scholarly journals Influence of data burst collision on transmission of AWS data through satellite

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-506
Author(s):  
E. MUTHURAMALINGAM ◽  
SANJAY KUMAR ◽  
R. D. VASHISTHA
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Time Slot ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Satellite Link ◽  
Surface Weather ◽  
Random Manner ◽  
Communication Equipment ◽  
Central Station ◽  
Data Burst

  lkj & Lopkfyr ekSle dsanz ¼,-MCY;w- ,l-½ og iz.kkyh gS ftlesa losndksa ds lkFk ml {ks= dh mi iz.kkyh vkSj lapkj midj.k lEc) :Ik ls dk;Z djrs gSa tks Lopkfyr :Ik ls vkSj yxkrkj lgh le;kuqlkj ml LFkku dh ekSle dh fLFkfr;ksa dh eki djrs gSa rFkk ekSle foKku ds ekin.Mksa ds vuqlkj ?kaVkokj fy, x, izs{k.kksa dks dasnz ls tqM+s mixzg ds }kjk dsanzh; LVs’ku dks rhu ckj Lo;a fu/kkZfjr i)fr }kjk vxyk izs{k.k ysus ds iwoZ 60 feuV ds vUnj fu/kkZfjr 10&10 feuV ds vUrjky ij fcuk fdlh Øe ds  vkHkklh ladsrksa dkss Hkstrs jgrs gSa A dHkh dHkh nks ;k vf/kd Lopkfyr ekSle dsanzksa ls vk¡dM+s ,d gh le; esa laizsf"kr gksus ij muds fefJzr gks tkus ds dkj.k ,- MCY;w- ,l- ds vk¡dM+s Bhd ls izkIr ugha gks ikrs gSa A eq[;r;k ,- MCY;w- ,l- ds vk¡dM+ksa dk lafeJ.k muds laizs"k.k ds le; vFkok laizs"k.k dh xfr latky esa ,- MCY;w- ,l- dh la[;k rFkk ,- MCY;w- ,l- ds vk¡dM+ksa ds lafeJ.k dh ek=k ij fuHkZj djrk gS A bl ’kks/k Ik= esa ,- MCY;w- ,l- ds vk¡dM+ksa ds mixzg ds ek/;e ls laizsf"kr vk¡dM+ksa ds lkFk vkil esa lafefJr gks tkus ls iM+us okys izHkko ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS A   ” Automatic Weather Station (AWS) is a system consisting of  sensors, associated field sub-systems and communication equipment, which automatically and continuously measure real time surface weather conditions and sends three times the hourly observed meteorological parameters to the central station through  satellite link in a self timed pseudo random manner in its prescribed 10 minute time slot within the next 60 minutes before the next observation takes place.  Loss of AWS data is due to collision of data burst transmitted simultaneously by any two or more  AWS.  Generally, the  collision of AWS data  burst depends upon the transmission time or transmission baud rate, number of  AWS in a network and total number of bits in  AWS data burst. This paper  describes the influence of  data burst collision on  transmission of  AWS data  through satellite.  

scholarly journals Meteorology in field artillery ballistic calculations

2021 ◽  
Vol 2090 (1) ◽  
pp. 012149
Author(s):  
M Mendel
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Single Probe ◽  
Atmospheric Data

Abstract The most important meteorological data are:ambient temperature, precipitation quantity, air humidity, amount and type of clouds, atmospheric pressure, wind direction and speed, visibility, weather phenomena. These coefficients impact the effectiveness of various combat activities, especially those conducted in an open space. Knowledge of future weather conditions is essential for planning the location, calculating times, choice of means, and other aspects relevant to the upcoming operations. Taking weather conditions into account is vital, specifically when it comes to planning combat operations, where the accuracy in cooperation is of paramount importance. Rocket forces and artillery is a particular type of armed forces where weather conditions are critical. The effectiveness of artillery depends on ballistic calculation precision, and so knowledge of atmospheric conditions is fundamental. Atmospheric data are collected from sounding using a single probe attached to a balloon. It is generally known that particular meteorological parameters change in a smooth spatial manner depending on various coefficients. Information about the atmosphere collected by a single probe may be insufficient, due to the possibility of a balloon drifting away from the area of interest, and the calculations are based on data received from its probe. In this paper, I will suggest a method for preparing artillery use meteorologically, which takes into account the distribution of particular meteorological coefficients over a given area.

scholarly journals ROUTINE, EXTREME AND ENGINEERING METEOROLOGY ANALYSIS FOR KARACHI COASTAL AREA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taqui ◽  
Jabir Hussain Syed ◽  
Ghulam Hassan Askari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field

Pakistan’s largest city, Karachi, which is industrial centre and economic hub needs focus in research and development of every field of Engineering, Science and Technology. Urbanization and industrialization is resulting bad weather conditions which prolongs until a climate change. Since, Meteorology serves as interdisciplinary field of study, an analytical study of real and region-specific meteorological data is conducted which focuses on routine, extreme and engineering meteorology of metropolitan city Karachi. Results of study endorse the meteorological parameters relationship and establish the variability of those parameters for Karachi Coastal Area. The rise of temperature, decreasing trend of atmospheric pressure, increment in precipitation and fall in relative humidity depict the effects of urbanization and industrialization. The recorded extreme maximum temperature of 45.50C (on June 11, 1988) and the extreme minimum temperature of 4.5 0C(on January 1, 2007) is observed at Karachi south meteorological station. The estimated temperature rise in 32 years is 0.9 0C, which is crossing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted/estimated limit of 2oC rise per century. The maximum annual precipitation of 487.0mm appearing in 1994 and the minimum annual precipitation of 2.5mm appearing in 1987 is observed at same station which is representative meteorological station for Karachi Coast. Further Engineering meteorological parameters for heating ventilation air condition (HVAC) system design for industrial purpose are deduced as supporting data for coastal area site study for industrial as well as any follow-up engineering work in the specified region.

Weather Maps, Forecasts, and Data

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. David Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Synoptic Scale ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Surface Weather ◽  
Comprehensive Picture

Weather maps prepared by the National Weather Service summarize and synthesize weather data to provide a comprehensive picture of weather conditions at a given time. They are the basis of weather maps used on television to show precipitation, high and low pressure centers, and fronts. Weather maps are produced using both surface data and data from specified pressure levels. Data are plotted and contoured by computer, and analysts use satellite photos, satellite video loops, weather forecast models, and extrapolations from previous frontal and pressure system analyses to locate fronts and pressure centers. An example of a surface weather chart is presented in figure 9.1. A 500-mb chart for the same date and time was presented in figure 5.1. Symbols are used on weather maps to indicate synoptic-scale features. High and low pressure weather systems (highs and lows) are indicated by the letters H and L, with isobars labeled in millibars. Lines indicating frontal positions (section 6.2) represent the position on the ground of boundaries between air masses. Additional meteorological variables, such as temperature, are often analyzed on the same map using dashed or colored lines. Pressure, temperature, and other data from the reporting stations are plotted in coded form at the station locations. A station model specifies the positions in which different types of data are plotted relative to the station location. Figure 9.1 used an abbreviated station model. A complete station model is shown in figure 9.2. Figures 9.3 — 9.7 show additional symbols used in station models to indicate total sky cover, winds, pressure tendency, cloud types, and present weather types, respectively. A surface weather chart, with the symbols indicating fronts and high and low pressure centers and the information included in the station model, provides a snapshot of synoptic-scale conditions at ground level. By overlaying charts for several pressure levels (section 5.1.3), changes with altitude can be identified and the three-dimensional structure of the atmosphere at a given point in time can be visualized. By comparing consecutive charts, the rate of movement of fronts and the rates of development of high and low pressure centers can be determined.

Effects of surface manure application timing on ammonia volatilization

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gordon ◽  
R. Jamieson ◽  
V. Rodd ◽  
G. Patterson ◽  
T. Harz
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
Linear Correlations

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of timing of application on ammonia (NH3) volatilization from surface-applied dairy manure. Field trials were conducted over a 2-yr period (1994 and 1995) at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Farm in Nappan, Nova Scotia. A total of eight trials were performed in an attempt to characterize what effect the timing of application (morning vs. late afternoon/early evening) has on NH3 volatilization losses. Ammonia losses were also related to several meteorological parameters. The total percentage of NH3 volatilized in the 10 h following field spreading ranged from as low as < 2% to approximately 66%. Late-day spreading typically resulted in at least a 30% reduction in overall NH3 flux densities, primarily due to substantial reductions in NH3 losses occurring within the first 10 h after manure application. The positive benefits of late-day manure spreading were more pronounced during warm, dry weather conditions. Significant (P < 0.05) positive linear correlations were observed between NH3 volatilization in the 10 h following spreading and solar radiation (r2 = 0.56), wind speed (r2 = 0.53), temperature (r2 = 0.34) and vapour pressure deficit (r2 = 0.53). Results from this study have indicated that late day manure spreading practices can substantially reduce NH3 volatilization. Key words: Slurry, ammonia volatilization, dairy, manure application, timing

scholarly journals Study of Affecting Factors of Meteorological Parameters on Solar Radiation in Kathmandu Valley

The Batuk ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Prakash M. Shrestha ◽  
Khem N. Poudyal ◽  
Narayan P. Chapagain ◽  
Indra B. Karki
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Affecting Factors ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
High Level ◽  
Relative Sunshine

Solar radiation data are great significance for solar energy systems. This study aimed to estimate monthly and seasonal average daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface in Kathmandu (27.7oN, 85.5oE, 1350 masl), Nepal, by using CMP6 pyranometer in 2012. The influence of the global solar irradiation from different physical as well as meteorological parameters was analyzed. Besides this, the research highlighted that there is high level of fluctuation of the measured value of global solar irradiance due to local weather conditions. As a result of this measurement, the maximum, minimum monthly and yearly mean solar radiation values were (21.32 ± 4.14) MJ/m2/day in May,(10.93 ± 2.03) MJ/m2/day in January and (16.68 ± 4.60)MJ/m2/day found respectively. Annual average of clearness index, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative sunshine hour, air mass are 0.51 ± 0.12, (26.23 ± 4.96)oC, (12.38 ± 6.83)oC, 0.57 ± 0.165 and 1.54 ± 0.42 respectively. There is positive correlation of maximum temperature and negative correlation of air mass with global solar radiation.

scholarly journals An Adaptive Topology Optimization Strategy for GNSS Inter-satellite Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai HAN ◽  
Bingbing XU ◽  
Fengwei SHAO ◽  
Wenbin GONG ◽  
Qianyi REN
Keyword(s):  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Time Slot ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Satellite Link ◽  
Communication Time ◽  
Adaptive Topology ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Inter satellite link (ISL) is an effective way for the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) to reduce its dependence on ground infrastructure, which guarantees constellation orbit determination and satellite communication. When the number of onboard Ka-band ISL antennas is less than that of visible satellites, the inter-satellite link assignment of GNSS causes a problem. For the problem of inter-satellite link scheduling, considering that the result of the allocated link has a feedback effect on the subsequent link assignment as a priori knowledge, an adaptive topology optimization algorithm based on signed variance (ABSV) is proposed. In order to meet the requirements of communication and ranging performance, the time slot is divided into a communication time slot and a ranging time slot. Taking the waiting delay time of satellite communication and PDOP as measurement indexes, the proposed strategy is simulated for 10080 min. The results show that the ranging performance of this strategy is better than other recently published methods, which verifies the effectiveness of signed variance for adaptive link planning and is also beneficial to the survivability of constellation.

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