scholarly journals Self-Strengthening Movement of Late Qing China: an Intermediate Reform Doomed to Failure

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Qu
Keyword(s):  
Western World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Late Qing China ◽  
The World ◽  
World Trend ◽  
Economy System

<p class="1Body">Despite of strong economy including highest GDP gross and self-sufficient feudal economy system, the late Qing Empire fell behind the world trend with its isolationist trade policies. As the Western world caught up technologically, economically, and politically, the former biggest economy had suffered from consecutive losses in wars. In order to preserve the feudal regime, the initiative reform, termed the Self Strengthening Movement was grandly carried out. However, without the true support from the supreme power on one hand, and without the support of the populace on the other, the Movement was an intermediate reform in attempt to preserve the royal system and forestall its continued decline. In policy, the reforms envisioned Western-style modernization without adjusting the political order, yet the entrenched conservatism of the Qing Imperial Court proved to be the decisive hindering factor in the failure of the Movement.</p>

Anarchism, Violence and Civil Disorder

Worldview ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Paul W. Blackstock
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Order ◽  
New Left ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Robinson Crusoe ◽  
Moral Indignation ◽  
The World ◽  
Civil Disorder ◽  
Sensitive Individual

The Liberal's Dilemma and the Anarchism of Youth. The sensitive individual in the Western world has nearly always been impelled to protest the injustices of. the political and social order in which he finds himself. For example, very early in life Stephen Spender observed that "to be born is to be a Robinson Crusoe, cast up by elemental powers upon an island," that "all men are not free to share what nature offers here … are not permitted to explore the world into which they are born." Throughout their lives they are "sealed into leaden slums as into living tombs." To this general awareness of the plight of the poor, the New Left in this country has added a sense of burning moral indignation that the colored minority has also been sealed into ghettos and deprived of civil rights and human dignity.

Conspiracy Theories and the Reception of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in Poland

1998 ◽  
pp. 171-182
Author(s):  
Janusz Tazbir
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Conspiracy Theory ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theory Of History

This chapter addresses conspiracy theories and the publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the most infamous ‘instructions’ telling adherents of the Jewish faith how they were to build the Sanhedrin's global empire. The Protocols was supposedly based on lectures given at the First Zionist Congress in Basle in 1897. The aim of the book was to show that the perpetrators of all social upheavals were Jews, who expected to conquer the world with the aid of revolution. In inter-war Poland, belief in the omnipotence of the masonic lodges and international Jewry found its adherents among historians and journalists associated with the nationalist right, the Endecja (National Democratic Party). In the opinion of modern supporters of the conspiracy theory of history, Freemasonry, always directed by Jews, constituted a factor in all the more important events in the political, social, and cultural history of Poland, Europe, and the western world.

scholarly journals Optimism in a time of uncertainty. Spinoza, Kant and the eternal peace

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Ingrid Roos
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Western World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Stability

Aim: This article describes ideas of Enlightenment thinkers about the building of a democratic state with responsible and rationally thinking citizens. The article starts with the ideas of Spinoza, formulated in the seventeenth century, and will end in our time, where democracy is under threat.   Design/Research method: The article relies on professional publications, both within the fields of philosophy and political sociology.   Conclusions/findings: The study concludes that the optimistic expectations about the increase of democracy and the stability of democratic institutions in the world are no longer valid.   Originality/Value of the article: Recent developments in the political field in the western world make this optimism questionable

scholarly journals The role of the army in the destruction of Yugoslavia

Napredak ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-62
Author(s):  
Radovan Radinović
Keyword(s):  
Western World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Concerted Effort ◽  
Destruction Process ◽  
The West ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Military

Yugoslavia was destroyed through the concerted effort of domestic forces of the seceding republics and foreign factors, embodied by the entirety of the Western world. Although the USA undoubtedly supported the West, in the early stages of the process, they favored the preservation of Yugoslavia. The country with the leading role in the destruction of Yugoslavia was Germany. The causes of the disappearance of Yugoslavia from the political map of Europe and the world were numerous: economic, social, political, geopolitical, etc. In this article we focus on the military component, that is, the role of the Yugoslav People's Army in the destruction process. We consider various factors which brought to the situation in which the YPA proved itself utterly unsuccessful and ineffective in defending itself from destruction from the inside. We also look at the opportunities with which the YPA was presented, which it failed to seize. These choices lead the country and its citizens into a bloody civil war with countless victims and great destruction. The YPA itself was finally pilloried for its ultimately disastrous attempts to protect the state from aggressive forces within.

scholarly journals XXXIII.—A Sketch of Japanese National Development, more especially with reference to Education

1907 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 332-342
Author(s):  
Baron Kikuchi
Keyword(s):  
Single Port ◽  
National Development ◽  
Western World ◽  
Outer World ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
The World

Fifty years ago, Japan was almost a mythical land to the Western world; what little was known of it was through the medium of the Dutch, who were allowed to trade in the single port of Nagasaki. What we Japanese knew of the outer world was also derived mostly from them, and from such books as were brought into the country by them. In 1853 came Commodore Perry, and demanded that we should open up our country to the commerce of the world; we were but ill prepared for such a course, but it was not in our power to resist the demand, and unwillingly enough the Shōgun's government was obliged, notwithstanding the strong opposition of the Imperial Court and of the conservative elements in the country, to contract a treaty of commerce with America, which was speedily followed by those with other nations.

Prosperity with the Help of “Villains,” 1776-1799

T oung Pao ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 98 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 479-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wook Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Middle Years ◽  
Late Qing ◽  
Qianlong Emperor

The late Qianlong period (ca. 1776-1795) has mostly been seen as the time when the Qing empire went from its pinnacle into its decline as the bureaucracy became bogged down in corruption. Heshen has come to epitomize late Qing venality and mismanagement. This article argues that, in reality, the Qianlong emperor employed Heshen and his associates in order to overcome the political crisis that marred the middle years of his reign. A balance of power was established whereby the cliques respectively represented by Akedun and Liu Tongxun and by Heshen held each other in check. It is also shown that the wealth that Heshen is alleged to have accumulated through his corrupt activities was far less than commonly believed, and that Heshen could not significantly abuse his political authority until about the time of Qianlong’s abdication, four years before his own demise.

Les dernières années du règne de l’empereur Qianlong (de 1776 environ à 1795) sont la plupart du temps considérées comme celles où l’empire des Qing a entamé son déclin après avoir connu son apogée et où la bureaucratie a été engloutie par la corruption. Heshen en est venu à symboliser la vénalité et la mauvaise gestion de la fin des Qing. Cet article montre au contraire que Qianlong a recouru à Heshen et à son groupe dans l’espoir de surmonter la crise politique qui ébranlait le milieu de son règne. En se neutralisant mutuellement, les cliques représentées par Akedun et Liu Tongxun, d’une part, et Heshen, de l’autre, ont préservé l’équilibre au sein du pouvoir. Il est également démontré que la richesse accumulée par les pratiques corrompues de Heshen était bien moindre qu’on ne le croit usuellement, et que Heshen n’a pu abuser de son autorité politique de façon significative avant l’abdication de Qianlong, précédant de quatre années sa propre chute.

Indonesian Literature’s Position in World Literature

TEKNOSASTIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dina Amelia
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Voice

There are two most inevitable issues on national literature, in this case Indonesian literature. First is the translation and the second is the standard of world literature. Can one speak for the other as a representative? Why is this representation matter? Does translation embody the voice of the represented? Without translation Indonesian literature cannot gain its recognition in world literature, yet, translation conveys the voice of other. In the case of production, publication, or distribution of Indonesian Literature to the world, translation works can be very beneficial. The position of Indonesian literature is as a part of world literature. The concept that the Western world should be the one who represent the subaltern can be overcome as long as the subaltern performs as the active speaker. If the subaltern remains silent then it means it allows the “representation” by the Western.

Virginia Woolf and Being-in-the-world

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Simone
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cartesian Dualism ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Binary Oppositions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Existential Perspective

Virginia Woolf and Being-in-the-world: A Heideggerian Study explores Woolf’s treatment of the relationship between self and world from a phenomenological-existential perspective. This study presents a timely and compelling interpretation of Virginia Woolf’s textual treatment of the relationship between self and world from the perspective of the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Drawing on Woolf’s novels, essays, reviews, letters, diary entries, short stories, and memoirs, the book explores the political and the ontological, as the individual’s connection to the world comes to be defined by an involvement and engagement that is always already situated within a particular physical, societal, and historical context. Emma Simone argues that at the heart of what it means to be an individual making his or her way in the world, the perspectives of Woolf and Heidegger are founded upon certain shared concerns, including the sustained critique of Cartesian dualism, particularly the resultant binary oppositions of subject and object, and self and Other; the understanding that the individual is a temporal being; an emphasis upon intersubjective relations insofar as Being-in-the-world is defined by Being-with-Others; and a consistent emphasis upon average everydayness as both determinative and representative of the individual’s relationship to and with the world.

On Metaphysics and the Political: A Polemics of Reading Baudelaire in the 1930s

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Joseph Acquisto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This essay examines a polemic between two Baudelaire critics of the 1930s, Jean Cassou and Benjamin Fondane, which centered on the relationship of poetry to progressive politics and metaphysics. I argue that a return to Baudelaire's poetry can yield insight into what seems like an impasse in Cassou and Fondane. Baudelaire provides the possibility of realigning metaphysics and politics so that poetry has the potential to become the space in which we can begin to think the two of them together, as opposed to seeing them in unresolvable tension. Or rather, the tension that Baudelaire animates between the two allows us a new way of thinking about the role of esthetics in moments of political crisis. We can in some ways see Baudelaire as responding, avant la lettre, to two of his early twentieth-century readers who correctly perceived his work as the space that breathes a new urgency into the questions of how modern poetry relates to the world from which it springs and in which it intervenes.

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