Tropical kudzu as a protein source in sheep diets

Protein nutrition plays a key role in ruminant performance and represents the largest proportion of costs in animal feed. The present study evaluated whether the roughage portion of Santa Inês sheep diets could be supplemented with different ratios of tropical kudzu as a protein source and assessed the best inclusion level of tropical kudzu based on digestibility, intake, nitrogen balance and feeding behavior. Twenty rams were evaluated during the 20-day experimental period, and they were fed formulated diets with a roughage portion (60%) consisting of Elephant grass and tropical kudzu, the latter supplemented at different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 75% on a dry matter basis). Forty percent of the concentrate portion consisted primarily of ground corn and soybean meal adjusted to obtain an isoproteic diet. Chemical and bromatological analyses, as well as, analyses to assess intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and feeding behavior, were conducted. No statistically significant differences were found (P>0.05) for the intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose (HEMI), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) or for the feeding behavior (feeding, rumination and idle times in h/day) and nitrogen balance between the diets studied. Thus, tropical kudzu can be considered a feed alternative to supplementation with prime protein foods (in this case, soybean meal) in sheep diets.

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Effect of Yeast-Fermented Citrus Pulp as a Protein Source on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and In Situ Digestion Kinetics in Nili Ravi Buffalo Bulls

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11061713 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1713

Author(s):

Muhammad Awais ◽

Muhammad Sharif ◽

Khurram Ashfaq ◽

Amjad Islam Aqib ◽

Muhammad Saeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Protein Source ◽

Cell Protein ◽

Citrus Pulp ◽

Digestion Kinetics

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of single cell protein (SCP) supplement as a protein source on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and in situ digestion kinetics in four Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrates containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented citrus pulp were formulated. All animals were fed a ration with a concentrate/forage ratio of 50:50. Diets were provided ad libitum twice a day as a total mixed ration in a 4 × 4 Latin Square Design. Each experimental period lasted 3 weeks while the overall study 12 weeks. The first 2 weeks of each experimental period were used as adaptation period while the third week as collection period. Chemical composition of fermented citrus pulp appeared as an excellent source of protein. No significant difference was observed on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and SCP among all the treatments. Moreover, no significant effect was observed on ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen at different times. Rate of disappearance and lag time of in situ dry matter digestion kinetics remained nonsignificant regardless of SCP percentage. Based on results of similar nutrients intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal parameters it is concluded that SCP could be used in the concentrate diet of ruminant up to 12%. Furthermore, the SCP has the potential of an alternative protein source in animal diet formulation.

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Feeding behavior of lambs fed castor mealom farelo de mamona

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1451 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 1451 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hellenn Cardoso Oliveira ◽

Rasmo Garcia ◽

Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida ◽

Aline Cardoso Oliveira ◽

Aureliano José Vieira Pires ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Feeding Activity ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Feeding Time ◽

Adaptation Period ◽

Four Levels ◽

Castor Meal

The experiment aimed to evaluate the feeding behavior of Santa Inês lambs fed diets containing different levels of detoxified castor meal in the concentrate. Twenty-four sheep with an average body weight of 18.5± 2.26 kg, at four months of age, were distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatment and six replications. Treatments consisted of four levels of castor meal (0, 33, 67, and 100%) replacing soybean meal. Animals underwent a 15-day adaptation period and an experimental period of 84 days. The diet was composed of 60% sugarcane silage and 40% concentrate, on a dry matter basis. Animal behavior (idle, rumination, and feeding activities) were observed visually for two 24-h periods with 5-min intervals, and recorded. The number of rumination chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud per day were counted using a digital stopwatch. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected by inclusion of castor meal in the concentrate, averaging 884.02 g day?1. The feeding activity was not affected by addition of castor meal. Rumination time increased linearly, whereas the idle and rumination times decreased linearly with addition of castor meal. Feeding time, expressed in min per kg of DM and NDF, was not influenced by the inclusion of the meal in the diet, averaging 373.3 and 880.0 min, respectively. The number of chews and the time taken to ruminate each cud were not changed by inclusion of castor meal in the diet. Feed efficiency, expressed in grams DM and NDF per hour, was not influenced by castor meal inclusion in the diet. Rumination efficiency expressed in g DM h?1 decreased, but was not affected when expressed in g NDF h?1. Total replacement of soybean meal by castor meal in the concentrate does not affect the feeding time or feed efficiency of feedlot sheep, but leads to a small reduction of their rumination efficiency. Thus, we recommend the inclusion of castor meal in sheep diets at the levels tested in this study.

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Yellow grease in sheep diets: intake and digestibility

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-12110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 684-692

Author(s):

A.C. Rêgo ◽

C.S.B. Oliveira ◽

L.E.F. Afonso ◽

J.C. Azevedo ◽

O.R. Machado Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Nutrient Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Yellow Grease ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Completely Randomized Design

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the effects of yellow grease supplementation on the intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep. Twenty Santa Inês lambs with a mean age of 95 ± 10 d and body weight of 19.29 ± 3.17kg were evaluated in a completely randomized design. The diets were supplemented with oil at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 gkg-1 of dry matter (DM) of the concentrate. The diets were based on roughage and concentrate (50:50). The experimental period lasted 19 d and included 14 adaptation days and five collection days for the total supplied diet, orts, feces, and urine. Supplementation with yellow grease had no significant effect on the intake of DM, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), or non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). However, the ether extract (EE) intake increased linearly with supplementation of yellow grease. Moreover, no effect was observed for DM, CP, NDF, and NFC digestibility and nitrogen balance. EE digestibility increased linearly with the yellow grease dietary supplementation. Thus, sheep dietary supplementation with yellow grease may be used at a level of up to 80 gkg-1 of DM of concentrate without impairing nutrient intake and digestibility.

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Sugar cane dry yeast in feeding for growing and finishing goat kids

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982011000100024 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 168-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Luciano Soares de Lima ◽

Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽

Francisco de Assis Fonseca de Macedo ◽

Larissa Ribas de Lima ◽

Elias Nunes Martins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Protein Source ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Saanen Goat ◽

Total Carbohydrates

It was used 27 goat kids (18 ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen and nine Saanen; 18.0 ± 1.60 kg) distributed in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement to evaluate productive performance and the total digestibility of dry matter and nutrients in the rations. Diets were composed of soybean meal, soybean meal + dry yeast or dry yeast as protein source, oat hay, ground corn and vitamin-mineral mixture with mean composition of 2.50 Mcal of ME/kg DM and 17.0% of crude protein on average. Digestibility was determined using indigestible neutral detergent fiber as marker. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates were not altered by rations. However, inclusion of dry yeast in the rations reduced ingestions of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Within breed groups, the ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen goat kids showed the highest intakes of dry matter and nutrients, as well as the best means of daily gain, feed conversion and days in feedlot. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total carbohydrates were higer - and the digesbility of ether extract was lower - for animals fed rations with dry yeast. There were no differences in digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Rations with dry yeast showed the highest values of total digestible nutrients. Dry yeast can be used as alternative protein source in rations for goat kids because it does not change animal performance and it does have higher nutritional value than soybean meal. ¾ Boer + ¼ Saanen kids show, in feedlots, better performance in growth and finishing phases when compared to Saanen kids.

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Supplementation of crossbred cows with maize and urea in tropical pasture

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-12416 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 73 (5) ◽

pp. 1187-1193

Author(s):

M.G. Guerra ◽

A.S.C. Véras ◽

M.A. Ferreira ◽

L.P. Novaes ◽

A.L.C. Gurgel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Milk Production ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Latin Square ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Research Article ◽

Experimental Treatments

ABSTRACT This research article aims to evaluate the effect of total replacement of corn by soybean meal and urea on intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter and its components, production and composition of milk and feeding behavior of lactating cows grazing, with intermittent stocking Mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Mombaça). Twelve milking cows were distributed in a triple 4 x 4 latin square. Experimental treatments consisted of four soybean meal replacement levels by corn more urea (0; 33; 66; 100%). The grass has an average content of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of 19% and 59%, respectively. The replacement of soybean meal by corn and urea did not affect the intake and digestibility of nutrients. A linear reduction of milk production was observed, but there was no change in milk production corrected to 4.0% of fat. The milk components (g/kg) of fat, protein, lactose, and total solids were not altered, as well as feeding behavior. Under the conditions of this study, the replacement of the diets is suitable for crossbred dairy cows in lactation third medium, producing in average of 12.5 kg/day-1 when kept in quality pastures.

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Intake, performance, and feeding behavior of Holstein and Holstein x Gyr heifers grazing intensive managed tropical grasses during the rainy season

10.1101/2021.07.13.452261 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daiana F Quirino ◽

Marcos I Marcondes ◽

Luciana N Renno ◽

Camila S Cunha ◽

Alex L Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Feeding Behavior ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Fiber Material ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

And Performance

Holstein × Gyr and Holstein are the primary dairy breed used in tropical systems, but when rearing under pasture, feed intake, behavior, and performance might differ between them. This study aimed to evaluate the voluntary intake, nutrient digestibility, performance, and ingestive behavior of Holstein and Holstein × Gyr (½ Holstein × ½ Gyr) heifers managed in an intermittent grazing system of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaca). The experiment was conducted during the summer season throughout four periods of 21 d. Two 8-heifers (four Holstein and four Holstein × Gyr) groups, averaging 258.6 ± 24.8 kg and 157.1 ± 24.99 kg body weight, were used. Each group grazed a separate set of 16 paddocks, and all heifers received a concentrate supplement daily. Heifers were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Fecal, forage and concentrate samples were evaluated for their dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and indigestible NDF. Feeding behavior was evaluated through 24 h of live observation for 48 h of each experimental period. Grazing, ruminating, resting, and intake of concentrate times were recorded, and rumination criteria, bout criteria, mealtime, meal frequency, and meal duration were estimated. There was no difference in dry matter intake (DMI). The Holstein × Gyr heifers had greater NDF intake and average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency tended to show greater CP and NDF digestibilities. The forage DMI of Holstein × Gyr was 11.70% greater than the Holstein heifers. Holstein grazed less than Holstein × Gyr heifers in the afternoon. Ruminating time was 18.43% lower for Holstein than Holstein × Gyr heifers, and rumination criteria were greater for Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers presented more prolonged rumination bouts and resting time than Holstein × Gyr heifers. Holstein × Gyr can ingest and ruminate greater amounts of fibrous material. Holstein heifers select lower fiber material, and they need to spend more time ruminating small portions of feed. Overall, we do not recommend using young Holstein heifers in tropical pasture conditions because their ADG is low because of its lower adaptability to fibrous feed and heat stress. However, this management condition is appropriate for Holstein × Gyr heifers and results in an adequate performance.

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Replacement of raw soybean with roasted soybean increased milk production in Holstein cows

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20160002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gilson Sebastião Dias Júnior ◽

Vítor Augusto Silveira ◽

Ivan Júnior Ascari ◽

Renata Apocalypse Nogueira Pereira ◽

Marina de Arruda Camargo Danés ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Production Performance ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Lower Protein ◽

Inclusion Level ◽

Improved Performance

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of total replacement of raw whole soybean (RAW) for roastedwhole soybean (ROS) on the production performance of Holstein cows. Two experiments were carried out usinga simple reversal design where RAW has been completely replaced by ROS. In experiment 1, 22 cows (175±60 days in milk)were used, and the dietary inclusion level of RAW or ROS was 3.7% of dry matter (DM). In experiment 2, 16 cows (130±50 days in milk)were used, and thedietary inclusion level of RAW or ROS was 11% of DM. In both experiments, ROS increased milk production by 1.1kgday-1 without changing fat and protein production. Dry matter intake or milk urea nitrogenwere not affected by dietary soy source. In experiment 2, plasma glucose concentration was decreased, and allantoin/creatinine ratio in urine tended to decreasein ROS. Experiment 2 also evaluated the nutrient digestibility and ruminal degradation kinetics of crude protein in two soybean sources. Roasting had no effect on the digestibility of DM, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber. Roasted whole soybean hadgreater fraction B and lower protein degradation rate than did RAW; this showed that heat treatment was effective in increasing therumen undegradable amino acid flowto the animal, which suggesteda potential mechanism of action for improved performance observed in ROS.

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Nutritional composition of 'Ponta Negra' forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n5supl1p2397 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (5Supl1) ◽

pp. 2397

Author(s):

Clésio dos Santos Costa ◽

Rosane Cláudia Rodrigues ◽

Ricardo Alves de Araújo ◽

Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos ◽

Giovanne Oliveira Costa Sousa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Nutritional Composition ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Linear Effect ◽

Inclusion Level ◽

Sorghum Silage

he aim of this study was to evaluate fermentation and chemical characteristics and the in situ degradability of sorghum silages enriched with dried Leucaena. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with four treatments (0 - control silage, silage without leucaena; 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0% inclusion of Leucaena) and five replicates, totaling 20 experimental units. The inclusion levels of leucaena influenced (P 0.05), with all silages having values above 90%. Gas loss decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of leucine increased in sorghum silage. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ? 0.0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. There was a linear (P < 0.05) linear effect on neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. As leucaena inclusion levels increased, for each 1% inclusion a reduction of 0.179 was observed; 0.059 and 0.119% for the values of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber respectively. The inclusion of leucaena influenced (P < 0.05) the increase of silage lignin levels, probably due to the higher lignin content of the legume. The soluble fraction (a) of the silages increased along with the Leucaena inclusion levels, with highest values observed at the inclusion of 20 and 30% of the legume, respectively. Potential degradation (A) increased linearly with the levels of Leucaena added to the silage; the highest value for this variable was observed at 30% inclusion. Effective degradability (ED) increased up to the inclusion level of 20% (46.77%). Degradation rate (c) decreased markedly with the use of 30% Leucaena. The use of the forage part of Leucaena dried for three hours leads to reduced gas production, increased dry matter and crude protein contents, and decreased fiber contents. The degradability of dry matter increases up to the inclusion level of 20%.

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In vitro degradability of coffee husks treated with doses of fibrolytic enzymes for use in ruminant nutrition

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4supl1p2691 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽

pp. 2691

Author(s):

Yasmin Haluan Porto Moura ◽

Carmen Lucia De Souza Rech ◽

Mauro Pereira de Figueiredo ◽

José Luiz Rech ◽

Yann Dos Santos Luz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Agricultural Activity ◽

State University ◽

Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽

Coffee Husk ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Ruminal Degradability

The agricultural activity has generated a progressive amount of waste, which needs a proper treatment to avoid negative environmental impacts. At the same time, values can be added to such waste, as its use in animal feed. This research was conducted at the laboratory of Animal Nutrition, State University of Southwestern Bahia, campuses of Vitória da Conquista and Itapetinga. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coffee husks on ruminant feeds by increasing doses of fibrolytic enzymes, evaluating their effects on in vitro ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (FDA) of the coffee husk (CH). The experiment was a completely randomized design in a 2x4 factorial scheme. It compounded the following treatments: Coffee husk (CH1): 1.5% enzymes (E) and 24 h enzymatic action (EA); CH2: 3.0% (E) and 24h (EA); CH3: 4.5% (E) and 24 h (EA); CH4: 6% (E) and 24 h (EA); CH5: 1.5% (E) 48 h (EA); CH6: 3% (E) and 48h (EA); CH7: 4.5% (E) and 48h (EA); and CH8: 6% (E) and 48 h (EA), all based on dry matter. An improvement in the degradability of the nutritional parameters MS, NDF, and FDA occurred with the addition of enzymes, with 3% enzyme addition being the best level, and 24 hours, as the best action time. In addition to that, as the EA on coffee husk increased, the degradation rate decreased. Therefore, the use of enzymes can improve the digestibility of the fibrous fraction, enabling the use of the coffee husk and possibly other agroindustrial residues, thus minimizing their adverse effects on nature.

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Replacement of soybean meal by soybean in multiple supplements for beef heifers grazing Urochloa decumbens during the dry season

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6supl2p4601 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽

pp. 4601 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Daniel Mageste de Almeida ◽

Mário Fonseca Paulino ◽

Marcos Inácio Marcondes ◽

Luciana Navajas Rennó ◽

Lívia Vieira de Barros ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Dry Season ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Protein Source ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Drought Period ◽

Urochloa Decumbens

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing soybean meal with soybean in multiple supplements on nutritional parameters, microbial efficiency and productive and reproductive performance of heifers grazing in Urochloa decumbens during the drought period. Were used 39 crossbred heifers of initial age and initial weight of 21 months and 309.5±7 kg, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments with eight replicates, and a control treatment with seven replications. Two treatments had soybean meal as the protein source and two treatments had soybean as the protein source, containing 25% and 40% crude protein. The amount of supplement offered was 1.0 kg/animal/day. The animals of the control group received only mineral salt ad libitum. The supplemented animals had higher average daily gain (ADG) than control animals (P<0.10), and there was no difference in ADG among the supplements (P>0.10). There was an effect of supplementation (P <0.10) on intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF). There were no differences (P>0.10) on intake of OM and DM grazing between the supplemented and non-supplemented. Supplementation improved DM digestibility and all constituents of the diet (P<0.10). It was found that the provision of multiple supplements optimizes the performance of heifers grazing during the dry season, and that the substitution of soybean meal by soybean did not improve productive performance of animals.

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