Limestone and phosphorus application and forage production in natural pastures with sodseeding of cool-season species

Natural pastures are important ecosystems that both contribute to biodiversity conservation and provide an important source of income, especially for cattle ranchers. While these pastures yield fairly low productivity, they can be improved by increasing soil fertility and introducing species with high productive potentials. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of applying limestone and phosphorus, as well as introducing cool-season species with a mixture of species dominated by Schizachyrium tenerum Nees, into a natural pasture in the Catarinense Plateau. The experiment was conducted from January 2010 to December 2013; the treatments consisted of superficial distribution of limestone in proportions of 3.6, 7.2, 11.0, and 14.4 t ha-1, as well as distribution of phosphorus in the form of triple superphosphate in proportions of 35, 70, 105, and 140 kg of P2O5 ha-1. In addition, cool-season species were overseeded. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with subdivided plots and three replications. Limestone was applied to the main parcel, whereas phosphorus was applied to the subplots. There was no interaction between the levels of limestone and phosphorus. The application of 11.0 t ha-1 of limestone yielded the highest forage production, with 3,932.2 kg of dry matter (DM) ha-1 during the second year. Red clover was the species that best reacted to the additions, with levels of 7.2 and 11.0 t ha-1 over the 4 years. In addition, phosphorus provoked a positive response throughout the experiment. The highest forage production was observed during the second year, with an addition of 140 kg P2O5 ha-1 (4,419.4 kg DM ha-1). Only one-eighth of the recommended amount of limestone (3.6 t ha-1) allowed for the establishment and persistence of the legumes introduced into natural pastures. These additions, associated with increasing levels of phosphorus, yielded linear growth in the production of forage in natural pastures with a mixture of species dominated by Schizachyrium tenerum Nees.

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Doses of limestone, phosphorus and potassium on the initial development of Anacardium humile seedlings

Revista em Agronegócio e Meio Ambiente ◽

10.17765/2176-9168.2021v14n4e8938 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Lucas Ferreira de Morais ◽

Wendy Carniello Ferreira ◽

Francielly Rodrigues Gomes ◽

Edésio Fialho dos Reis ◽

Daniela Pereira Dias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potassium Chloride ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Triple Superphosphate ◽

Initial Development ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium ◽

Different Doses

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different doses of limestone, phosphorus, and potassium on the initial development of Anacardium humile (Cajuzinho-do-cerrado) seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. A randomized block design was adopted in a 3x4x4 factorial scheme (liming x phosphorus x potassium doses). The treatments consisted of three liming doses (0; 40; and 70% of base saturation), four doses of potassium chloride with 60% of K2O (0; 60; 120; and 180 kg ha-1), and four doses of triple superphosphate with 46% of P2O5 (0; 80; 160; and 240 kg ha-1), with six replications. The following characteristics were evaluated: stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), root length (RL), shoot dry matter (SDM), and root dry matter (RDM). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the averages were compared by Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). It was concluded that there was no influence of phosphorus doses on the initial development of A. humile seedlings and that there was a response to the association between liming and potassium chloride in vegetative growth.

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Lamb performance in hardwood silvopastures, I: animal gains and forage measures in summer

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txz154 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 385-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gabriel J Pent ◽

Scott P Greiner ◽

John F Munsell ◽

Benjamin F Tracy ◽

John H Fike

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Black Walnut ◽

Forage Yield ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Percent Cover ◽

Forage Production ◽

Cool Season ◽

Mixed Grass ◽

Stocking Rates

Abstract The integration of trees into pasture systems can have variable effects on forage and animal growth. Some reports of these systems have indicated that animal gains are similar or better even when tree presence lowers forage yield. Forage production and animal performance were compared in black walnut (Juglans nigra L.)-based and honeylocust (Gleditisia triacanthose L.)-based silvopasture systems and open pastures in a randomized complete block design with three blocks over three summers. Cool season-based, mixed grass pastures were rotationally stocked with four to seven lambs depending on available forage. A rising plate meter was used to estimate pre- and post-graze forage mass. Forage samples of the mixed sward were collected and analyzed for nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations. Species percent cover was estimated using a modified Daubenmire approach at the same 12 points within each experimental unit every 4 wk during the study. Pre-graze herbage mass was similar (P = 0.0717) in honeylocust silvopastures (5020 ± 30 kg·ha−1) and open pastures (4930 ± 30 kg·ha−1) and lowest (P < 0.0001) in the black walnut silvopastures (3560 ± 30 kg·ha−1). Forages in the black walnut and honeylocust silvopastures had similar (P = 0.4867) N concentrations (23.3 ± 0.4 and 23.9 ± 0.4 g·kg−1, respectively), which was greater (P ≤ 0.0003) than that of the forages in the open pastures (21.0 ± 0.4 g·kg−1). Forages in the honeylocust silvopasture had lower (P ≤ 0.0042) NDF concentrations (507 ± 3 g·kg−1) than forages in the black walnut silvopasture and open pastures (mean = 525 ± 3 g·kg−1). Forage species present in the black walnut silvopastures differed from those present in the open and honeylocust systems, which had similar composition. Despite differences in stocking rates, total lamb weight gains per system did not differ (P ≥ 0.7592) among black walnut, honeylocust, and open pasture systems (10 ± 2, 12 ± 2, and 10 ± 2 kg·d−1, respectively). Silvopasture practices can improve land productivity when incorporated into cool season forage pastures.

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Intercropping of sorghum with Paiaguas palisadegrass in a crop-livestock integration system for pasture recovery

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.20.14.07.p2216 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1072-1080

Author(s):

Charles Barbosa Santos ◽

Kátia Aparecida de Pinho Costa ◽

Wender Ferreira de Souza ◽

Alessandro Guerra da Silva ◽

Victor Costa e Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Production ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Forage Production ◽

Integration System ◽

Initial Development ◽

Sustainable Systems ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Forage Species ◽

Sorghum Grain

Intercropping systems have become an interesting alternative for grain and forage production because they are sustainable systems that reduce carbon emissions in degraded pasture areas. However, few studies have used forage species recently introduced into the market, and more studies that assess the performances of these species in integrated systems are needed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of intercropped sorghum and Paiaguas palisadegrass (including the species name) in a crop-livestock integration system for pasture recovery. The field experiment was conducted in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil, using a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of the following forage systems: monocropping of sorghum, monocropping of Paiaguas palisadegrass, row intercropping of sorghum with Paiaguas palisadegrass, interrow intercropping of sorghum with Paiaguas palisadegrass and intercropping of sorghum with oversown Paiaguas palisadegrass. To obtain a desired population of 240,000 plants ha-1, 12 seeds of sorghum and 5 kg of viable pure seeds of the forage species were planted per meter and hectare, respectively. The growth of Paiaguas palisadegrass in the same row as sorghum reduced the sorghum grain yield. The intercropping of sorghum with oversown Paiaguas palisadegrass hindered the initial development of Paiaguas palisadegrass in terms of plant height and number of tillers due to shading, and this effect was reflected in the dry mass production. Row and interrow intercropping provided higher dry mass production without affecting the forage quality. Therefore, the interrow intercropping of sorghum with Paiaguas palisadegrass was found to be a promising agricultural technique for grain and forage production that could be used for the establishment of new pastures or pasture recovery.

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Produtividade e valor nutritivo de gramíneas tropicais em monocultivo e em consórcio com milho na segunda safra

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2517 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 2517

Author(s):

Armindo Neivo Kichel ◽

Luis Carlos Ferreira de Souza ◽

Roberto Giolo de Almeida ◽

José Alexandre Agiova da Costa

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Block Design ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Forage Production ◽

Brachiaria Brizantha ◽

Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽

Randomized Block Design

This study aimed to assess productivity and nutritional value of the tropical grasses Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã, Xaraés, and Marandu, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, and B. ruziziensis cv. Kennedy in the interseason of an integrated crop-livestock (ICL) system since alternatives are needed for forage production for animal grazing in Autumn and Winter. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a split-split plot scheme with four replications. The treatments of plots consisted of five grasses, subplots consisted of three cropping systems (monoculture, intercropping with corn and unsuppressed grass, and intercropped with corn and suppressed grass), and sub-subplots consisted of four cutting intervals of grasses (50, 90, 125, and 195 days after emergence - DAE). The experiment was carried out from February to September 2014. Dry matter (DM) productivity, obtained at 195 DAE for the three cropping systems (monoculture grass, unsuppressed and suppressed grass in intercropping), were 18.45, 7.15, and 3.05 t ha?1, respectively, and average crude protein contents of leaf blades of grasses decreased linearly between the cutting intervals of 50 to 195 DAE from 19.95 to 9.70%, respectively. Under integrated systems, the studied grasses showed better yields and nutritional quality when compared to traditional grazing systems. Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés and Piatã had the highest leaf and crude protein yields when compared to Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Kennedy and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. In terms of nutritional value, Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Kennedy was superior to Mombaça and Xaraés grasses but had lower total dry matter yield. Finally, Xaraés, Piatã and Mombaça grasses are recommended choices ICL systems when fodder grass production is the goal.

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Effect of phosphorus and zinc nutrition on growth and yield of fodder cowpea

Legume Research - An International Journal ◽

10.18805/lr.v0iof.9384 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rakesh Kumar ◽

Deepak Kumar Rathore ◽

Magan Singh ◽

Parveen Kumar ◽

Anil Khippal

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Block Design ◽

Application Rate ◽

Leaf Length ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Green Fodder ◽

Fodder Yield ◽

Zinc Levels ◽

Phosphorus Application

An experiment consisting of four phosphorus levels (0, 40, 60 and 80 kg/ha P2O5) and five zinc levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg/ha ZnSO4) was laid out in randomized block design in factorial mode to find out the effect on yield and quality of fodder cowpea [Vigna Unguiculata (L.)Walp.]. Growth parameters viz. plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf length, leaf width and leaf stem ratio were improved with the application of 60 kg/ha P2O5 and 20 kg/ha ZnSO4. Application of 60 kg/ha phosphorus recorded 27.64 t/ha yield, which was 7.50 and 55.6 % higher than 40 kg/ha and no phosphorus application, respectively. Application of zinc in the form of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha increased significantly the green fodder yield (25.89 t/ha). Interaction effect of phosphorus and zinc application was found significant with respect to green fodder, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake. Yield, phosphorus and zinc uptake in cowpea fodder were showing declining trend at combination of application rate more than 60 kg/ha P2O5 and 20 kg/ha ZnSO4.

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COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS TO EVALUATE THE RESISTANCE OF HAZELNUT GENOTYPES TO EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.7.742d ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 742d-742

Author(s):

C.J. Coyne ◽

D.C. Smith ◽

S.A. Mehlenbacher ◽

K.B. Johnson ◽

J.N. Pinkerton

Keyword(s):

Control Method ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Block Design ◽

Relative Resistance ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Anisogramma Anomala ◽

Causal Fungus ◽

Second Year ◽

Eastern Filbert Blight ◽

High Doses

Resistant cultivars are a promising disease control method for eastern filbert blight, which is devastating hazelnut production in Oregon. In 1990, two studies were begun to evaluate the relative resistance of European hazelnut (Coyhls avellana) genotypes to the causal fungus, Anisogramma anomala. A randomized block design of 40 genotypes was planted using inoculated trees planted in the borders as the disease source. The first- and second-year disease incidence (percent) were compared to the published disease incidence (percent) based on exposing potted trees of 44 genotypes to high doses of inoculum. Disease incidence was significantly correlated between the two studies in 1991 (r =0.41, P = 0.02) and in 1992 (r =0.64, P = 0.001; rs = 0.35, 0.025 < P < 0.050). Three genotypes, however, showed no disease in the field, but they had disease in >70% of the potted tree study. A plot of disease incidence in the field planting indicates that the inoculum was present throughout the blocks.

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Weed Occurrence in Sugarcane as Function of Variety and Ground Straw Management1

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582016340200003 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 219-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. CONCENÇO ◽

J.R.A. LEME FILHO ◽

C.J. SILVA ◽

R.F. MARQUES ◽

L.B.X. SILVA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cultural Practices ◽

Soil Seed Bank ◽

Block Design ◽

Weed Species ◽

Leaf Architecture ◽

Importance Value ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Infestation Density ◽

Second Year ◽

Occurrence Of Species

ABSTRACT This study aims to verify the effect of crop varietal architecture and straw removal from planting rows in the occurrence of weeds in sugarcane and infer about the sustainability of the production system with no herbicide application. The experiment was established in 2011 in a randomized block design with split plots and four replications. Main plots were varieties IACSP95 5000 and SP91 1049. In the sub-plots there the straw removal was allocated (evenly scattered in the area, or concentrated in inter-rows). Assessments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 and the absolute levels of infestation, density, frequency and dominance of weed species were obtained. Areas were intra-characterized by the coefficients of Simpson and Shannon-Weiner and sustainability inferred by the SEP coefficient. Areas were grouped by the similarity coefficient of Jaccard. Other factors besides leaf architecture were more significant for level of infestation. Treatments with straw removal from planting rows were more infested than those with evenly scattered straw. In the second year of cultivation, those species most adapted to the system increased their importance value. Wild poinsettia was the dominant weed in all treatments, deserving attention from pre-planting on, to reducing its occurrence in the soil seed bank. Species diversity was higher where straw was evenly scattered due to the occurrence of species other than wild poinsettia. Sustainability was reduced from the first to the second year, indicating that only cultural practices are not enough, even with high shading provided by crop and straw production, demanding herbicides.

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Forage Production and Bromatological Composition of Forage Species Intercropped With Soybean

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v12n1p84 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

Carlos Augusto Oliveira de Andrade ◽

Emerson Borghi ◽

Leandro Bortolon ◽

Elisandra Solange Oliveira Bortolon ◽

Francelino Peteno de Camargo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cropping Systems ◽

Block Design ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Winter Period ◽

Forage Production ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Forage Species ◽

Urochloa Brizantha ◽

Cattle Producer ◽

Livestock System

Brazil is one the largest soybean and cattle producer worldwide and degrade pasture is one of the major problem in the Cerrado region. Integrated crop-livestock system is a key to increase grower income, to reduce crop yield loss by water deficit during growing season and to reclaim degraded pasture. However, forage production and its quality is important to evaluate under integrated crop-livestock system. The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and the bromatological composition of different forage species in monoculture and in intercropping with soybean in an oversowing system. A completely randomized block design with four replications in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with five forage species (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu; U. ruziziensis; P. maximus cv. Mombaça; P. infestans cv. Massai and P. americanum) and two cropping systems (monoculture and a consortium with soybeans) and a standard treatment (P. americanum in succession with soybeans). The forage productivity and the bromatological composition of the forages were evaluated. The species U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha, M. maximum and P. infestans presented higher forage production capacity, when cultivated in consortium with soybeans and in monoculture, in relation to P. americanum. The cultivation of the forages U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha, M. maximum and P. americanum in monoculture produced higher productivity than that in consortium with soybeans. The forages U. ruziziensis and U. brizantha intercropped with soybean presented a better nutritional value over the autumn-winter period.

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Presidedressing Soil Nitrate Testing (PSNT) Effective in Reducing N Fertilizer Use in Vegetable Production

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.535b ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 535b-535 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T.K. Hartz ◽

W.E. Bendixen

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

N Uptake ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Cool Season ◽

N Application ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Total Crop ◽

Crop N Uptake ◽

On Farm ◽

N Status

The utility of PSNT in determining N sidedress requirement of cool-season vegetables (broccoli, cauliflower, celery and lettuce) was evaluated in a total of 20 trials conducted in commercial fields in California in 1996–97. Fields were selected which had soil NO3-N concentration >20 mg·kg-1 at the time the cooperating grower made the first sidedress N application. The grower's fertility program was compared with two reduced N treatments, established by skipping either the first, or the first and second, sidedress N application. There were four replications of each N treatment, in a randomized block design. All fields were conventionally irrigated (sprinkler and/or furrow). Crop and soil N status was evaluated throughout the season. No yield or quality differences were observed in any field by skipping the first N sidedress; in only three fields was yield reduced by skipping two sidedress applications. Total crop N uptake varied little among N treatments in most fields, despite differences in seasonal N application of as much as 200 kg·ha–1. These results indicate that PSNT can reliably identify fields in which sidedress N application can be delayed or eliminated. A soil NO3-N “quick test” was evaluated and proved to be a practical on-farm method to determine soil NO3-N status.

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Long-Term Biosanitation by Application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-Infected Crops

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.1999.89.2.141 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 141-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

M. Gerlagh ◽

H. M. Goossen-van de Geijn ◽

N. J. Fokkema ◽

P. F. G. Vereijken

Keyword(s):

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Block Design ◽

Coniothyrium Minitans ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Final Population ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Second Year ◽

Bean Crop

The effect of the fungal mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans applied as a spray to crops infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (causal agent of white mold) on contamination of soil with S. sclerotiorum sclerotia was studied in a 5-year field experiment. Sclerotial survival also was monitored during two subsequent years, when the field was returned to commercial agriculture. In a randomized block design, factorial combinations of four crops and three treatments were repeated 10 times. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), carrot (Daucus carota), and chicory (Cichorium intybus), which are all susceptible to S. sclerotiorum, were grown in rotation. Plots were treated with C. minitans or Trichoderma spp. or were nontreated (control). Crops were rotated in each plot, but treatments were applied to the same plot every year. After 3 years during which it showed no effect on sclerotial survival, the Trichoderma spp. treatment was replaced by a single spray with C. minitans during the fourth and fifth years of the trial. The effect of treatments was monitored in subsequent seasons by counting apothecia as a measure of surviving S. sclerotiorum sclerotia and scoring disease incidence. Trichoderma spp. did not suppress S. sclerotiorum, but C. minitans infected at least 90% of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia on treated crops by the end of the each season. C. minitans lowered the number of apothecia compared with the other treatments during the second year after the bean crop. C. minitans reduced the number of apothecia by ≈90% when compared with the control and Trichoderma spp. treatments and reduced disease incidence in the bean crop by 50% during the fifth year of the trial, resulting in a slightly higher yield. In 1993, but not 1994, a single spray with C. minitans was nearly as effective at reducing apothecia as three sprays (monitored in 1995). The final population size of sclerotia in soil at the end of the 7-year period was lower in all C. minitans plots than at the beginning of the trial, even in plots where two highly susceptible bean crops were grown during the period. The results indicate that the mycoparasite C. minitans has the potential to keep contamination of soil with sclerotia low in crop rotations with a high number of crops susceptible to S. sclerotiorum.

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