Interference in the context of literary languages (Based on the history of the Bulgarian literary language up to the end of the 14th century)

Proglas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Obretenova ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Objective Study

The article examines the interaction and alternation of different manifestations of interference depending on the type of language policy of the state, as well as their role in the process of forming and developing literary languages. The author concludes that this is a mandatory step for the objective study of the histories of national literary languages and a potential contribution to the theory of literary languages.

THE LANGUAGE POLICY IN TURKIC STATES AND COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Elchin Ibrahimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
First Order ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.

scholarly journals beginnings of the Teutonic state in the light of the latest studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Wiewióra
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
North Central ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Questions

In 2016–2018, non-invasive and archaeological research was carried out in historical Chełmno Land in north-central Poland as part of the ‘Castra Terrae Culmensis, at the edges of the Christian world’ (project ‘Castra Terrae Culmensis – na rubieży chrześcijańskiego świata’), whose main aim was to clarify key questions regarding the beginnings of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia. Discoveries included the remains of a previously unrecognised stronghold founded in the 1230s and a castle in Unisław that was the residence of the Teutonic commandry beginning in the 1280s. After a search of lasting more than 100 years, the relics of Chełmno, the oldest Teutonic city after Toruń, were also discovered. The article presents the resultsof geophysical, archaeological and geomatic analyses that confirm historical records in the 14th-century Teutonic Chronicle and helped to reconstruct the history of the oldest Teutonic earth-and-timber strongholds and cities chartered under Chełmno law stood.

scholarly journals SPELLING NORM AS SACRED PHENOMENON

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13
Author(s):  
A.D. Vasilyev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Language

Statement of the problem. The norm is an extremely important category that serves to regulate the diverse activities of society. With the help of ideas about the norm, an axiological scale is formed. Depending on the fundamental circumstances this scale is subject to remarking: the sacred and the profane change places. This also applies to issues of language policy, most clearly found in the field of spelling. It is in establishing uniform rules of spelling and punctuation that the state manifests its will in the most visible way. The purpose of the article is sociolinguistic analysis of spelling reforms and their results. Research methodology. Sociolinguistic analysis involves the analysis of language phenomena on the basis of the stated concept in specific historical and social conditions, as well as taking into account social, psychological, and linguistic characteristics of the audience to which they are aimed. The results of the study. The history of the Russian language knows cases of radical spelling reforms. However, the most famous of them (1917), when spelling was drastically simplified to facilitate its mastering by people at large, entailed very negative psychosocial ramifications, in effect, a sharply contemptuous disregard of rules. The most recent example of the project for the Russian spelling reform in the 21 st century was developed in 2007, but did not receive official approval. Conclusions. Russian should be strictly regulated in accordance with the existing rules of the Russian written language, based on the sacred status of the Russian language as one of the key symbols of the state. It is also advisable to regularly publish constantly updated spelling dictionaries after their mandatory official approval.

scholarly journals role of extralinguistic factors in interlingual relations and theoretical issues of interference

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Kamala Avadir Jafarova
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sociocultural Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Times ◽  
Globalized World ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Official Status

The article is devoted to the theoretical issues of interference that arise from interlingual relations. As interlingual relations are becoming more prominent in the sociocultural context of the modern globalized world, research on this topic is particularly relevant. This type of research is also relevant because it reflects not only the linguistic point of view, but also many aspects of sociolinguistics. The linguistic, and sociolinguistic interpretation of issues such as interference, bilingualism and diglossia in the research conducted in the framework of the article determines the scientific novelty of the research. The problems of bilingualism and diglossia are of particular importance in modern linguistics. The history of bilingualism goes back to early times of language policy but cannot be traced back to the pre-state period. In fact, language policy and the establishment of the state is crucial for the development of bilingualism as it arises first after the establishment of the state and a single language. In these pre-historical times, we can see it as the language of only one of the tribes received official status, and the remaining tribes being forced to learn the dominant language. Other high-ranking tribes became bilingual by learning the language of the ruling tribe.

scholarly journals role of extralinguistic factors in interlingual relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamala Avadir Jafarova
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Special Form ◽  
The State ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
History Of ◽  
Official Status

The article is devoted to the role of bilingualism in language relations. The problems of bilingualism and diglossia are of particular importance in modern linguistics. This process is a special form of interlingual communication. The history of bilingualism goes back to earlier times than language policy. The history of bilingualism cannot be traced back to the pre-state period. Language policy is also crucial for the development of bilingualism. This fact is connected with the establishment of the state. Bilingualism came after the establishment of the state and a single language. The language of only one of the tribes received official status, and the remaining tribes were forced to learn the dominant language. Other high-ranking tribes became bilingual by learning the language of the ruling tribe.

scholarly journals William de la Pole: the Story of the Fall and Success of “Favorite Merchant” of Edward III

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-503
Author(s):  
Olga V. Yablonskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Political History ◽  
The State ◽  
Hundred Years War ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Edward Iii ◽  
History Of

The article is dedicated to William de la Pole, an English financier and merchant of the 14th century. The results of the analysis of narrative, documentary sources, as well as modern scientific literature are presented. Activities of W. de la Pole is shown against the background of the socio-economic and political history of England. The characteristic of the early activities of the merchant, his role as a Royal financier and participation and participation in solving the financial and economic problems of the state during the Hundred Years’ War is given. The trials of William de la Pole 1340–1344, 1353–1354 are considered. Conclusions about the role of merchants in the economy and politics of the country of the XIV century are made.

Breton Road Signs

2018 ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Mowbray
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
International Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Language Identity ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

This chapter focuses on the image of bilingual (Breton and French) road signs in Brittany, France. The issue of language policy in Brittany was the subject of several cases brought before the UN Human Rights Committee in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This chapter explores these cases and the way in which they influenced the debate around bilingual road signs in Brittany. It considers what the history of these road signs tells us about international law and its engagement with issues of language, identity, and the politics of ‘the state’, and argues that this story reveals both the legal limits of international law and, paradoxically, the broad reach of its influence as a discourse.

Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries

Antiquity ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (200) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Beatrice De Cardi
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
The State ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.

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