Cytotoxicity and Oral Acute Toxicity Studies of Litsea glutinosa C. B (ROB) Stem Bark Ethanol Extract

We investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a 70% v/v ethanol extract of the stem bark of Antrocaryon micraster on murine models of carrageenan-induced pleurisy and paw oedema. Rat pleural fluid was analysed for volume, protein content, and leucocytes, while lung histology was assessed for damage. Lung tissue homogenates were assayed for glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the stem bark. Acute toxicity studies were conducted in rats. In the pleurisy model the extract (30–300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the volume and amount of proteins and leucocytes in the exudate and also protected against lung injury. Tissue level of GSH and SOD and CAT expression were increased while MDA level and MPO activity were reduced. The peak and total oedema responses were significantly suppressed when given both preemptively and curatively in the mice paw oedema test. Saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and tannins were present in the stem bark. A. micraster extract exhibited no apparent acute toxicity. We conclude that the ethanolic stem-bark extract of A. micraster has antioxidant action and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity through suppression of pleurisy and paw oedema induced with carrageenan.

Download Full-text

Acute Toxicity of Leaf Extracts of Enydra fluctuans Lour in Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton)

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2020/3965376 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jobi Xavier ◽

Kshetrimayum Kripasana

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Basal Membrane ◽

Brain Parenchyma ◽

Herbaceous Plant ◽

Histopathological Changes ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Toxicity Studies ◽

The Brain ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity

The present study was focused on the concentration-dependent changes in oral acute toxicity of leaf extracts of E. fluctuans in zebrafish. The study was also aimed at the details of histopathological changes in the gill, liver, brain, and intestine of zebrafish exposed to the leaf extracts of the plant E. fluctuans. Enydra fluctuans Lour is an edible semiaquatic herbaceous plant used widely for the alleviation of the different diseases. Since there were no toxicity studies conducted on this plant, the present study was an attempt to look into the elements of toxicity of the plants. Two types of experiments are conducted in the present study. First, the acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per the OECD guidelines 203. Second, histopathological changes were observed in the fishes exposed to the lethal concentrations of plant extract. The oral acute toxicity studies conducted on Zebrafish have revealed that the leave extracts of E. fluctuans were toxic to the tested fish at the concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight. The histopathological studies conducted on the intestine of treated fishes showed that treatment has induced rupturing of the villi structure and fusion of villi the membrane and detachment of the villi structure from the basal membrane of the intestine. The histology of the liver also showed severe vacuolization in the cells while it is not affected in control. The studies on gills showed the detachment of the basal epithelial membrane in the gills compared to control which might have led to death of the fish. The histopathological observations of brain tissues treated with test samples also revealed the marked impingement in the brain parenchyma while the control is normal without impingement of the brain.

Download Full-text

Sub-acute toxicity studies on the aqueous extract of Stereospermum kunthianum (Cham, Sandrine Petit) stem bark

Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources ◽

10.4314/jpb.v10i2.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

S O Okpo ◽

F P Ching

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Toxicity Studies

Download Full-text

Studies on antidiabetic activity of Acacia ferruginea DC. stem bark

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research ◽

10.30750/ijpbr.3.4.3 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (04) ◽

pp. 11-15

Author(s):

Jhuma Deb ◽

Anoop Singh ◽

Devendra Singh Rathore ◽

Gouri Kumar Dash ◽

Nilip Kanti Deb

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Blood Glucose Concentration ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Toxicity Studies ◽

Phytochemical Studies

The methanol extract of Acacia ferruginea (Family- Mimosaceae) was studied for possible antidiabetic activity on normoglycaemic, OGTT and alloxan induced diabetic rats at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o. The acute toxicity studies were carried out on Swiss albino mice to determine the LD50 values. The experiments were performed as per OECD guidelines. The results of the normoglycaemic, OGTT and hyperglycaemic studies revealed that the extract exhibited reduction in blood glucose concentration in a dose dependant manner as compared to the standard drug metformin (250 mg/kg, p.o.). The acute toxicity studies revealed no signs of mortality in animals treated with a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Preliminary phytochemical studies of the methanol extract revealed presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, gums and mucilages, proteins and amino acids. The present study justifies the use of the plant for treating diabetes as suggested in folklore remedies.

Download Full-text

Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Alkaloid-rich Fraction of Landolphia owarensis

Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/njpr.v17i1.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 39-44

Author(s):

N.N. Ibekwe ◽

L.B. John-Africa

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Herbal Products ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Fraction Dose ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity ◽

Ear Oedema ◽

Observation Period ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Background: Plants have several chemical compounds acclaimed to be responsible for the pharmacological actions produced when herbal products are administered to biological systems.Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the alkaloid-rich fraction of the ethanol leaf extract of Landolphia owariensis.Methods: Qualitative phytochemical analyses were carried on the crude extract using standard methods. The alkaloid-rich fraction was obtained from the crude ethanol extract, using the classical acid/base shake-up method and the obtained fraction tested positive to Dragendorf’s reagent. Oral acute toxicity was evaluated by OECD method (No 423). Anti-inflammatory effect of the fraction was evaluated using xylene-induce ear oedema and carrageenan-induced paw inflammation in mice at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg.Results: Phytochemical screening revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/terpenes and glycosides. Acute toxicity studies showed no adverse symptoms of toxicity during the 14-day observation period and no mortality was recorded, thus the LD50 was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg. The alkaloid-rich fraction dose-dependently inhibited inflammation induced by xylene and carrageenan. In the xylene test, the fraction produced significant inhibition of 41.70 % at 400 mg/kg (p ≤ 0.05) while in the carrageenan test 55.69 % significant inhibition (p ≤ 0.001) was recorded with 400 mg/kg at 60 mins after induction of inflammation.Conclusion: This study showed the anti-inflammatory potentials of the alkaloid-rich fraction of Landophia owariensis.

Download Full-text

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of ethanol extract of Terminalia macroptera stem bark in Wistar albino rats

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/s-0036-1596308 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 81 (S 01) ◽

pp. S1-S381

Author(s):

AE Akpovona ◽

IO Onoagbe ◽

GI Eze ◽

AA Omonkhua

Keyword(s):

Chronic Toxicity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Toxicity Studies ◽

Wistar Albino Rats

Download Full-text

Hepatoprotective Activity ofElephantopus scaberon Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage in Mice

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2012/417953 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Wan Yong Ho ◽

Swee Keong Yeap ◽

Chai Ling Ho ◽

Raha Abdul Rahim ◽

Noorjahan Banu Alitheen

Keyword(s):

Acute Toxicity ◽

Liver Damage ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Potential Effect ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

High Concentration ◽

Serum Biochemical ◽

Biochemical Profiles ◽

Oral Acute Toxicity

Elephantopus scaberhas been traditionally used as liver tonic. However, the protective effect ofE. scaberon ethanol-induced liver damage is still unclear. In this study, we have compared thein vivohepatoprotective effect ofE. scaberwithPhyllanthus nirurion the ethanol-induced liver damage in mice. The total phenolic and total flavanoid content ofE. scaberethanol extract were determined in this study. Accelerating serum biochemical profiles (including AST, ALT, ALP, triglyceride, and total bilirubin) associated with fat drop and necrotic body in the liver section were observed in the mice treated with ethanol. Low concentration ofE. scaberwas able to reduce serum biochemical profiles and the fat accumulation in the liver. Furthermore, high concentration ofE. scaberand positive controlP. niruriwere able to revert the liver damage, which is comparable to the normal control. Added to this,E. scaberdid not possess any oral acute toxicity on mice. These results suggest the potential effect of this extract as a hepatoprotective agent towards-ethanol induced liver damage without any oral acute toxicity effect. These activities might be contributed, or at least in part, by its high total phenolic and flavonoid contents.

Download Full-text