scholarly journals Proses Pencokelatan Jaringan Adiposa

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Afifa Radhina
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Uncoupling Protein 1 ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
White Fat

Obesity is a common, serious, and detrimental condition. In 2014, more than 1.9 billion adults were overweight. Obesity is associated with many diseases and the increase in obesity has become a major health problem. Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and energy consumption. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes many hormones and cytokines that can affect metabolism. There are two types of adipose tissue in the body with different functions, namely white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. White fat has a major function in storing energy and is increased in obesity, while brown fat produces heat (thermogenesis) and then increases energy consumption. Therefore, brown fat and the induction of brown fat-like properties in white fat, have been considered as targets in the fight against obesity. The complex process of cell differentiation leading to the appearance of active brown adipocytes has been identified. There are classic brown adipocytes and cream adipocytes. Beige adipocytes are brown adipocytes that appear on precursor cells of white adipose tissue due to stimuli. Brown adipocytes are equipped with mitochondria containing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which, when activated, controls ATP synthesis and stimulates respiratory chain activity. The browning process of adipose tissue is controlled by factors such as exercise. Obesitas merupakan keadaan yang umum, serius, dan merugikan. Tahun 2014, lebih dari 1,9 milyar orang dewasa mengalami kelebihan berat badan. Obesitas berasosiasi dengan banyak penyakit dan peningkatan obesitas telah menjadi masalah kesehatan utama. Obesitas disebabkan oleh ketidakseimbangan antara energi yang masuk dan konsumsi energi. Jaringan adiposa dalam tubuh ada dua tipe yang fungsinya berbeda, yakni jaringan adiposa putih dan jaringan adiposa cokelat. Lemak putih berfungsi utama dalam menyimpan energi dan meningkat pada obesitas, sedangkan lemak cokelat menghasilkan panas (termogenesis) dan kemudian meningkatkan konsumsi energi. Oleh karena itu, lemak cokelat dan induksi sifat seperti lemak cokelat pada lemak putih, telah dipertimbangkan sebagai target dalam melawan obesitas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pencoklatan jaringan adiposa putih. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelusuran ilmiah. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa adiposit krem merupakan adiposit cokelat yang muncul pada sel prekursor dari jaringan adiposa putih karena adanya stimuli. Adiposit krem sama seperti adiposit cokelat dilengkapi dengan mitokondria yang mengandung uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), yang ketika teraktivasi akan mengendalikan sintesis ATP dan menstimulasi aktivitas rantai respirasi. Beberapa regulator seperti PPAR γ, PGC-1α, dan PRDM16 muncul sebagai pelaku utama dalam proses diferensiasi adiposit krem.

scholarly journals RIP140 Represses the “Brown-in-White” Adipocyte Program Including a Futile Cycle of Triacyclglycerol Breakdown and Synthesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Kiskinis ◽  
Lemonia Chatzeli ◽  
Edward Curry ◽  
Myrsini Kaforou ◽  
Andrea Frontini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Uncoupling Protein 1 ◽  
Futile Cycle ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
White Adipocyte

Abstract Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is a corepressor of nuclear receptors that is highly expressed in adipose tissues. We investigated the role of RIP140 in conditionally immortal preadipocyte cell lines prepared from white or brown fat depots. In white adipocytes, a large set of brown fat-associated genes was up-regulated in the absence of RIP140. In contrast, a relatively minor role can be ascribed to RIP140 in the control of basal gene expression in differentiated brown adipocytes because significant changes were observed only in Ptgds and Fabp3. The minor role of RIP140 in brown adipocytes correlates with the similar histology and uncoupling protein 1 and CIDEA staining in knockout compared with wild-type brown adipose tissue (BAT). In contrast, RIP140 knockout sc white adipose tissue (WAT) shows increased numbers of multilocular adipocytes with elevated staining for uncoupling protein 1 and CIDEA. Furthermore in a white adipocyte cell line, the markers of BRITE adipocytes, Tbx1, CD137, Tmem26, Cited1, and Epsti1 were repressed in the presence of RIP140 as was Prdm16. Microarray analysis of wild-type and RIP140-knockout white fat revealed elevated expression of genes associated with cold-induced expression or high expression in BAT. A set of genes associated with a futile cycle of triacylglycerol breakdown and resynthesis and functional assays revealed that glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity as well as [3H]glycerol incorporation were elevated in the absence of RIP140. Thus, RIP140 blocks the BRITE program in WAT, preventing the expression of brown fat genes and inhibiting a triacylglycerol futile cycle, with important implications for energy homeostasis.

scholarly journals D-Mannitol Induces a Brown Fat-like Phenotype via a β3-Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Mechanism

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 768
Author(s):  
Hui-Jeon Jeon ◽  
Dong Kyu Choi ◽  
JaeHeon Choi ◽  
Seul Lee ◽  
Heejin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
White Adipocytes

The presence of brown adipocytes within white adipose tissue is associated with phenotypes that exhibit improved metabolism and proper body weight maintenance. Therefore, a variety of dietary agents that facilitate the browning of white adipocytes have been investigated. In this study, we screened a natural product library comprising 133 compounds with the potential to promote the browning of white adipocytes, and found that D-mannitol induces the browning of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by enhancing the expression of brown fat-specific genes and proteins, and upregulating lipid metabolism markers. D-mannitol also increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC), suggesting a possible role in lipolysis and fat oxidation. Moreover, an increase in the expression of genes associated with D-mannitol-induced browning was strongly correlated with the activation of the β3-adrenergic receptor as well as AMPK, protein kinase A (PKA), and PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α). D-mannitol effectively reduced the body weight of mice fed a high-fat diet, and increased the expression of β1-oxidation and energy expenditure markers, such as Cidea, carnitine palmityl transferase 1 (CPT1), uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PGC1α, and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase (ACOX1) in the inguinal white adipose tissue. Our findings suggest that D-mannitol plays a dual regulatory role by inducing the generation of a brown fat-like phenotype and enhancing lipid metabolism. These results indicate that D-mannitol can function as an anti-obesity supplement.

Alterations in lipid metabolism and thermogenesis with emergence of brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue in diet-induced obesity-resistant Lou/C rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (6) ◽  
pp. E1146-E1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Veyrat-Durebex ◽  
Anne-Laure Poher ◽  
Aurélie Caillon ◽  
Xavier Montet ◽  
Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Uncoupling Protein 1 ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity

Recent studies describe the Lou/C rat as a model of resistance to age- and diet-induced obesity and suggest a preferential channeling of nutrients toward utilization rather than storage under standard feeding conditions. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate lipid metabolism of Lou/C and Wistar rats under a high-fat (HF) diet. Four-month-old male Lou/C and Wistar animals were submitted to a 40% HF diet for 5–9 wk. Evolution of food intake, body weight, and body composition, hormonal parameters, and expression of key transcription factors and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism were determined. Wistar rats developed obesity after 5 wk of HF diet, as previously described. Among the various parameters measured, accumulation of intraperitoneal fat was particularly evident in HF-fed Wistar rats. In these animals, thermogenesis was, however, stimulated as a likely compensatory mechanism against the development of obesity. On the contrary, Lou/C animals failed to develop obesity under such a diet, and intraperitoneal fat, not including epididymal and retroperitoneal fat depots, was virtually absent. Enzyme measurements confirmed lipid utilization rather than storage, which was accompanied by the striking emergence of uncoupling protein-1, characteristic of brown adipocytes, in white adipose tissue, particularly in the subcutaneous depot.

scholarly journals Resveratrol-Induced White Adipose Tissue Browning in Obese Mice by Remodeling Fecal Microbiota

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiyao Liao ◽  
Xiaohan Yin ◽  
Qingrong Li ◽  
Hongmin Zhang ◽  
Zihui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sirtuin 1 ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
White Fat

Promoting the browning of white fat may be a potential means of combating obesity. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of resveratrol (RES) on the body weight and browning of white fat in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice and the potential associated mechanism in vivo. Eight-week-old male mice were randomized to receive different treatments: (1), chow without any additional treatment (chow); (2), chow plus 0.4% resveratrol (chow-RES); (3), HFD without any additional treatment (HFD); and (4), HFD plus 0.4% resveratrol (HFD-RES). After 4 weeks of feeding, additional 8-week-old male recipient mice were randomly allocated to the following 4 treatments: (5), HFD and received feces from chow-fed mice; (6), HFD and received feces from chow-RES-fed mice; (7), HFD and received feces from HFD-fed mice; and (8), HFD and received feces from HFD-RES-fed mice. RES treatment significantly inhibited increases in fat accumulation, promoted the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis in HFD-fed mice. Subsequent analyses showed that the gut microbiota remodeling induced by resveratrol had a positive role in WAT browning, and sirtuin-1 (Sirt1) signaling appears to be a key component of this process. Overall, the results show that RES may serve as a potential intervention to reduce obesity by alleviating dysbiosis of the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Iodothyronine 5′-deiodinase activity as an early event of prenatal brown-fat differentiation in bovine development

1989 ◽  
Vol 259 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Giralt ◽  
L Casteilla ◽  
O Viñas ◽  
T Mampel ◽  
R Iglesias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Type I ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Reverse T3 ◽  
Deiodinase Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose

Iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity appears to be a type I enzyme in bovine brown adipose tissue, on the basis of its high Km for 3,3',5'-tri-iodothyronine (‘reverse T3’) (in the micromolar range) and sensitivity to propylthiouracil inhibition. This enzyme activity is already detectable in perirenal adipose tissue of bovine fetuses in the second month of gestation, reaches peak values around the seventh month of fetal life, declines before birth, becomes lower after parturition and finally undetectable in the adult cow. Iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity is present in the pericardic, peritoneal and intermuscular adipose depots of the neonatal calf, but it is always undetectable in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. It is concluded that iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase is a specific feature of brown fat in the bovine species that is not shared by white adipose tissue. white adipose tissue. Peak values of 5'-deiodinating activity appear as an early event in the prenatal differentiation programme of bovine brown-fat cells as they occur when uncoupling-protein-gene expression first starts.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces Uncoupling Protein 1 in White Adipose Tissue of ob/ob Mice

Lipids ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela A. Wendel ◽  
Aparna Purushotham ◽  
Li-Fen Liu ◽  
Martha A. Belury
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Uncoupling Protein 1

Occurrence of brown adipocytes in rat white adipose tissue: molecular and morphological characterization

1992 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Cousin ◽  
S. Cinti ◽  
M. Morroni ◽  
S. Raimbault ◽  
D. Ricquier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Northern Blot Hybridization ◽  
Mitochondrial Uncoupling ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Brown Adipose

Brown adipocytes are thermogenic cells which play an important role in energy balance. Their thermogenic activity is due to the presence of a mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP). Until recently, it was admitted that in rodents brown adipocytes were mainly located in classical brown adipose tissue (BAT). In the present study, we have investigated the presence of UCP protein or mRNA in white adipose tissue (WAT) of rats. Using polymerase chain reaction or Northern blot hybridization, UCP mRNA was detected in mesenteric, epidydimal, retroperitoneal, inguinal and particularly in periovarian adipose depots. The uncoupling protein was detected by Western blotting in mitochondria from periovarian adipose tissue. When rats were submitted to cold or to treatment with a beta-adrenoceptor agonist, UCP expression was increased in this tissue as in typical brown fat. Moreover, the expression was decreased in obese fa/fa rats compared to lean controls. Morphological studies showed that periovarian adipose tissue of rats kept at 24 degrees C contained cells with numerous typical BAT mitochondria with or without multilocular lipid droplets. Immunocytochemistry confirmed that multilocular cells expressed mitochondrial UCP. Furthermore, the number of brown adipocytes and the density of mitochondrial cristae increased in parallel with exposure to cold. These results demonstrate that adipocytes expressing UCP are present in adipose deposits considered as white fat. They suggest the existence of a continuum in rodents between BAT and WAT, and a great plasticity between adipose tissue phenotypes. The physiological importance of brown adipocytes in WAT and the regulation of UCP expression remain open questions.

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