scholarly journals Long-Term Biosanitation by Application of Coniothyrium minitans on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum-Infected Crops

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gerlagh ◽  
H. M. Goossen-van de Geijn ◽  
N. J. Fokkema ◽  
P. F. G. Vereijken
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Bean Crop

The effect of the fungal mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans applied as a spray to crops infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (causal agent of white mold) on contamination of soil with S. sclerotiorum sclerotia was studied in a 5-year field experiment. Sclerotial survival also was monitored during two subsequent years, when the field was returned to commercial agriculture. In a randomized block design, factorial combinations of four crops and three treatments were repeated 10 times. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), carrot (Daucus carota), and chicory (Cichorium intybus), which are all susceptible to S. sclerotiorum, were grown in rotation. Plots were treated with C. minitans or Trichoderma spp. or were nontreated (control). Crops were rotated in each plot, but treatments were applied to the same plot every year. After 3 years during which it showed no effect on sclerotial survival, the Trichoderma spp. treatment was replaced by a single spray with C. minitans during the fourth and fifth years of the trial. The effect of treatments was monitored in subsequent seasons by counting apothecia as a measure of surviving S. sclerotiorum sclerotia and scoring disease incidence. Trichoderma spp. did not suppress S. sclerotiorum, but C. minitans infected at least 90% of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia on treated crops by the end of the each season. C. minitans lowered the number of apothecia compared with the other treatments during the second year after the bean crop. C. minitans reduced the number of apothecia by ≈90% when compared with the control and Trichoderma spp. treatments and reduced disease incidence in the bean crop by 50% during the fifth year of the trial, resulting in a slightly higher yield. In 1993, but not 1994, a single spray with C. minitans was nearly as effective at reducing apothecia as three sprays (monitored in 1995). The final population size of sclerotia in soil at the end of the 7-year period was lower in all C. minitans plots than at the beginning of the trial, even in plots where two highly susceptible bean crops were grown during the period. The results indicate that the mycoparasite C. minitans has the potential to keep contamination of soil with sclerotia low in crop rotations with a high number of crops susceptible to S. sclerotiorum.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS TO EVALUATE THE RESISTANCE OF HAZELNUT GENOTYPES TO EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 742d-742
Author(s):  
C.J. Coyne ◽  
D.C. Smith ◽  
S.A. Mehlenbacher ◽  
K.B. Johnson ◽  
J.N. Pinkerton
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Anisogramma Anomala ◽  
Causal Fungus ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Eastern Filbert Blight ◽  
High Doses

Resistant cultivars are a promising disease control method for eastern filbert blight, which is devastating hazelnut production in Oregon. In 1990, two studies were begun to evaluate the relative resistance of European hazelnut (Coyhls avellana) genotypes to the causal fungus, Anisogramma anomala. A randomized block design of 40 genotypes was planted using inoculated trees planted in the borders as the disease source. The first- and second-year disease incidence (percent) were compared to the published disease incidence (percent) based on exposing potted trees of 44 genotypes to high doses of inoculum. Disease incidence was significantly correlated between the two studies in 1991 (r =0.41, P = 0.02) and in 1992 (r =0.64, P = 0.001; rs = 0.35, 0.025 < P < 0.050). Three genotypes, however, showed no disease in the field, but they had disease in >70% of the potted tree study. A plot of disease incidence in the field planting indicates that the inoculum was present throughout the blocks.

scholarly journals Limestone and phosphorus application and forage production in natural pastures with sodseeding of cool-season species

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 3681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Eduardo Prestes ◽  
Cassandro Vidal Talamini do Amarante ◽  
Cassiano Eduardo Pinto ◽  
Gabriel Avila Prestes ◽  
Guilherme Doneda Zanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Growth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Phosphorus Application

Natural pastures are important ecosystems that both contribute to biodiversity conservation and provide an important source of income, especially for cattle ranchers. While these pastures yield fairly low productivity, they can be improved by increasing soil fertility and introducing species with high productive potentials. In this sense, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of applying limestone and phosphorus, as well as introducing cool-season species with a mixture of species dominated by Schizachyrium tenerum Nees, into a natural pasture in the Catarinense Plateau. The experiment was conducted from January 2010 to December 2013; the treatments consisted of superficial distribution of limestone in proportions of 3.6, 7.2, 11.0, and 14.4 t ha-1, as well as distribution of phosphorus in the form of triple superphosphate in proportions of 35, 70, 105, and 140 kg of P2O5 ha-1. In addition, cool-season species were overseeded. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with subdivided plots and three replications. Limestone was applied to the main parcel, whereas phosphorus was applied to the subplots. There was no interaction between the levels of limestone and phosphorus. The application of 11.0 t ha-1 of limestone yielded the highest forage production, with 3,932.2 kg of dry matter (DM) ha-1 during the second year. Red clover was the species that best reacted to the additions, with levels of 7.2 and 11.0 t ha-1 over the 4 years. In addition, phosphorus provoked a positive response throughout the experiment. The highest forage production was observed during the second year, with an addition of 140 kg P2O5 ha-1 (4,419.4 kg DM ha-1). Only one-eighth of the recommended amount of limestone (3.6 t ha-1) allowed for the establishment and persistence of the legumes introduced into natural pastures. These additions, associated with increasing levels of phosphorus, yielded linear growth in the production of forage in natural pastures with a mixture of species dominated by Schizachyrium tenerum Nees.

Long-term effects of feeding diets without mineral phosphorus supplementation on the performance and phosphorus excretion in high-yielding dairy cows

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. Odongo ◽  
D. McKnight ◽  
A. KoekKoek ◽  
J. W. Fisher ◽  
P. Sharpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Mineral Phosphorus ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Randomized Design

The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effects of feeding a diet with no mineral phosphorus (P) supplementation on performance and P excretion in high-yielding dairy cows. In exp. 1, 24 primiparous (PP) and 40 multiparous (MP) Holstein cows were allocated to one of two treatments at calving: (1) regular corn silage and alfalfa haylage based milking cow total mixed ration (TMR; 0.42% P diet) or (2) milking cow total mixed ration (TMR) without supplemental mineral P (0.35% P diet) in a completely randomized design. The trial lasted until after two lactations were completed or the cow was culled. In exp. 2, eight MP Holstein cows (108 ± 8.0 d in milk) were used to determine P digestibility and retention in a completely randomized block design. In exp. 1, the 0.35% P diet cows had lower body weight, body condition score and milk urea nitrogen and higher faecal P than the 0.42% P cows. The dry matter intake (DMI) of PP cows on the 0.35% P diet was lower than that of PP cows on the 0.42% P diet. There was no difference in the DMI of MP cows. The P intake of 0.35% P diet PP cows was 30% lower than that of 0.42% P diet PP cows. The P intake of 0.35% P diet MP cows was 20% lower than that of 0.42% P diet MP. The digestibility coefficient of P for the 0.35% P diet was higher than that for the 0.42% P diet. These results suggest that the forages used in the present study contained adequate amounts of P to sustain milk production in high-yielding MP cows. However, for PP cows some mineral P supplementation is recommended especially during early lactation. Key words: Phosphorus, environmental pollution, intensive dairy operations

scholarly journals Influences of two CO2 concentrations and water availability on bean crop

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
João B. L. da Silva ◽  
Paulo A. Ferreira ◽  
Luanna C. Pires ◽  
Eduardo G. Pereira ◽  
José E. S. Carneiro
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Bean Crop

This study was carried out to determine some physiological and phenological responses of the bean under high [CO2] and drought stress. The experiment was conducted from April to July 2009 in Viçosa, Brazil. The open-top chambers were used to enrich the air with CO2, whereas the drought stress was applied between the flowering and the ripening. The randomized block design was used, with four replicates in the subplots. The following plots were [CO2] at 700ppm (F1) and [CO2] environmental (F2) and the subplots were well watering (S1) and drought stress (S2). The results were subjected to Anova and the Tukey test (P < 0.05). For the treatments F1S1 and F1S2 the photosynthetic rate showed increments of 59% and the transpiration reduction of 12%. The yield, leaf temperature and stomatal conductance were not significant different to high [CO2], different from the dry matter, who showed increment of 20% (F1S1) and the water use efficiency who showed increase of 90% for high [CO2]. The osmotic potential was lower in plants under drought stress (F2S2 and F1S2), followed by plants under high [CO2] (F1S1). Despite the increment in photosynthesis, high [CO2] does not guarantee higher yield.

scholarly journals Effect of Sclerotium Density and Irrigation on Disease Incidence and on Efficacy of Coniothyrium minitans in Suppressing Lettuce Drop Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 1118-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Chitrampalam ◽  
T. A. Turini ◽  
M. E. Matheron ◽  
B. M. Pryor
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Romaine Lettuce ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Lettuce Drop ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
Leaf Lettuce

Field experiments were conducted over 2 years in Yuma, AZ, and Holtville, CA, to establish the relationship between soil sclerotium density of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and the incidence of lettuce drop on different lettuce (Lactuca sativa) types under different irrigation systems, and to determine the efficacy of the biocontrol agent Coniothyrium minitans (Contans) against S. sclerotiorum on crisphead lettuce at varied sclerotium densities under different irrigation systems. There was no significant interaction of irrigation (overhead sprinkler versus furrow) with either sclerotium density or with biocontrol treatment. Lettuce drop incidence was lowest in romaine lettuce compared with crisphead or leaf lettuce at all soil sclerotium densities. There was a significant positive correlation between the sclerotial density and the percent disease incidence. Disease incidence in plots infested with 2 sclerotia/m2 of bed was not significantly higher than in control plots regardless of lettuce type. However, plots infested with 40 or 100 sclerotia/m2 of bed revealed a significantly higher disease incidence over the control in all lettuce types. A single application of Contans at planting significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop in all lettuce types even under high disease pressure. There were no significant differences between recommended (2.2 kg/ha) and high (4.4 kg/ha) application rates of Contans or between one or two applications of the product.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF PLANT EXTRACTS AND FUNGICIDES FOR MANAGING FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. SPLYCOPERSICI

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gul B. Poussio ◽  
Manzoor A. Abro ◽  
Jamal U. D. Hajano ◽  
Muhammad I. Khaskheli ◽  
Khalid I. Rajput ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Sindh Province ◽  
Causal Fungus

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a highly destructive fungal pathogen of tomato crop causing wilt disease which may reduce 10 to 90% yield. In Pakistan, tomato is widely grown in Sindh province, major territories are district Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Mirpurkhas. Thus, surveys of these territories were conducted to record intensity of the disease and confirm etiology. Furthermore, potential of different botanical pesticides and commercially available fungicides were tested to inhibit mycelial growth of the causal fungus. The experiment was laid down with complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the disease was occurring in all locations with the range of 8-47 % incidence. F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici was predominantly isolated from the collected disease sample during survey and pathogenic nature of the fungus was tested on the tomato Golo variety through soil drenching method. The disease incidence of 30 and 42 % (72 % as total) was recorded in inoculated tomato plants at 20 and 40 DAI, respectively. Maximum (67 %) inhibition of the fungal growth was found by neem seed extracts at higher dose of 8 % concentration followed by 63 % with neem seeds and Eucalyptus at 6 and 8 %, respectively. Alternatively, the Nativo 75 WG fungicide was found most effective in reducing the redial mycelial growth of target fungus followed by Topsin-M at 1000 ppm where as Aliette and Melodedue fungicides were found least effective under in-vitro conditions.

scholarly journals Mould Characterization and Mycotoxin Quantification of Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) Grown in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Veronicah Njeri ◽  
Monica Mburu ◽  
Kipkorir Koskei
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Handling Methods ◽  
Salvia Hispanica L

Chia seeds are functional food that have been considered highly nutritious. They have high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid content therefore counteract lifestyle disorder such as cardiovascular diseases. This study sought to determine the level of mould contamination in chia seeds; enumeration and characterization of the types of molds and quantification of mycotoxin level, for chia seeds grown and sold in Kenya. A complete randomized block design with triplicates was used in the study. Samples were collected at random from farmers and distributors in Nyeri, Nakuru, Busia and Trans Nzoia counties. Moulds species were isolated from PDA and MEA Medias and morphological characteristics was determined under X 40 magnification power. Mould counts were found to be between 1.33 X 103cfu/ml to 2.67 X 103cfu/ml. Mould characterization done by microscopic and macroscopic technique showed evidence of Rhizopus spp, Trichoderma spp and Fusarium spp. Amongst the three genera found, Rhizopus spp was the predominantly occurring mould. The percentage moisture content of chia seeds samples ranged from 6.49&plusmn;1.26 and 9.16&plusmn;0.43. Significant variations on moisture content (p&lt; 0.05) were observed among chia samples from different farmers. Aflatoxin was not detected in all chia samples. It can therefore be concluded that the chia samples were not contaminated with aflatoxin although different species of mold were present. Farmers need to be trained on proper postharvest handling methods of chia seeds, as well as proper storage and an objective method of analyzing the moisture content of the chia seeds need to be developed.

scholarly journals Eco-friendly management of major diseases in jute (Corchorus olitorius L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. N. Meena ◽  
A. Roy ◽  
B. S. Gotyal ◽  
S. Mitra ◽  
S. Satpathy
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Corchorus Olitorius ◽  
Farm Yard Manure ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Fibre Yield ◽  
Cent Disease

Field experiment was conducted for disease management with seven eco-friendly treatments in Corchorus olitorius jute during 2012-2013 under randomized block design (RBD) in three replications with variety JRO-524. The ecofriendly treatment 50% N: P: K + seed treatments with Azotobacter and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) @ 5g/Kg+ Trichoderma viride (seed treatment @ 5g/Kg of seed and soil application @ 2Kg/ha at 21DAS) + Psuedomonas fluorescens spray @ 0.2% at 45DAS was found superior with minimum per cent disease incidence (3.46 and 1.43%) as compared to control (13.17 and 4.96%). The second best treatment was found with Farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5t/ha + seed treatment with Azotobecter and PSB @ 5g/Kg+ T. viride (seed treatment @ 5g/Kg of seed and soil application @ 2Kg/ha 21DAS)+ P. fluorescencs spray @ 0.2% at 45DAS and showed 3.61 and 2.0% disease incidence. The treatment with N: P: K @ 60:30:30 and seed treatment with carbendazim 50WP @ 2g/Kg at 45DAS showed 4.56 and 2.10 % disease incidence. Dry fibre yield was highest (30.33q/ha) in the plots treated with FYM @ 5t/ha + seed treatment with Azotobacter and PSB @ 5g/Kg+ T. viride (seed treatment @ 5g/Kg of seed and soil application @ 2Kg/ha at 21DAS) + P. fluorescencs spray @ 0.2% at 45DAS) and it was lowest in untreated control (15.69 q/ha).Variation in yield was attributed due to difference in plant height.

scholarly journals Use of plant extracts from healthy soybean and potato plants for treatments of plants of the same species

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e225101220351
Author(s):  
Andre May ◽  
Luciana Fontes Coelho ◽  
Evandro Henrique Figueiredo Moura da Silva ◽  
Nilson Aparecido Vieira Junior ◽  
Ronaldo da Silva Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Farmer Management ◽  
Tuber Defects ◽  
Absolute Control

The present study proposes to evaluate extracts from shoots of healthy soybean and potato plants for the treatment of plants of the same species cultivated subsequently. Two experiments were thus conducted separately after the soybean and potato inoculum production phases. For soybean, the experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with five treatments and four replications, in which the following treatments were tested: 1. absolute control without inoculum or pesticides; 2. farmer management with pesticides, without inoculum; 3. use of inoculum, without insecticides; 4. use of inoculum, without fungicides; and 5. use of inoculum, without pesticides. In the soybean crop, the tested inoculum improved plant development and, increased the potassium content of the plant tissue as well as yield. For the potato crop, a randomized-block statistical design was adopted with two treatments and ten replications, using varieties Ágata and Atlantic. The following treatments were tested: 1. absolute control without inoculum, with pesticides; and 2. use of inoculum (foliar spraying), with pesticides. With the use of inoculum, varieties Ágata and Atlantic showed distinct responses regarding disease incidence and yield. Late blight was the disease that most affected both varieties, but only Atlantic showed a reduction in its incidence when the inoculum was applied. Variety Atlantic also exhibited an increase in the most valued commercial calibers, besides an increase in yield, with the use of the tested inoculum. Cultivar Ágata showed a marked reduction in tuber defects with the use of the inoculum on the plants.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF Trichoderma spp. AND LIGNOHUMATE TO SUPPRESS A PATHOGEN OF CLUBROOT (Plasmodiophora brassicae WOR.) AND PROMOTE PLANT GROWTH OF CABBAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
I Ketut Suada ◽  
Anak Agung Ngurah Gede Suwastika ◽  
I Kadek Ngestika Pradnyana ◽  
Nataliya Shchegolkova ◽  
Rodion Poloskin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Population Number ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Root Dry Weight

The high economic value of cabbage crop leads farmers to make various efforts to suppress the pathogen of club root which is detrimental to plants. Efforts that need to be put forward must be environmentally safe. One way that is environmentally friendly is to control a pathogen biologically using antagonistic microbes. Therefore, the use of microbes such as Trichoderma which has been widely studied is important because it was able to suppress clubroot incidence and stimulate plant growth as well. Meanwhile, the need for plant nutrients to maximize plant growth requires an input of organic materials such as lignohumate which preserve soil nutrients, improve soil structure and increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The previous study on this scheme found an effective indigenous Trichoderma to suppress clubroot, therefore it is used in the current study. The objective of this study was to find out a combination treatment of Trichoderma and lignohumate which can suppress clubroot and increase plant growth. This experiment used a Randomized Block Design with 2 factors and 3 replications. Trichoderma concentration consisted of 3 levels, namely 0 spores (control), 1x106 spores. 2x106 spores, and 3x106 spores per plant which were suspended in 150 ml of water. The lignohumate treatments were 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2%. The results showed that lignohumate treatment was interact with Trichoderma population number on disease incidence, total clubroot, root dry weight, but not to canopy dry weight. The most suitable combination of treatments was the Trichoderma population of 3x106 spores (15 g) in combination to lignohumate of 0.5%.  This combination resulted in the lowest disease incidence, the lowest total clubroot, root dry weight, and the highest canopy dry weight. The higher the lignohumate concentration up to 0.5%, the higher the number of microbes (fungi and bacteria) growth, howeverit decreased above the concentration of 0.5%.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document