scholarly journals Comparative preparedness in New Zealand and the Philippines for response to, and recovery from, volcanic eruptions

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-476
Author(s):  
V. Manville ◽  
D. Johnston ◽  
S. Stammers ◽  
B. Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Large Island ◽  
Response Systems

New Zealand and the Philippines are two of the most tectonically and volcanically active regions in the world, due to their setting as large island chains on the convergent margin of the Pacific Plate. The Philippines has experienced numerous volcanic disasters over the past 400 years with the loss of over 7000 lives and considerable damage to infrastructure. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, after 500 years of dormancy, was the largest volcanic eruption globally in the last 50 years, with serious socio-economic consequences for the Philippines. The 1995-6 eruptions of New Zealand's Mount Ruapehu, were the most serious volcanic activity experienced in the country over the last 50 years, but occurred at a frequently active volcano for which monitoring, hazard assessment, and response systems were already in place. Although the eruptions differ in size by two orders of magnitude, they illustrate how volcanic activity impacts infrastructure and society at different levels of economic development and vulnerability. Two of New Zealand's volcanic centres, Taupo and Okataina, have the potential to generate eruptions of a similar, or even greater, scale than Pinatubo. Therefore, lessons learnt from the Philippine experience will be of vital importance in planning for the mitigation of future volcanic disasters in New Zealand.

Southeast Asian Defense Treaty

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-613
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Southwest Pacific ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Collective Defense

On September 8, 1954, representatives of the United States, United Kingdom, France, the Philippines, Thailand, Pakistan, Australia and New Zealand signed the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, a protocol designating the areas to which the treaty was to apply, and the Pacific Charter, a declaration setting forth the aims of the eight countries in southeast Asia and the southwest Pacific. Negotiations leading up to the actual signature of the treaty had been underway throughout the summer of 1954 and had culminated in an eight-power conference in Manila which opened on September 6.

Anzus Pacific Security Pact

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-400
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Government ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
Relationship Of

The ANZUS Council held its second meeting in Washington, D.C., on September 9 and 10, 1953. While the first meeting of the Council had been devoted largely to organizational matters, the second meeting provided an opportunity for the foreign ministers of Australia, New Zealand and the United States to review the developments of the past year and to discuss common problems in the Pacific area. Prior to the opening of the meeting, there had been speculation in the press about the possibility of providing some form of associate membership in ANZUS for other countries — particularly the United Kingdom – and other international organizations. The United Kingdom was reportedly dissatisfied with its exclusion from the organization; Prime Minister Churchill had been quoted as telling the House of Commons on June 17 that he “did not like the Anzus Pact at all” and that he hoped that “perhaps larger and wider arrangements could be made which would be more satisfactory than those now in force”. According to the communique issued at the close of the meeting, however, the ministers “unanimously concluded … that to attempt to enlarge its membership would not contribute directly and materially” to the strengthening and defense of the ANZUS area. The communique pointed out that ANZUS was one of a number of arrangements for the furtherance of the security of the nations of the area; specifically the communique mentioned the mutual security pacts between the United States and the Philippines and Japan, United States defense understandings with the government of China on Formosa and the relationship of Australia and New Zealand with the other Commonwealth nations. Together, the communique noted, these arrangements ‘constitute … a solemn warning to any potential aggressor and represent the growing foundation for lasting peace in the Pacific”.

Revision of the genusMegasyllis(Annelida, Syllidae) with descriptions of four new species

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo San Martín ◽  
María Teresa Aguado ◽  
Patricia Álvarez-Campos
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
Marquesas Islands ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
San Martín

The genusMegasyllisis herein reorganized excluding the size from the diagnosis, since it is not a characteristic of all the species of the genus. We provide here a taxonomic account of all known species and a key to species identification. Seven species are new combinations, and re-descriptions of the four latter are included:Megasyllis nipponica(Imajima, 1966) andM. multiannulata(Aguado, San Martín & Nishi, 2008) from Japan;Megasyllis procera(Hartman, 1965) from the Atlantic;Megasyllis pseudoheterosetosa(Böggemann & Westheide, 2004) from the Indian Ocean.Megasyllis glandulosa(Augener, 1913), from Australia;Megasyllis marquesensis(Monro, 1939) from the Marquesas Islands, Micronesia andMegasyllis subantennata(Hartmann-Schröder, 1984) from Australia. Four new species from the Pacific Ocean namelyMegasyllis tigrinasp. nov.,Megasyllis mariandreworumsp. nov. (both from Australia),Megasyllis chrissyaesp. nov. (from the Philippines) andMegasyllis eduardoisp. nov. (from New Zealand) are described.

scholarly journals Spatial Disaster Risk Assesment of Kelud Eruption, Indonesia, using Fuzzy

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Titis Octary Satrio ◽  
Arna Fariza ◽  
Mu'arifin Mu'arifin
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Fuzzy Methods ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Prone Area ◽  
The Face ◽  
Active Volcanoes

Indonesia is one of the countries included in the area of the Ring of Fire or the Ring of the Pacific. This fact can be seen that in Indonesia there are 129 active volcanoes and 10 of them are the most active volcanoes. Mount Kelud is the most active volcano in the province of East Java, Indonesia. This mountain is recorded as actively erupting with a relatively short span of time (9-25 years), making it a volcano that is dangerous for humans. Readiness of citizens is very necessary as an effort to prevent and anticipate the eruption of Mount Kelud in the future. Disaster risk level assessments are needed to provide information for citizen and government preparedness in the face of volcanic eruptions. In this paper a new approach is proposed to assess the level of disaster risk of Kelud eruption using Fuzzy methods in each village in the disaster-prone area (KRB). Fuzzy methods classify disaster risk levels based on criteria of hazards, vulnerabilities and index of capacities. The level of disaster risk is divided into low, medium, and high which are spatially mapped. The result of calculations and spatial visualization show that the approach used produces a level of disaster risk that is fairer than only based on hazard.

Health Impacts of Volcanic Activity in Oceania

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 574-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Cuthbertson ◽  
Carol Stewart ◽  
Alison Lyon ◽  
Penelope Burns ◽  
Thompson Telepo
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Pyroclastic Flows ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

AbstractVolcanoes cause a wide range of hazardous phenomena. Close to volcanic vents, hazards can be highly dangerous and destructive and include pyroclastic flows and surges, ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars, thick ashfalls, and gas and aerosol emissions. Direct health impacts include trauma, burns, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. Far-reaching volcanic hazards include volcanic ashfalls, gas and aerosol dispersion, and lahars. Within Oceania, the island arc countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tonga, and New Zealand are the most at-risk from volcanic activity. Since 1500ad, approximately 10,000 lives have been lost due to volcanic activity across Oceania, with 39 lives lost since 2000. While volcano monitoring and surveillance save lives, residual risks remain from small, sudden, unheralded eruptions, such as the December 9, 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand which has a death toll of 21 at the time of writing. Widespread volcanic ashfalls can affect the habitability of downwind communities by contaminating water supplies, damaging crops and buildings, and degrading indoor and outdoor air quality, as well as disrupting transport and communication networks and access to health services. While the fatality rate due to volcanic eruptions may be low, far greater numbers of people may be affected by volcanic activity with approximately 100,000 people in PNG and Vanuatu displaced since 2000. It is challenging to manage health impacts for displaced people, particularly in low-income countries where events such as eruptions occur against a background of low, variable vaccination rates, high prevalence of infectious diseases, poor sanitation infrastructure, and poor nutritional status. As a case study, the 2017-2018 eruption of Ambae volcano, Vanuatu caused no casualties but triggered two separate mandatory off-island evacuations of the entire population of approximately 11,700 people. On the neighboring island of Santo, a health disaster response was coordinated by local government and provided acute care when evacuees arrived. Involving primary care clinicians in this setting enhanced local capacity for health care provision and allowed for an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on evacuee communities.

IDC events related to volcanic activity at Kamchatka Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Bittner ◽  
Jane Gore ◽  
David Applbaum ◽  
Aaron Jimenez ◽  
Marcela Villarroel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Seismic Station ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Kamchatka Peninsula ◽  
Nuclear Test ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Response Team ◽  
Ctbt Verification ◽  
Test Ban

<p>International Monitoring System (IMS) is designed to detect and locate nuclear test explosions as part of Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) verification regime. This network can be also used for civil applications, such as the remote monitoring of volcanic activity.</p><p>Events related to volcanic eruptions, which are listed in the International Data Centre (IDC) bulletins, are typically detected by infrasound stations of the IMS network. Infrasound station IS44 and primary seismic station PS36 are situated in Kamchatka, Russian Federation, in the vicinity of several active volcanoes. These two stations recorded seismo-acoustic events generated by volcanic eruptions. In addition to atmospheric events, the IMS network has the potential of detecting underwater volcanic activity. Under favourable conditions, the hydroacoustic stations located in the Pacific Ocean and PS36 may detect underwater events close to the shore of Kamchatka Peninsula.</p><p>The aim of this presentation is to show examples of volcanic eruptions at Kamchatka Peninsula recorded by the IMS network. Supplementary information obtained by other observing networks can be found in reports issued by Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) or Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC). Such information can be compared with events listed in IDC bulletins.</p>

Part IV. The effects of the eruption of 1961 on the vegetation of Tristan da Cunha

1965 ◽  
Vol 249 (759) ◽  
pp. 403-424 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Pyroclastic Material ◽  
Tristan Da Cunha

Volcanic eruptions affect vegetation in various ways according to the nature and quantity of the material ejected. Lava, pyroclastics and gases all cause damage in different degrees, varying with the type of eruption. Lacroix (1908) recognized four types of volcanic activity, viz. Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian and Pelean. The Hawaiian type is characterized by the production of a great deal of lava but little pyroclastic material. At the other extreme, the Pelean type produces great explosions with copious pyroclastics but little lava. In Hawaii, the damage to the vegetation caused by eruptions is due largely to burial by the lava flows (MacCaughey 1917; Skottsberg 1941; Britten 1956). However, in volcanic areas such as the Lesser Antilles, Papua and the Philippines, where there have been paroxysmal eruptions, damage resulted principally from the force and heat of the blast and the great quantities of pyroclastics thrown out (Anderson & Flett 1902; Anderson 1908; Taylor 1958; Brown, Merrill & Yates 1917).

Charles Francis Adams: diary of a young American taxidermist visiting New Zealand, 1884–1887

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Gill
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Set Up ◽  
White Island

In December 1884 Charles Francis Adams (1857–1893) left Illinois, USA, by train for San Francisco and crossed the Pacific by ship to work as taxidermist at Auckland Museum, New Zealand, until February 1887. He then went to Borneo via several New Zealand ports, Melbourne and Batavia (Jakarta). This paper concerns a diary by Adams that gives a daily account of his trip to Auckland and the first six months of his employment (from January to July 1885). In this period Adams set up a workshop and diligently prepared specimens (at least 124 birds, fish, reptiles and marine invertebrates). The diary continues with three reports of trips Adams made from Auckland to Cuvier Island (November 1886), Karewa Island (December 1886) and White Island (date not stated), which are important early descriptive accounts of these small offshore islands. Events after leaving Auckland are covered discontinuously and the diary ends with part of the ship's passage through the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), apparently in April 1887. Adams's diary is important in giving a detailed account of a taxidermist's working life, and in helping to document the early years of Auckland Museum's occupation of the Princes Street building.

Cytisine as an alternative smoking cessation product for Pacific smokers in New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Vili Nosa ◽  
Kotalo Leau ◽  
Natalie Walker
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Partial Agonist ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Pacific People ◽  
The Pacific

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pacific people in New Zealand have one of the highest rates of smoking.  Cytisine is a plant-based alkaloid that has proven efficacy, effectiveness and safety compared to a placebo and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation.  Cytisine, like varenicline, is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and blocks the rewarding effects of nicotine. Cytisine is naturally found in some plants in the Pacific region, and so may appeal to Pacific smokers wanting to quit. This paper investigates the acceptability of cytisine as a smoking cessation product for Pacific smokers in New Zealand, using a qualitative study design. Methods: In December 2015, advertisements and snowball sampling was used to recruit four Pacific smokers and three Pacific smoking cessation specialists in Auckland, New Zealand. Semi-structured interviews where undertaken, whereby participants were asked about motivations to quit and their views on smoking cessation products, including cytisine (which is currently unavailable in New Zealand). Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, with thematic analysis conducted manually. Findings: Pacific smokers reported wanting to quit for loved ones and family, but did not find currently available smoking cessation products effective. Almost all participants had not previously heard of cytisine, but many of the Pacific smokers were keen to try it. Participants identified with cytisine on a cultural basis (given its natural status), but noted that their use would be determined by the efficacy of the medicine, its cost, side-effects, and accessibility. They were particularly interested in cytisine being made available in liquid form, which could be added to a “smoothie” or drunk as a “traditional tea”.  Participants thought cytisine should be promoted in a culturally-appropriate way, with packaging and advertising designed to appeal to Pacific smokers. Conclusions: Cytisine is more acceptable to Pacific smokers than other smoking cessation products, because of their cultural practices of traditional medicine and the natural product status of cytisine.

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