Effects of Seasonal Variation on Informal Waste Collection in Ibadan, South-west Nigeria

Despite the active participation of informal waste collectors (IWCs) in waste management in Ibadan, south-west Nigeria, a major observed challenge to effective operation of this group of workers is the variation in the seasons of the year and their accompanying weather futures. This study investigated the effects of seasonal changes on the types and volume of waste handled by the informal waste collectors, level of patronage and income earned in the five municipal local government areas of Ibadan. A cross-sectional survey approach was adopted and both primary and secondary data were sourced. Through questionnaire survey and field observations, data were collected from 253 informal waste collectors operating in the study area. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential statistics (ANOVA) were used in analysing the data obtained from the field work. The study established that the types and volume of waste collected and income earned by the informal waste collectors varied from season to season. Patronage of the informal waste collectors was found to be reduced by about 25% in the dry season owing to less volume of waste generated and increased burning. The low patronage reduced the income by about 25% on average. The implications of this are that the job security of IWCs is threatened and increased burning of waste increases the atmospheric carbon content, which depletes the ozone layer and consequently results in global warming. The study, therefore, recommended financial and technical assistance to the waste collectors by either government or non-governmental organisations to establish small waste merchandising business to cater for the period of low patronage.

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Oxford elbow scores in an asymptomatic population

Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England ◽

10.1308/003588413x13629960048352 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 95 (6) ◽

pp. 415-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

PM Guyver ◽

AE Cattell ◽

MJ Hall ◽

MD Brinsden

Keyword(s):

Healthcare Delivery ◽

Hand Dominance ◽

The South ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Elbow Injury ◽

South West ◽

Clinical Difference ◽

Background Population ◽

Patient Reported

Introduction Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) are being used increasingly to assess the quality of healthcare delivery in the UK. It is important when using PROMs to know the score of the background population against which any clinical intervention may be benchmarked. The purpose of this study was to measure an elbow specific PROM for the population of the South West Peninsula. Methods A cross-sectional survey was undertaken of patients and healthcare professionals from the South West Peninsula population. Participants were asked to complete a simple demographic questionnaire and an Oxford elbow score for each elbow. Respondents with a history of elbow surgery, elbow injury, chronic elbow problems or an incomplete dataset were excluded from the study. Results A total of 1,765 respondents (3,530 elbows) completed the survey but 567 questionnaires were excluded due to incomplete datasets, pre-existing elbow pathology or age criteria, leaving 1,198 individuals (2,396 elbows) for analysis. The median scores for each decade group were 48, with mean scores ranging from 46.74 to 47.94. There was no significant clinical difference in the scores for age, sex or hand dominance. Conclusions When using the Oxford elbow score to assess outcomes after surgery, a normal score should be used as the benchmark. This benchmark is independent of age, sex and hand dominance.

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Ultra-processed foods in childhood: a system of violation of rights and food and nutrition insecurity

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i14.21596 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (14) ◽

pp. e64101421596

Author(s):

Beatriz Gouveia Moura ◽

Jamille Caroso de Andrade ◽

Adriana Correia dos Santos ◽

Rodrigo do Nascimento Lopes ◽

Maria Emília Lisboa Pacheco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Food System ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Point Of View ◽

Capital City ◽

Processed Foods ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Food And Nutrition

Discussions on the health consequences of the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are wide-ranging, but little has been addressed under systemic aspects, human rights, sovereignty and food and nutrition security, and socio-environmental sustainability. For this reason, the aim of this article was to analyze the systemic implications of children's access to UPFs. Secondary data from a cross-sectional survey conducted with pre-school students of two private schools in a capital city in the Northeastern region of Brazil were analyzed through the analysis of lunch boxes for three consecutive days. The most frequent UPFs had information about the manufacturing location, ingredients, and brand collected from their labels and subsequently studied. We noticed that most of the products were manufactured in other states, being transported for long distances, had little ingredient diversity, and belonged to sub-brands that conglomerate into “big players”. In this sense, we conclude that children are having their right to food violated and that access to UPFs by this public supports a hegemonic and unsustainable food system from a socio-environmental point of view that contributes to food and nutrition insecurity.

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Using a population-based survey approach to estimate child separation after a natural disaster: findings from post-Hurricane Haiti

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000784 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. e000784

Author(s):

Lindsay Stark ◽

Matthew MacFarlane ◽

Beth L Rubenstein ◽

Gary Yu ◽

Celina Jensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Disaster ◽

Population Based ◽

Household Composition ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Child Separation ◽

Viable Approach ◽

Neighborhood Method ◽

Survey Approach

IntroductionThis study explores findings of a population-based approach to measure the prevalence of unaccompanied and separated children (UASC) during the Hurricane Matthew aftermath in Haiti.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional survey using two-stage cluster sampling. Participants were asked to provide information on their own household composition, as well as the household composition of their closest neighbour (the Neighborhood Method). The study took place between February and March 2017 in Haiti’s Sud Department, a region severely affected by Hurricane Matthew in October 2016. 1044 primary respondents provided information about their own household, and 4165 people in the household of their closet neighbour. The primary outcome measured was the prevalence of UASC in the Sud Department following Hurricane Matthew. Secondary outcomes of interest included the characteristics of these children, including age, sex, reason for separation and current caregiver.ResultsOf the 2046 children currently living in the surveyed households, 3.03% (95% CI 2.29% to 3.77%) were reported to have been separated from their normal caregiver during Hurricane Matthew. Among these 62 children, 9 were unaccompanied, and there were slightly more boys than girls (56% vs 44%, p=0.37). Of the 2060 children who lived in surveyed households when the hurricane hit, 1.12% (95% CI 0.67% to 1.57%) had since departed without their caregiver. The prevalence of separation reported for neighbours’ households was not significantly different from that in respondents’ households (p values between 0.08 and 0.29).ConclusionsThis study is the first known attempt to measure the prevalence of child separation following a natural disaster. Overall, the rates of separation were relatively low. Similarities between primary and secondary reports of child separation via the Neighborhood Method indicate that this may be a viable approach to measuring UASC in certain contexts.

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Use of Field Trip Method in History and Government Instruction in Secondary Schools

East African Journal of Education Studies ◽

10.37284/eajes.3.1.316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 70-76

Author(s):

Langat Albine Kipkoech

Keyword(s):

Secondary Schools ◽

Survey Design ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Field Trip ◽

Primary Data ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Qualitative Survey ◽

Teachers And Students ◽

Academic Records

The study’s objectives were to investigate the commonly used methods in History and Government instruction, that is the field trip method. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey design, which employed a descriptive and qualitative survey. The sample was drawn from selected secondary schools in the Bureti district. A sample of 15 schools and 300 form three History and Government students were selected through a stratified sampling method. Purposive sampling was employed to select 25 History and Government teachers. A pilot study was conducted to ascertain the reliability of the instruments. Primary data was collected through the use of questionnaires, while secondary data was derived from documented information from schools’ past academic records and other related documents in the school and District Education Officer’s office. The study revealed that most teachers and students did not use the field trip method, though their views were that the use of the field trip method had more benefits than the teacher-centred methods which they always use. The study recommends that History and Government teachers should increase the use of the field trip method in their classroom instruction. The findings would help teachers to evaluate and improve their teaching methods, focusing mainly on providing learners with opportunities to engage in most of the learning activities

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Prevalence and factors associated with childhood diarrheal disease and acute respiratory infection in Bangladesh: An analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional survey

10.21203/rs.3.rs-717076/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Satyajit Kundu ◽

Subarna Kundu ◽

Md. Hasan Al Banna ◽

Bright Opoku Ahinkorah ◽

Abdul-Aziz Seidu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Formal Education ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Population Level ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Normal Children ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Nationally Representative

Abstract Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CDDs and ARIs and also to determine the factors associated with these conditions at the population level in Bangladesh.Setting: The study entailed an analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional secondary data from the most recent Bangladesh Demography and Health Survey (BDHS) data conducted in 2017–2018.Participants: A total of 7222 children < 5 years old for CDDs, and 7215 children aged below 5 years for ARIs during the survey from mothers aged between 15 to 49 years are the participants of this study.Results: The overall prevalence of CDD and ARI among children < 5 years old were found to be 4.91% and 3.03%, respectively. Younger children were more likely to develop both CDDs and ARIs compared to their older counterparts. Children belonging to households classified as poorest (aOR = 2.414, 95% CI (1.091 to 5.341)) and with unimproved floor materials (aOR = 1.821, 95% CI (1.145 to 2.896)) had a higher prevalence of diarrhea than those from households identified as richest and with improved floor material, respectively. Stunted children had 40.8% higher odds of diarrhea than normal children (aOR = 1.408, 95% CI (1.055 to 1.879)). Male children were 48.9% more likely to develop ARI than female children (aOR = 1.489, 95% CI (1.132 to 1.960)). Children of mothers aged below 20 years had 2 times higher odds of ARI compared to children of mothers aged 20 to 34 years (aOR = 2.166, 95% CI (1.403 to 3.344)). Children whose mothers had no formal education or had primary and secondary education had higher odds of ARI compared to children of mothers having higher education.Conclusion: Programs targeting children aged below 23 months should be designed and emphasis should be given to addressing barriers to mother’s education and household wealth to reduce CDDs and ARIs.

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Eye Care Practices, Knowledge and Attitude of Glaucoma Patients at Community Eye Screening Outreaches in Nigeria.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-60150/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Olusola Olawoye ◽

Olufunmilayo Fawole ◽

Adeyinka Ashaye

Keyword(s):

Health Workers ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Eye Care ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Knowledge And Attitudes ◽

South West ◽

Main Hospital ◽

Care Practices

Abstract Purpose: To assess the eye care practices, knowledge and attitudes of glaucoma patients identified at community eye outreaches (CEO) in Nigeria. Methodology: This was a mixed method study. The quantitative component was a cross sectional survey of patients with suspected glaucoma identified at routine CEO in South West Nigeria. Surveys were administered by trained personnel and gathered information on knowledge and attitudes toward glaucoma. The qualitative component consisted of structured interviews with providers to assess their knowledge and perspectives of glaucoma patients’ attitudes and behaviors. Results: A total of 1881 patients were screened at 24 outreaches in South West Nigeria, among which 120 glaucoma cases/suspects were identified. Fifty-six (46.7%) of the glaucoma patients were aware of glaucoma and only 39 (32.5%) patients could answer at least one knowledge question correctly. Predictors of awareness of glaucoma were minimum of secondary school education (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 9.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.18-29-92) and having had an eye check-up in the past (adjusted OR 6.22; 95% CI 1.96 – 19.78). More than half 55.8% had attended an eye outreach in the past and 34.2% did not follow up at the main hospital. Patients said cost and ‘not knowing the disease was serious’ were reasons for not following up at the main hospital. Health workers interviewed said cost and poor knowledge were the main reasons glaucoma patients frequently attended free screening outreach events rather than seeking definitive care.Conclusion: Although community eye outreaches improves access to eye care, provision of appropriate health education programs and strengthening of the health insurance scheme are needed to improve its impact in glaucoma care.

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Smart@Home – Supporting safety and mobility of elderly and care dependent people in their own homes through the use of technical assistance systems and conventional mobility supporting tools: A cross-sectional survey

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30817/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Deborah Elisabeth Jachan ◽

Sandra Strube-Lahmann ◽

Ursula Müller-Werdan ◽

Nils Axel Lahmann

Keyword(s):

User Satisfaction ◽

Smart Home ◽

Technical Assistance ◽

Performance Ratio ◽

Control Group ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Term Care ◽

Price Performance ◽

Mobility Aids

Abstract BACKGROUNDThe use of technical solutions and conventional mobility aids can support the independence of people into old age in their own homes. However, we found relatively few empirical investigations on the effects and costs of these systems.METHODSThe aim of the study was to investigate usability, user satisfaction and the correlation between costs and benefits of different built-in smart home solutions and conventional mobility supporting tools in the home of elderly, partially care-dependent tenants (> 65 years). A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to March 2018 with tenants of a housing association in apartments equipped with smart home technology and conventional mobility supporting tools. The response rate in the intervention group was n = 37 persons (out of 46 tenants with installed smart home and conventional solutions) and in the control group n = 64 persons (out of 100 tenants without built-in smart home and conventional solutions). Data were collected by a written questionnaire regarding usability and satisfaction of the tenants with the built-in smart home solutions and conventional mobility supporting tools. In addition, both the intervention and the control group were asked general questions about communication, safety and how to deal with the need for long-term care in their own living environment.RESULTSResults showed that with regard to usability, satisfaction and price performance ratio of the installed smart home solutions, the installation of the corresponding solutions with an overall score of 1.41 was mostly positively evaluated by the tenants. Overall, users rated the installed smart home solutions better than the conventional mobility supporting tools (mobility aids, such as handholds and increased balcony floor level).CONCLUSIONSAnalysis of the price performance ratio showed that smart home solutions are generally more expensive than conventional tools, but also contribute significantly to an increased security of the tenants, and thus may enable longer living in a familiar environment. We recommend modularized offers consisting of various components of smart home solutions, since this significantly reduces installation costs and allows for an individual composition according to requirements. Moreover, smart home solutions should be considered to be listed as medical aids.

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Prevalence and Predictors of Adverse Childhood Experiences among Youths in Rural communities of Oyo State, South-west, Nigeria

Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care ◽

10.4314/jcmphc.v32i2.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 27-41

Author(s):

M.M. Salawu ◽

E.T. Owoaje

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽

Parental Education ◽

Health Concern ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Childhood Experiences ◽

South West ◽

Adverse Childhood ◽

Physical Neglect

Background: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are traumatic events a child is exposed to early in life. It is a global problem that constitutes a public health concern. However, few studies have been conducted on ACEs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of ACEs among youths in rural communities in Oyo State, South-west, Nigeria.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 575 youths selected by multistage sampling technique. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on exposure to ACEs; abuse, neglect and household dysfunctions among respondents. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21.0. Associations were explored with chi-square test and logistics regression analysis. Level of significance was set at 5%.Results: The mean age (SD) of respondents was 26.3 (4.9) years. Three hundred and forty-two (59.5%) respondents were males, 252 (43.8%) had secondary education and 276 (24.5%) were classified into the lowest wealth quintiles. Most respondents 529 (92%) reported they had experienced ACEs. Most prevalent ACEs were psychological neglect 247 (42.9%), physical neglect 236 (41.0%), psychological abuse 231 (40.2%) and household substance abuse 223 (38.8%). The predictors of experiencing ACEs were having a mother with primary education and below (AOR=2.61; CI=1.383.51) and being in the lowest wealth quintile (AOR=1.53 CI=1.24-2.87).Conclusion: Poor education and poverty contributed to the high occurrence of ACEs among youths in rural south-west. Strategic interventions by government/organizations to improve parental education and ameliorate poverty may be beneficial in reducing ACEs and ensure optimal child development. Keywords: Adverse childhood experiences; Predictors; Youths; Rural; Nigeria

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Nativised English Lexemes and Semantic Shift in Malaysian English

International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics ◽

10.24191/ijmal.v5i3.13284 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Nur Fatima Wahida Mohd Nasir

Keyword(s):

Social Groups ◽

Speech Community ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Semantic Shift ◽

Survey Approach ◽

Research Studies

In Malaysia, Malaysian English is a variety that is very much known by the speech community and commonly used for colloquial communication. Although many studies have been conducted in exploring the development of ME within various aspects, little research have focused on the development of English lexemes of semantic shift in ME. Thus, as empirical literatures in the field have shown that lexis and semantics are constantly evolving from time to time, it is imperative that more research studies should also be conducted to investigate on the identification of frequently used indigenized English lexemes as well as validating its meanings in the Malaysian context so that linguists and researchers will have a better understanding on the current lexical trends in Malaysia and so that more research can further explore other aspects of these current trending lexicals among different social groups in the Malaysian speech community. Based on a descriptive cross-sectional survey approach through the distribution of questionnaires, findings shows that frequently used English lexemes of semantic shift in ME are found to be under the category of informalization in ME and that most of the meanings of the words in the study were agreed by respondents. However, comments from the respondents also shows that several words could also have wider and deeper meanings in ME which is why this study suggests that further research studies can be conducted to investigate this phenomenon.

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What factors are truly associated with risk for radicalisation? A secondary data analysis within a UK sample

Transcultural Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/1363461520933755 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 136346152093375

Author(s):

Elizabeth-Rose Ahearn ◽

Kamaldeep Bhui ◽

Edgar Jones

Keyword(s):

Religious Identity ◽

Population Sample ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Muslim Community ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Positive Score ◽

Logistic Regressions ◽

Quota Sampling ◽

Terrorist Acts

Radicalisation and extremist violence are of increasing concern internationally. The unconventional, decentralised, and transnational nature of modern terrorism involves an active process of radicalisation requiring national security responses to reflect findings from recent empirical research. This study aims to identify factors that relate to extremist attitudes and potential vulnerability to radicalisation in order to inform preventative action. A cross-sectional survey was conducted of a representative population sample of men and women aged 18–45 of Muslim heritage recruited by quota sampling in two English cities. Logistic regressions were performed on a seven-item dichotomised measure based on our previously developed scale of ‘sympathy for terrorist acts’. Scores representing ‘non-condemnation of these acts’ were deemed to represent risk for radicalisation. Thirteen respondents had a positive score on the sympathy for terrorism measure (2.4%), 39 scored zero (6.41%) and the remainder (91.4%) had a negative score representing condemnation of terrorist acts. There was a significant association between sympathy for terrorism and belonging to the local or global Muslim community, anxiety, and support for the use of defensive violence. Gender, religious identity, country of birth, belief in Sharia law, the importance of religion in life, and mosque attendance were all not associated with sympathy for terrorism. The results contribute to an understanding of the radicalisation process and have potential value in developing preventative public health interventions.

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