Greenhouse-grown plants were inoculated with Fusarium thapsinum (Fusarium stalk rot) and Macrophomina phaseolina (charcoal rot), which cause yield-reducing diseases. F. thapsinum-inoculated overexpression plants had mean lesion lengths not significantly different than wild-type, except for significantly smaller lesions on two of three SbMyb60 and one of two SbCCoAOMT lines. M. phaseolina-inoculated overexpression lines had lesions not significantly different from wild-type except one SbPAL line (of two lines studied) with mean lesion lengths significantly larger. Field-grown SbMyb60 and SbCCoAOMT overexpression plants were inoculated with F. thapsinum. Mean lesions of SbMyb60 lines were similar to wild-type, but one SbCCoAOMT had larger lesions, whereas the other line was not significantly different than wild-type. Because overexpression of SbMyb60, Bmr2, or SbC3H may not render sorghum more susceptible to stalk rots, these lines may provide sources for development of sorghum with increased phenylpropanoid concentrations.


Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Yanyong Cao ◽  
Shengbo Han ◽  
Laikun Xia ◽  
Zhendong Zhu ◽  
...  

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most widely grown crop in China, which was planted 41.28 million hectares in 2019 (http://data.stats.gov.cnw/easyquery.htm?cn=C01&zb=A0D0F&sj=2019). Several fungal diseases of maize are reported in which stalk rot has become one of the most destructive diseases in China. The average yield losses affected by the disease are estimated at 10% to 20% (Yu et al. 2016). From 2017 to 2019, a survey was conducted to determine the population diversity of Fusarium species associated with maize diseases in 18 cities across Henan province. Fusarium stalk rot of maize with disease incidence more than 25% was observed in two continuous maize fields at Xuchang city. The diseased stem tissues from junctions in health and disease were chopped into small pieces (3 × 8 mm), superficially disinfected (70% ethyl alcohol for 1 min), placed onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with L-(+)-Lactic-acid (1 g/L), poured in petri plates and incubated at 25°C for 4 days. Mycelia showing morphological characteristic of Fusarium spp. were sub-cultured from single conidium. The pure fungal isolates produced fluffy colonies, white aerial mycelium with yellow pigment in agar. The radial mycelial growth was measured and calculated at an average growth rate 10.9 mm/day at 25°C (Fig. 1A; 1B). Macroconidia produced on carnation leaf agar (CLA) were relatively slender, slightly curved and thick-walled, mostly 3 to 5 marked septa, with a curved and tapering apical cell and poorly developed foot cell, 46.9 ± 5.6 µm × 4.9 ± 0.2 µm (Fig. 1C). Microconidia formed abundantly and were generally oval on CLA, 8.2 ± 0.5 µm × 3.4± 0.1 µm (Fig. 1D). No chlamydospores were observed. Morphological characteristics of the isolates matched the description of Fusarium thapsinum (Leslie and Summerell 2006). To further get the phylogenetic evidence, TEF1-α (translation elongation factor), RPB1 (the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) and RPB2 (the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II) were amplified with primer pairs EF1/EF2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998), thapR1F (5′-TTTTCCTCACAAAGGAGCAAATCATG-3′)/thapR1R (5’-GTTCACCCAAGATATGGTCGAAAGCC-3’), and thapR2F (5′-ACTCTTTCACATTTGCGCCGAAC-3′)/thapR2R (5′-CGGAGCTTTCGTCCAGTGTGAC-3′), and sequenced, respectively. The BLAST search of the sequences of EF1-α, RPB1 and RPB2 shared 99.87% to 100% identity with those of F. thapsinum strains deposited in the GenBank (Supplementary Table 1). Sequences from two isolates (XCCG-3-B-1 and XCCG-3-A-1) were deposited in GenBank (Accession No. MT550014, MT997082 for EF-1α; MT550011, MT997087 for RPB1 and MT550008, MT997091 for RPB2). The phylogenetic relationships based on analysis of the partial sequences showed the representive isolates clustered together with F. thapsinum at 96% bootstrap values (Fig. 2). Combined with the results of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, the strain designated as Fusarium thapsinum. To complete Koch’s postulates, the pathogenicity of the isolates was tested using the silking-stage plants in a greenhouse based on previously described method with modification (Zhang et al. 2016). An 8 mm in diameter wound hole was created at the second or third internode of the plant above the soil surface and injected with 0.5 ml of mycelia plug. The inoculated stalk exhibited internal dark brown necrotic regions and the brown area elongated obviously around the insertion at 14 dpi (days post inoculation). At 30 dpi, the stalks turned soft, hollow and even lodging of the plants for those severe ones, which are similar to those observed on naturally infected maize plants in the field (Fig. 1F). When the roots of the three-leaf-stage seedlings were inoculated with 1×106 macroconidia solution (Ye et al. 2013), the root rot and leaf wilting symptoms were observed (Fig. 1E). While the control plants that were inoculated with only sterile water showed no disease symptoms. The pathogen was re-isolated from the inoculated tissues and the identity was confirmed by the morphological characters. Fusarium thapsinum had been described as causal agent of maize stalk rot in Pakistan (Tahir et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. thapsinum associated with maize stalk rot in China. The discovery will strengthen the theoretical foundation of maize stalk rot disease management.


Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna L. Funnell-Harris ◽  
Scott E. Sattler ◽  
Jeffrey F. Pedersen

Sorghum lines were bred for reduced lignin for cellulosic bioenergy uses, through the incorporation of brown midrib (bmr)6 or -12 into two backgrounds (RTx430 and Wheatland) as either single or double-mutant lines. When these lines were assessed for resistance to Fusarium thapsinum stalk rot, a cause of lodging, they were as resistant to F. thapsinum as the near-isogenic wild type. Peduncles of newly identified bmr lines from an ethyl-methanesulfonate-mutagenized population, inoculated with F. thapsinum, were as resistant as the wild-type line, BTx623. One bmr line (1107) had significantly smaller mean lesion lengths than BTx623, suggesting that a mutation is associated with reduced susceptibility. Growing F. thapsinum on medium with ferulic, vanillic, sinapic, syringic, and caffeic acids (phenolic compounds derived from the lignin pathway and elevated in different bmr lines) indicated that F. thapsinum was tolerant to these compounds. When eight other sorghum fungi were tested for response to the presence of these compounds, ferulic acid inhibited these fungi. Most of the phenolics inhibited F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. Accumulation of phenolic metabolites in bmr plants may inhibit growth of some sorghum pathogens, while other factors such as aromatic phytoalexins or salicylic acid may be involved in resistance to F. thapsinum.


Author(s):  
V. T. Sinegovskaya ◽  
E. T. Naumchenko

The article presents the results of comparative evaluation of the efficiency of the long-term application of mineral and organic fertilizers in the crop rotation system. It was found that the application of the mineral fertilizer system increased the value of hydrolytic acidity of the soil from 4,30 to 5,29 mg-eq per 100 g of soil, the indicator of metabolic acidity decreased from 5,2 to 4,9 pH units. By the end of the 11th rotation for both fertilizer systems, the content of mobile phosphorus increased by more than 4 times relative to the initial value, its mobility indicator – by 2,2-3,2 times compared with the control. The use of the organo-mineral system was accompanied by an increase in the content of humus by 0,35 % and a decrease in the C:N ratio from 11,2 to 8,9. The increased productivity of wheat was revealed when applying nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers against the background of prolonged use of the mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer system. The change in wheat productivity by 56 % depended on the content of mineral nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, humus in the topsoil, and on the phosphate ion mobility. Soybean productivity depended on soil fertility indicators only by 24 %: the relationship between soybean productivity and the mineral forms of nitrogen and phosphorus is weak and direct, between productivity and P2O5 mobility - weak and inverse, with humus - moderate and direct.


2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Lei SONG ◽  
Ning SUI ◽  
Chao-Ran YU ◽  
Fan ZHANG ◽  
Ya-Li MENG ◽  
...  

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao LIANG ◽  
Xiao-Zeng HAN ◽  
Yun-Fa QIAO ◽  
Lu-Jun LI ◽  
Meng-Yang YOU

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