Spatio-temporal evaluation of drought characteristics in the Dhasan basin

ABSTRACT. The meteorological drought characteristics including onset, departure, duration, severity as well as intensity have been evaluated mainly for monsoon season at all the three rain gauge stations located in Dhasan basin. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) has been applied to understand and quantify the drought severity on multiple time scale (1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months). The spatiotemporal analysis of drought based on 3-month SPI has also carried out to identify drought years and the regions of the study area which is under the grip of continuous drought events. Based on the 3-month SPI, major drought events have been identified. The maximum drought severity of -11.17 occurred during November 1991 to August 1992 having the longest duration of 10 months, in the area under Sagar rain gauging station. The onset of most of the drought events in the basin take place during the beginning of Kharif season and terminate by the end of August or September, so affect the agricultural crops severely. The spatial variation indicates that during June 2002, about 55.74% of basin area was experiencing severe drought conditions, followed by 35.29% area under moderate drought condition and only 8.97% area faced mild drought conditions. The inter-relationship among the drought duration, number of drought events, drought severity and time scale have been studied.

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Spatiotemporal Variation of Drought Characteristics Based on Standardized Precipitation Index in Central Java over 1990-2010

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 893 (1) ◽

pp. 012022

Author(s):

Misnawati ◽

R Boer ◽

F Ramdhani

Keyword(s):

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Rain Gauge ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Extreme Drought ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Drought Event ◽

Drought Characteristics ◽

Central Java ◽

Moderate Drought

Abstract Drought is a natural hazard that results from a deficiency of precipitation, leading to low soil moisture and river flows, reduced storage in reservoirs, and less groundwater recharge. This study investigates the spatial variations of drought characteristics (drought event frequency, duration, severity, and intensity). This study using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to analyse the drought characteristics in Central Java during 1990-2010. The rain gauge station data and CHIRPS rainfall data over Central Java is used to calculate the SPI index. The SPI was calculated at multiple timescales (1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, 24- and 48-month), the run theory was used for identification and characterization of drought events. Analysis of drought characteristics by SPI from 1990 to 2010 shows the longest drought event is four months, the maximum drought severity is 6.06, and the maximum drought intensity is 2.02. El Nino year probability drought occurrence reached 100% in August for moderate drought, severe drought, and extreme drought category, whereas the probability drought occurrences in the Normal and La Nina year range 0-70% for moderate drought, 0-50% for severe drought category and 0-40% for extreme drought category. The results of this study may help inform researchers and local policymakers to develop strategies for managing drought.

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Gamma Distribution and its Application of Spatially Monitoring Meteorological Drought in Barind, Bangladesh

Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources ◽

10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14832 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 287-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

ATMJ Alam ◽

MS Rahman ◽

AHM Saadat ◽

MM Huq

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Gamma Distribution ◽

Monsoon Season ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Critical Threshold ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Drought Vulnerability ◽

Weighting Method

The Barind tract of Bangladesh suffers from frequent drought due to erratic rainfall distribution. In the present study details analysis of rainfall data has been carried out for the years 1971-2010. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) which is followed by gamma distribution is used to evaluate drought vulnerability based on frequency and severity of drought events at multiple time steps (3, 5 and 12 months). Drought severity maps are generated in a GIS (Geographical Information System) environment using inverse distance weighting method. Critical (threshold) rainfall values are derived for each station at multiple-time steps in varying drought categories to determine least amount of rainfall required to avoid from drought initiation. The study found that drought vulnerability portrays a very diverse but consistent picture with varying time steps. Analysis and interpretation of the map shows a similar spatial distribution of drought in pre-monsoon season but in monsoon season rainfall deficits shifts its position time to time and occurred in certain discrete pockets. In 12 months period the spatial distribution of drought was almost similar with monsoon season. In pre-monsoon season drought severity was higher in north eastern part of the study area compare to other parts. The study also evident that critical threshold values of rainfall to avoid drought condition was higher in the northern part of high Barind than southern part.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v5i2.14832 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(2): 287-293 2012

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Elucidating Diverse Drought Characteristics from Two Meteorological Drought Indices (SPI and SPEI) in China

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/jhm-d-19-0290.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 1513-1530 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lingcheng Li ◽

Dunxian She ◽

Hui Zheng ◽

Peirong Lin ◽

Zong-Liang Yang

Keyword(s):

Clustering Algorithm ◽

Potential Evapotranspiration ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Meteorological Drought ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Small Areas ◽

Drought Characteristics

AbstractThis study elucidates drought characteristics in China during 1980–2015 using two commonly used meteorological drought indices: standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized precipitation–evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The results show that SPEI characterizes an overall increase in drought severity, area, and frequency during 1998–2015 compared with those during 1980–97, mainly due to the increasing potential evapotranspiration. By contrast, SPI does not reveal this phenomenon since precipitation does not exhibit a significant change overall. We further identify individual drought events using the three-dimensional (i.e., longitude, latitude, and time) clustering algorithm and apply the severity–area–duration (SAD) method to examine the drought spatiotemporal dynamics. Compared to SPI, SPEI identifies a lower drought frequency but with larger total drought areas overall. Additionally, SPEI identifies a greater number of severe drought events but a smaller number of slight drought events than the SPI. Approximately 30% of SPI-detected drought grids are not identified as drought by SPEI, and 40% of SPEI-detected drought grids are not recognized as drought by SPI. Both indices can roughly capture the major drought events, but SPEI-detected drought events are overall more severe than SPI. From the SAD analysis, SPI tends to identify drought as more severe over small areas within 1 million km2 and short durations less than 2 months, whereas SPEI tends to delineate drought as more severe across expansive areas larger than 3 million km2 and periods longer than 3 months. Given the fact that potential evapotranspiration increases in a warming climate, this study suggests SPEI may be more suitable than SPI in monitoring droughts under climate change.

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Evaluation of temporal drought variation and projection in a tropical river basin of Kerala

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2020.240 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (S1) ◽

pp. 115-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. A. Jincy Rose ◽

N. R. Chithra

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Climate Projections ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Tropical River ◽

The Past ◽

Drought Conditions ◽

The Future ◽

The Standardized Precipitation Index

Abstract Temperature is an indispensable parameter of climate that triggers evapotranspiration and has vital importance in aggravating drought severity. This paper analyses the existence and persistence of drought conditions which are said to prevail in a tropical river basin which was once perennial. Past observed data and future climate projections of precipitation and temperature were used for this purpose. The assessment and projection of this study employ the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) compared with that of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The results indicate the existence of drought in the past and the drought conditions that may persist in the future according to RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. The past drought years identified in the study were compared with the drought declared years in the state and were found to be matching. The evaluation of the future scenarios unveils the occurrence of drought in the basin ranging from mild to extreme conditions. It has been noted that the number of moderate and severe drought months has increased based on SPEI compared to SPI, indicating the importance of temperature in drought studies. The study can be considered as a plausible scientific remark helpful in risk management and application decisions.

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Framework for Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Distribution and Clustering of Drought Characteristics in Hunan Province

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app112311524 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 11524

Author(s):

Chunxiao Huang ◽

Shunshi Hu ◽

Muhammad Hasan Ali Baig ◽

Ying Huang

Keyword(s):

Large Population ◽

Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽

Hunan Province ◽

Spatiotemporal Variability ◽

Distribution Model ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Clustering Method ◽

Drought Duration ◽

Drought Characteristics

Drought is a widespread phenomenon in the context of global climate change. Owing to the geographical location of Hunan Province in the middle reaches of Yangtze River and the abundance of forests area in this region with a large population, there is a need to focus on the impacts of drought for devising policies. The spatiotemporal distribution scheme of a given area must be determined to plan water management and protect ecosystems effectively. This study proposes a framework for exploring the spatiotemporal distribution model of drought using comprehensive surveys of historical meteorological stations, which consists of two parts, namely the characteristics of drought extraction in the spatiotemporal distribution and drought models discovered by the clustering method. Firstly, we utilized the run theory to extract drought characteristics, such as drought duration, drought severity, and drought intensity. Secondly, the K-means clustering method was adopted to explore the distribution patterns on the basis of the drought characteristics. Lastly, the method was applied to Hunan Province. Results show that historical drought conditions can be monitored with their characteristics of spatiotemporal variability. Three drought distribution clusters exist in this region. Cluster 1 in western Hunan tends to be a long-term, low-intensity drought, cluster 2 in the southern part tends to be a short-term, high-intensity drought, and cluster 3 in the central part is prone to severe drought. The proposed framework is flexible as it allows parameters to be adjusted and extraction methods to achieve reasonable results for a given area.

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Global Warming Impacts on Severe Drought Characteristics in Asia Monsoon Region

Water ◽

10.3390/w12051360 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1360 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jeong-Bae Kim ◽

Jae-Min So ◽

Deg-Hyo Bae

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Global Climate Models ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Monsoon Region ◽

Climate Zones ◽

Drought Characteristics ◽

Dry Spell

Climate change influences the changes in drought features. This study assesses the changes in severe drought characteristics over the Asian monsoon region responding to 1.5 and 2.0 °C of global average temperature increases above preindustrial levels. Based on the selected 5 global climate models, the drought characteristics are analyzed according to different regional climate zones using the standardized precipitation index. Under global warming, the severity and frequency of severe drought (i.e., SPI <−1.5) are modulated by the changes in seasonal and regional precipitation features regardless of the region. Due to the different regional change trends, global warming is likely to aggravate (or alleviate) severe drought in warm (or dry/cold) climate zones. For seasonal analysis, the ranges of changes in drought severity (and frequency) are −11.5%~6.1% (and −57.1%~23.2%) under 1.5 and 2.0 °C of warming compared to reference condition. The significant decreases in drought frequency are indicated in all climate zones due to the increasing precipitation tendency. In general, drought features under global warming closely tend to be affected by the changes in the amount of precipitation as well as the changes in dry spell length. As the warming enhanced, the spatial variation of drought severity will be increased across climate zones, which can lead to increased water stress over Asia. This study demonstrates that precipitation characteristic changes can explicitly modulate severe regional drought features.

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Probabilistic analysis of drought spatiotemporal characteristics inThessaly region, Greece

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-4-719-2004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 4 (5/6) ◽

pp. 719-731 ◽

Cited By ~ 108

Author(s):

A. Loukas ◽

L. Vasiliades

Keyword(s):

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Multiple Time Scales ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Spatial Characteristics ◽

Sustainable Water Resources Management ◽

Temporal And Spatial ◽

Temporal And Spatial Characteristics

Abstract. The temporal and spatial characteristics of meteorological drought are investigated to provide a framework for sustainable water resources management in the region of Thessaly, Greece. Thessaly is the most intensely cultivated and productive agricultural plain region in Greece. Thessaly's total area is about 13700 km2 and it is surrounded by mountains and traversed by Pinios River. Using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) as an indicator of drought severity, the characteristics of droughts are examined. Thessaly was divided into 212 grid-cells of 8 x 8 km and monthly precipitation data for the period 1960–1993 from 50 meteorological stations were used for global interpolation of precipitation using spatial co-ordinates and elevation data. Drought severity was assessed from the estimated gridded SPI values at multiple time scales. Firstly, the temporal and spatial characteristics of droughts were analyzed and then, Drought Severity – Areal extent – Frequency (SAF) annual and monthly curves were developed. The analysis indicated that moderate and severe droughts are common in Thessaly region. Using the SAF curves, the return period of selected severe drought events was assessed.

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Practical tool for drought characteristics calculation

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14328 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mahyar Mottaghi Zadeh ◽

Maral Habibi

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Description ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Drought Condition ◽

Development Environment ◽

Drought Duration ◽

Software Application ◽

Drought Characteristics ◽

Drought Conditions

There are many ways to identify and monitor drought conditions. Scarcely are tools that calculate drought characteristics, The "SDF Calculator" works to bring monitoring tools to the public so they can assess drought conditions, this tool is used to assess and identify drought and its intensity.Drought severity refers to the absolute sum of consecutive SDI values below a given threshold level while drought duration is the number of consecutive months that SDI is below that threshold, and drought frequency is a number of months with drought condition (means SPI < -0.5 or any given threshold that is desire, the threshold of drought index is a value that an index faces to drought condition. In every index, this value can be changed. For example, in many indices, the threshold of drought starts from zero or less zero. In other words, when the value of an index is calculating then all the values located in the drought classes, refer to the severity of the drought.Droughts and exceptionally wet periods are regional phenomena, which are considered as major environmental extremes, especially in semiarid regions of the world. The development of severity-duration-frequency (SDF) relationships of droughts and wet periods is important in hydrological and climatic plannings in any country.In this study, we aimed to offer a novel software model to be used for a quantitative description of droughts and wet periods to provide an overview of drought intensity and analyzing their severity, frequency, and duration. In addition, we have been able to develop a state-of-the-art bespoke software application, so the users are able to analyze drought based on the regional thresholds. While most of the analysis applications have used programming languages such as R or Python, due to the lack of software libraries in the .NET development environment, we have managed to offer our development environment based on .NET Core and C# programming language. The software application accepts inputs from various file formats or APIs, processes the data, and demonstrates the outcome in different graphs and maps depending on the geographical location of study areas. The outputs are not only can be exported as different formats to be used in big data applications but also might be exposed as web APIs to be used in live applications.&#160;&#160;Keywords: Drought characteristics, SDF Calculator, API, Standardized Drought Indices (SDI)

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Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Meteorological Drought for the Island of Crete

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/2010jhm1252.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 206-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Aristeidis G. Koutroulis ◽

Aggeliki-Eleni K. Vrohidou ◽

Ioannis K. Tsanis

Keyword(s):

Time Scales ◽

Time Scale ◽

Climate Models ◽

Regional Climate ◽

Standardized Precipitation Index ◽

Precipitation Index ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Drought Conditions ◽

First Time

Abstract A modified drought index, named the spatially normalized–standardized precipitation index (SN-SPI), has been developed for assessing meteorological droughts. The SN–SPI is a variant index to the standardized precipitation index and is based on the probability of precipitation at different time scales, but it is spatially normalized for improved assessment of drought severity. Results of this index incorporate the spatial distribution of precipitation and produce improved drought warnings. This index is applied in the island of Crete, Greece, and the drought results are compared to the ones of SPI. A 30-year-long average monthly precipitation dataset from 130 watersheds of the island is used by the above indices for drought classification in terms of its duration and intensity. Bias-adjusted monthly precipitation estimates from an ensemble of 10 regional climate models were used to quantify the influence of global warming to drought conditions over the period 2010–2100. Results based on both indices (calculated for three time scales of 12, 24, and 48 months) from 3 basins in west, central, and east parts of the island show that 1) the extreme drought periods are the same (reaching 7% of time) but the intensities based on SN–SPI are lower; 2) the area covered by extreme droughts is 3% (first time scale), 16% (second time scale), and 25% (third time scale), and 96% (first time scale), 95% (second time scale), and 80% (third time scale) based on the SN–SPI and SPI, respectively; 3) concerning the longest time scale (48 months), more than half of the area of Crete is about to experience drought conditions during 28%, 69%, and 97% for 2010–40, 2040–70, and 2070–2100, respectively; and 4) extremely dry conditions will cover 52%, 33%, and 25% of the island for the future 90-year period using 12-, 24-, and 48-month SN–SPI, respectively.

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Projection of Future Drought Characteristics under Multiple Drought Indices

Water ◽

10.3390/w13091238 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1238

Author(s):

Muhammad Imran Khan ◽

Xingye Zhu ◽

Xiaoping Jiang ◽

Qaisar Saddique ◽

Muhammad Saifullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Series Data ◽

Natural Phenomenon ◽

Drought Indices ◽

Drought Severity ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Drought Analysis ◽

Songhua River ◽

Drought Intensity ◽

Drought Characteristics ◽

Rcp 8.5

Drought is a natural phenomenon caused by the variability of climate. This study was conducted in the Songhua River Basin of China. The drought events were estimated by using the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) which are based on precipitation (P) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data. Furthermore, drought characteristics were identified for the assessment of drought trends in the study area. Short term (3 months) and long term (12 months) projected meteorological droughts were identified by using these drought indices. Future climate precipitation and temperature time series data (2021–2099) of various Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) were estimated by using outputs of the Global Circulation Model downscaled with a statistical methodology. The results showed that RCP 4.5 have a greater number of moderate drought events as compared to RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. Moreover, it was also noted that RCP 8.5 (40 events) and RCP 4.5 (38 events) showed a higher number of severe droughts on 12-month drought analysis in the study area. A severe drought conditions projected between 2073 and 2076 with drought severity (DS-1.66) and drought intensity (DI-0.42) while extreme drying trends were projected between 2097 and 2099 with drought severity (DS-1.85) and drought intensity (DI-0.62). It was also observed that Precipitation Decile predicted a greater number of years under deficit conditions under RCP 2.6. Overall results revealed that more severe droughts are expected to occur during the late phase (2050–2099) by using RDI and SPI. A comparative analysis of 3- and 12-month drying trends showed that RDI is prevailing during the 12-month drought analysis while almost both drought indices (RDI and SPI) indicated same behavior of drought identification at 3-month drought analysis between 2021 and 2099 in the research area. The results of study will help to evaluate the risk of future drought in the study area and be beneficial for the researcher to make an appropriate mitigation strategy.

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