scholarly journals Does Saudi Arabia Benefit From China’s Belt and Road Initiative?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Khaled Mohammed Alqahtani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Trade Deals

The People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia enjoy close and friendly relations and share broad common interests-regardless of their ideological differences, evident in their names. China’s Belt and Road Initiative is aimed at developing infrastructure projects and declining transportation costs to interlink cross-border trade deals between China and countries along the routes. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a central hub connecting Asia, Africa and Europe, has been a significant part of the initiative. Moreover, Saudi Arabia is one of the first countries that have responded positively to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI brings China much closer to Saudi Arabia. As BRI’s linchpin in the Middle East, dose Saudi Arabia benefit from this initiative? Based on the elaborate analysis of main research question, this study reveals that the BRI offers great potential opportunities for the Kingdom in terms of infrastructure construction, energy cooperation, technology and finance, culture exchange, security and defense. In addition, China could collaborate with Saudi Arabia in a significant number of sectors where Saudi and Chinese strengths are complementary. The deeper Sino-Saudi cooperation can also brighten the prospects for Saudi Vision 2030. 

Tourism as an Instrument of Cultural De-bordering and Economic Connectivity

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-163
Author(s):  
Francisco José Leandro
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Belt And Road

Since the retrocession of Macau to the People's Republic of China (hereafter referred to as China) in 1999, the territory has strengthened interpersonal relations related to trade and commercial engagement between China and the Portuguese-speaking countries (PSC). Moreover, the tourism industry has served as a catalyst in promoting human social capital, technology transfer, and economic security. Therefore, the main research question stands as follows: to what extent has the Macau Special Administrative Region (MSAR) of the People's Republic of China delivered a sustainable contribution to the relations between China and PSC, using the tourism industry as apparatuses of cultural and economic de-bordering? The author argues in favour of a positive correlation between the role of MSAR and the tourism industry as an instrument of economic advancement. Moreover, China's Belt and Road initiative has put forward new opportunities to MSAR, based on the concept of people-to-people (P2P) exchange and the physical integration into the Greater Bay Area (GBA).

scholarly journals (The Role of Transport and Tourism Economics in Achieving the Economic Development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the Period (2007-2017: دور اقتصاديات النقل والسياحة في تحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية للمملكة العربية السعودية للمدة (2007- 2017)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ban Ali Hussein Al Mahanadi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Retail Sector ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Religious Tourism ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Tourism Activity

The transport sector in its various forms, has an important weight in tourist activity, it is a direct producer that deserves direct planning. It is coordinated with the objectives of the comprehensive tourism plan. Also, it is an important factor in the tourism industry where depend on it to transport tourists from outside their places of residence to the tourist destination. An analysis of the reality of transport and tourism activity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia shows the relative importance of the transport and communications sector, the relative importance of the retail sector, restaurants and hotels, the highest level of passenger services, In addition, there is the presence of religious tourism as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia benefits from the influx of millions of Muslim pilgrims from all over the world to perform Hajj rituals annually and Umrah every day. And to see the archaeological sites and the holiest Bekaa in the Holy Haram area where in 2017 religious tourism attracted more than 8 million Muslim visitors, around 3 million came to perform Hajj. According to the National Transition Program, the Ministry of Hajj is committed to achieving the goal of providing the greatest possible number of Muslims to perform Hajj and Umrah. The end of this ministry is to increase the number of pilgrims from outside Saudi Arabia to 15 million by 2020 compared to 2017 (6.8 million) And according to Vision 2030, this number will double to 30 million by 2030, This is due to major growth in the fields of living accommodations, wellness maintenance, advanced shipping, retail and infrastructure. Equally part of its vision for growing the tourism sector and diversifying the sources of income, it intends to implement the first two projects, the Red Sea project and the second project of the city of Neum.

scholarly journals From Third World Theory to Belt and Road Initiative: International Aid as a Chinese Foreign Policy Tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Carneiro Corrêa Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Research Question ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Third World

Abstract In 1946, Mao Zedong began to elaborate his theory of the Third World from the perception that there would be an ‘intermediate zone’ of countries between the two superpowers. From there, he concluded that Africa, Latin America, and Asia, except for Japan, would compose the revolutionary forces capable of defeating imperialism, colonialism, and hegemonism. The start of international aid from the People’s Republic of China to developing countries dates back to the period immediately after the Bandung Conference of 1955, extending to the present. Through a bibliographical and documentary analysis, the article starts with the following research question: What role did domestic and international factors play in China’s foreign aid drivers over the years? To answer the question, the evolution of Chinese international assistance was studied from Mao to the Belt and Road Initiative, which is the complete expression of the country’s ‘quaternity’ model of co-operation, combining aid, trade, investment, and technical assistance.

scholarly journals Belt and Road Initiative: Five Years on Implementation and Reflection

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Biliang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Common ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
World Development

This article summarizes the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which was carried out 5 years ago. To date the basic institutional framework has been set up, some key infrastructural projects launched; joint development zones established and supporting systems have been set up to ensure the smooth infrastructure development of BRI. This article also explains the important factors why China proposed and implemented the initiative: accelerating world economic growth particularly for the developing countries, promoting economic globalization, improving global governance, and supporting UN Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. Based on the 5 years’ experience of the Belt and Road implementation, the initiative reflects correctly the mega trend of world development and global cooperation, as well as the common interests of China and other relevant participating countries. A promising future for the initiative is most likely; however, careful feasibility study for investments is required to manage debt risk well for both the investors and the receivers of the investments.

scholarly journals Does the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce Align Private Firms with the Goals of the People's Republic of China's Belt and Road Initiative?

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-76
Author(s):  
Jeffrey B. Nugent ◽  
Jiaxuan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Business Association ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Industry And Commerce

This paper demonstrates that the largest business association of private firms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce (ACFIC), has induced its members to help achieve the goals of the PRC's extremely ambitious but risky Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since its inauguration in 2013. Through its newspaper, the ACFIC has drawn the attention of its member firms to countries participating in the BRI, which has led to increased trade between provinces in the PRC and BRI-participating countries emphasized by the ACFIC's newspaper. The results show that the PRC's exports have been encouraged substantially more than its imports, which could be a cause for concern for the sustainability of the BRI. The results were obtained through various specially designed versions of the gravity model and have shown to be robust to the use of various methods for mitigating possible estimation biases.

scholarly journals Representing Kingdom’s Makeover after Vision 2030: A Corpus-Driven Analysis of American Media Discourse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansa Hameed ◽  
Ismat Jabeen ◽  
Naeem Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western World ◽  
Media Discourse ◽  
Mainstream Economic ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
The World ◽  
American Media ◽  
Vision 2030

Saudi Vision 2030 is a scheme; the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has formulated to realize its mainstream economic, social, and administrative goals. Accordingly, the Kingdom strategizes to implement this transformative Vision. The current research aims to analyze how American media has reported several events, actions, and policies in line with Saudi Vision 2030. Thus, the question posed is how an image of the transformative Saudi Kingdom has been presented by American media discourse, in line with Vision 2030. The study is substantial for the Kingdom to ascertain how the world has responded to its Vision. Moreover, in a world with media as a dominant directing agency, it is imperious for the Kingdom to keep an eye on its image in the global community. The research is primarily a quantitative study based on the corpus approach to study the designated media discourse. A specialized corpus of 150,000 words is compiled and analyzed through a variety of corpus tools. The results reveal that American newspapers have given limited representation of the Vision and related activities. Their media usually highlights the pre-existing features of the Kingdom. On the other hand, there are very occasional references to some new aspects like the transformation of the economy, promotion of tourism, revision of the society, etc., which are being implemented in the Kingdom. The study suggests that the Kingdom needs to brief the Western world for an enriched campaign of its contemporary image.

scholarly journals Branding The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alsedrah
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Country Image ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Country Branding ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Image Identity ◽  
Secondary Information

Country branding is a systematic process of organising the country's actions, behaviour, investments, innovations, and communications to achieve a desirable reputation. On the other hand, the country image represents the stereotyping of a country that does not always represent its identity, and that is the case of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Despite KSA's achievements, especially after the 2030 ambitious vision, it is mostly perceived as an oil-producing country. Therefore, this study aims to: review the concept of country image, identity, and branding examples, as well as evaluate the KSA current brand based on secondary information. The author uses a relevant literature review to explore the topic. This paper finds (1) a lack of a strategic plan, studies, and suggest the establishment of branding authority in KSA. (2) Branding KSA is highly essential for two reasons: First, Branding will help KSA to highlight the 2030 vision successes and extend its image beyond the traditional perception. Second, branding is significant, especially with the current competition between countries. The paper may be first to bring attention to the importance of country branding in the KSA context.                                      Keywords: country branding, country image, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, vision 2030  

scholarly journals Tendencies and Prospects of China’s Investments into Russian Regions

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Victoria Batmanova ◽  
Ellada Tikhonovich ◽  
Tatyana Chigareva ◽  
Yuan Lyudai
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Belt And Road

The article examines the growing role of China in global investments. During 15 years of economic development of the country, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) became the second country in the world acting as a recipient of investments and the second (third) investor sending its funds abroad. After the maximum volume of foreign direct investments (FDI) from the PRC in 2016, 2017 was marked by the drop of FDI. This is connected with China’s control over FDI withdrawal from the country, increasing protectionism from other countries and the aggravating situation for Chinese investors in foreign markets. The drop of investments is connected with a number of reasons. On the one hand, the government of China has strengthened the control over the capital drain from the country in the form of investments. Another reason is the growth of trade protectionism. The complicating external conditions for Chinese investors in connection with the policy of the USA are also worth paying attention to. The 19th National Congress of China mentioned “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) strategy as the main plan for organizing the investment process in the nearest future. Today the effort concentration process (investments into infrastructure, interaction with the countries along the new economic silk belt) is observed. Russia and its regions are included into the Northern corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative and can leverage the advantages of the cooperation with China. China has already invested funds into perspective projects in Russian regions and in the nearest future they are expected to grow within the Belt and Road Initiative.

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