scholarly journals Climatic and Soil Water Balances for the Melon Crop

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Jaedson Cláudio Anunciato Mota ◽  
Paulo Leonel Libardi ◽  
Raimundo Nonato Assis Júnior ◽  
Alexsandro Santos Brito ◽  
Márcio Godofrêdo Rocha Lobato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Full Development ◽  
Crop Field ◽  
Field Water Balance ◽  
Correct Estimate

The correct estimate of the water requirements of a crop, besides favoring its full development, also allows the rational use of water. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate water balance in the soil and estimated through climatic methods for the melon crop. Field water balance was daily determined along a period of 70 days. Climatic water balance was determined based on the reference evapotranspiration estimated by the methods of Penman-Monteith, Thornthwaite and Hargreaves-Samani. It was concluded that climatic methods do not estimate correctly water storage in the soil and, consequently, also the balance. Therefore, they should not substitute the soil water balance method to determine these variables. The water management for the melon crop based on evapotranspiration estimated through climatic methods results in overestimation of the water depth to be applied in the soil, in the initial growth stage, and underestimation in the periods of highest water demand.

scholarly journals ESTIMATIVA DA DEMANDA HÍDRICA DA SOJA UTILIZANDO MODELO DE BALANÇO HÍDRICO DO SOLO E DADOS DA PREVISÃO DO TEMPO

Irriga ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-507
Author(s):  
Zanandra Boff Oliveira ◽  
ALBERTO EDUARDO KNIES ◽  
EDUARDO LEONEL BOTTEGA ◽  
Clarissa Moraes da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Forecast Data ◽  
Santa Maria

ESTIMATIVA DA DEMANDA HÍDRICA DA SOJA UTILIZANDO MODELO DE BALANÇO HÍDRICO DO SOLO E DADOS DA PREVISÃO DO TEMPO     ZANANDRA BOFF DE OLIVEIRA1; ALBERTO EDUARDO KNIES2; EDUARDO LEONEL BOTTEGA1 E CLARISSA MORAES DA SILVA3   1 Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Curso de Engenharia Agrícola, Rodovia Taufik Germano, 3013, Passo D'Areia, CEP. 96503-205, Cachoeira do Sul/RS, Brasil, [email protected]; [email protected]. 2 Universidade Estadual do Rio grande do Sul, Unidade de Cachoeira o Sul, Rua Sete de Setembro, 1040, Centro, CEP. 96508-010, Cachoeira do Sul/RS, Brasil, [email protected]. 3 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola (PPGEA), Centro de Ciências Rurais, 3° andar, sala 3325, Campus Universitário, CEP.9105-900, Santa Maria/RS, Brasil, [email protected]     1 RESUMO   A estimativa da demanda hídrica dos cultivos em tempo real e futuro pode contribuir para a maior eficiência do uso da água na agricultura irrigada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar o requerimento hídrico da soja, utilizando o modelo de balanço hídrico CROPWAT com dados da previsão do tempo para o cálculo da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo). Para isso, o estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas: coleta de dados de solo, da previsão meteorológica e da cultura em três anos agrícolas: 2017/18, 2018/19 e 2019; modelagem das condições observadas a campo pelo modelo CROPWAT. A modelagem foi eficiente (d=0,99) para a estimativa da capacidade de água disponível no solo, apresentando baixo erro (RMSE = 2,18 mm) em comparação  aos valores medidos a campo, resultando na recomendação da lâmina de irrigação igual à aplicada na cultura, sendo esta de 132, 135 e 60 mm, respectivamente, para os anos agrícolas 2017/18, 2018/19 e 2019. A utilização do modelo de balanço hídrico do solo CROPWAT com dados da previsão do tempo para o cálculo da evapotranspiração de referência pode ser utilizada como ferramenta para a estimativa do requerimento hídrico da soja na região edafoclimática de Cachoeira do Sul-RS.   Keywords: simulação do balanço hídrico, manejo da irrigação, previsão meteorológica.     OLIVEIRA, Z.B.; KNIES, A.E.; BOTTEGA, E.L. SILVA, C.M. ESTIMATE OF SOY WATER DEMAND USING SOIL WATER BALANCE MODEL AND WEATHER FORECAST DATA     2 ABSTRACT   Estimating the water demand for crops in real and future time can contribute to greater efficiency in the use of water in irrigated agriculture. The present study aimed to estimate the water requirement of soy using the water balance model CROPWAT with data from the weather forecast for the calculation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo). For this, the study was conducted in two stages: collection of soil data, meteorological forecast and culture in three agricultural years: 2017/18, 2018/19 and 2019; modeling of the conditions observed in the field by the CROPWAT model. The modeling was efficient (d = 0.99) to estimate the available water capacity in the soil, presenting  low error (RMSE = 2.18 mm) compared to the values measured in the field, resulting in the recommendation of  irrigation depth equal to that applied to the crop, which is 132, 135 and 60 mm, respectively, for the agricultural years 2017/18, 2018/19 and 2019. The use of the CROPWAT soil water balance model with weather forecast data for the calculation of the Reference evapotranspiration can be used as a tool to estimate the water requirement of soybean in the edaphoclimatic region of Cachoeira do Sul-RS.   Keywords: simulação do balanço hídrico, manejo da irrigação, previsão meteorológica.

scholarly journals Energy balance closure on a winter wheat stand: comparing the eddy covariance technique with the soil water balance method

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Imukova ◽  
J. Ingwersen ◽  
M. Hevart ◽  
T. Streck
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Water Balance Method ◽  
Closure Method

Abstract. The energy balance of eddy covariance (EC) flux data is typically not closed. The nature of the gap is usually not known, which hampers using EC data to parameterize and test models. In the present study we cross-checked the evapotranspiration data obtained with the EC method (ETEC) against ET rates measured with the soil water balance method (ETWB) at winter wheat stands in southwest Germany. During the growing seasons 2012 and 2013, we continuously measured, in a half-hourly resolution, latent heat (LE) and sensible (H) heat fluxes using the EC technique. Measured fluxes were adjusted with either the Bowen-ratio (BR), H or LE post-closure method. ETWB was estimated based on rainfall, seepage and soil water storage measurements. The soil water storage term was determined at sixteen locations within the footprint of an EC station, by measuring the soil water content down to a soil depth of 1.5 m. In the second year, the volumetric soil water content was additionally continuously measured in 15 min resolution in 10 cm intervals down to 90 cm depth with sixteen capacitance soil moisture sensors. During the 2012 growing season, the H post-closed LE flux data (ETEC =  3.4 ± 0.6 mm day−1) corresponded closest with the result of the WB method (3.3 ± 0.3 mm day−1). ETEC adjusted by the BR (4.1 ± 0.6 mm day−1) or LE (4.9 ± 0.9 mm day−1) post-closure method were higher than the ETWB by 24 and 48 %, respectively. In 2013, ETWB was in best agreement with ETEC adjusted with the H post-closure method during the periods with low amount of rain and seepage. During these periods the BR and LE post-closure methods overestimated ET by about 46 and 70 %, respectively. During a period with high and frequent rainfalls, ETWB was in-between ETEC adjusted by H and BR post-closure methods. We conclude that, at most observation periods on our site, LE is not a major component of the energy balance gap. Our results indicate that the energy balance gap is made up by other energy fluxes and unconsidered or biased energy storage terms.

scholarly journals A Daily Water Balance Model Based on the Distribution Function Unifying Probability Distributed Model and the SCS Curve Number Method

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Marwan Kheimi ◽  
Shokry M. Abdelaziz
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Daily Water

A new daily water balance model is developed and tested in this paper. The new model has a similar model structure to the existing probability distributed rainfall runoff models (PDM), such as HyMOD. However, the model utilizes a new distribution function for soil water storage capacity, which leads to the SCS (Soil Conservation Service) curve number (CN) method when the initial soil water storage is set to zero. Therefore, the developed model is a unification of the PDM and CN methods and is called the PDM–CN model in this paper. Besides runoff modeling, the calculation of daily evaporation in the model is also dependent on the distribution function, since the spatial variability of soil water storage affects the catchment-scale evaporation. The generated runoff is partitioned into direct runoff and groundwater recharge, which are then routed through quick and slow storage tanks, respectively. Total discharge is the summation of quick flow from the quick storage tank and base flow from the slow storage tank. The new model with 5 parameters is applied to 92 catchments for simulating daily streamflow and evaporation and compared with AWMB, SACRAMENTO, and SIMHYD models. The performance of the model is slightly better than HyMOD but is not better compared with the 14-parameter model (SACRAMENTO) in the calibration, and does not perform as well in the validation period as the 7-parameter model (SIMHYD) in some areas, based on the NSE values. The linkage between the PDM–CN model and long-term water balance model is also presented, and a two-parameter mean annual water balance equation is derived from the proposed PDM–CN model.

Modelling the seasonal dynamics of the soil water balance of vineyards

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Lebon ◽  
Vincent Dumas ◽  
Philippe Pieri ◽  
Hans R. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Top Soil

A geometrical canopy model describing radiation absorption (Riou et al. 1989, Agronomie 9, 441–450) and partitioning between grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) and soil was coupled to a soil water balance routine describing a bilinear change in relative transpiration rate as a function of the fraction of soil transpirable water (FTSW). The model was amended to account for changes in soil evaporation after precipitation events and subsequent dry-down of the top soil layer. It was tested on two experimental vineyards in the Alsace region, France, varying in soil type, water-holding capacity and rooting depth. Simulations were run over four seasons (1992–1993, 1995–1996) and compared with measurements of FTSW conducted with a neutron probe. For three out of four years, the model simulated the dynamics in seasonal soil water balance adequately. For the 1996 season soil water content was overestimated for one vineyard and underestimated for the other. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the model responded strongly to changes in canopy parameters, and that soil evaporation was particularly sensitive to water storage of the top soil layer after rainfall. We found a close relationship between field-average soil water storage and pre-dawn water potential, a relationship which could be used to couple physiological models of growth and / or photosynthesis to the soil water dynamics.

scholarly journals Diagnosis toward predicting mean annual runoff in ungauged basins

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 945-956
Author(s):  
Yuan Gao ◽  
Lili Yao ◽  
Ni-Bin Chang ◽  
Dingbao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Ungauged Basins ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Soil Water Storage Capacity

Abstract. Prediction of mean annual runoff is of great interest but still poses a challenge in ungauged basins. The present work diagnoses the prediction in mean annual runoff affected by the uncertainty in estimated distribution of soil water storage capacity. Based on a distribution function, a water balance model for estimating mean annual runoff is developed, in which the effects of climate variability and the distribution of soil water storage capacity are explicitly represented. As such, the two parameters in the model have explicit physical meanings, and relationships between the parameters and controlling factors on mean annual runoff are established. The estimated parameters from the existing data of watershed characteristics are applied to 35 watersheds. The results showed that the model could capture 88.2 % of the actual mean annual runoff on average across the study watersheds, indicating that the proposed new water balance model is promising for estimating mean annual runoff in ungauged watersheds. The underestimation of mean annual runoff is mainly caused by the underestimation of the area percentage of low soil water storage capacity due to neglecting the effect of land surface and bedrock topography. Higher spatial variability of soil water storage capacity estimated through the height above the nearest drainage (HAND) and topographic wetness index (TWI) indicated that topography plays a crucial role in determining the actual soil water storage capacity. The performance of mean annual runoff prediction in ungauged basins can be improved by employing better estimation of soil water storage capacity including the effects of soil, topography, and bedrock. It leads to better diagnosis of the data requirement for predicting mean annual runoff in ungauged basins based on a newly developed process-based model finally.

scholarly journals Field Water Balance Closure with Actively Heated Fiber-Optics and Point-Based Soil Water Sensors

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duminda Vidana Gamage ◽  
Asim Biswas ◽  
Ian Strachan
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Distributed Sensor ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Field Water Balance

While traditional soil water sensors measure soil water content (SWC) at point scale, the actively heated fiber-optics (AHFO) sensor measures the SWC at field scale. This study compared the performance of a distributed (e.g., AHFO) and a point-based sensor on closing the field water balance and estimating the evapotranspiration (ET). Both sensors failed to close the water balance and produced larger errors in estimated ET (ETε), particularly for longer time periods with >60 mm change in soil water storage (ΔSWS), and this was attributed to a lack of SWC measurements from deeper layers (>0.24 m). Performance of the two sensors was different when only the periods of ˂60 mm ΔSWS were considered; significantly lower residual of the water balance (Re) and ETε of the distributed sensor showed that it could capture the small-scale spatial variability of SWC that the point-based sensor missed during wet (70–104 mm SWS) periods of ˂60 mm ΔSWS. Overall, this study showed the potential of the distributed sensor to provide a more accurate value of SWS at field scale and to reduce the errors in water balance for shorter wet periods. It is suggested to include SWC measurements from deeper layers to better evaluate the performance of the distributed sensor, especially for longer time periods of >60 mm ΔSWS, in future studies.

scholarly journals A stochastic approach for the description of the water balance dynamics in a river basin

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1189-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manfreda ◽  
M. Fiorentino
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Soil Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Balance Dynamics

Abstract. The present paper introduces an analytical approach for the description of the soil water balance dynamics over a schematic river basin. The model is based on a stochastic differential equation where the rainfall forcing is interpreted as an additive noise in the soil water balance. This equation can be solved assuming known the spatial distribution of the soil moisture over the basin transforming the two-dimensional problem in space in a one dimensional one. This assumption is particularly true in the case of humid and semihumid environments, where spatial redistribution becomes dominant producing a well defined soil moisture pattern. The model allowed to derive the probability density function of the saturated portion of a basin and of its relative saturation. This theory is based on the assumption that the soil water storage capacity varies across the basin following a parabolic distribution and the basin has homogeneous soil texture and vegetation cover. The methodology outlined the role played by the soil water storage capacity distribution of the basin on soil water balance. In particular, the resulting probability density functions of the relative basin saturation were found to be strongly controlled by the maximum water storage capacity of the basin, while the probability density functions of the relative saturated portion of the basin are strongly influenced by the spatial heterogeneity of the soil water storage capacity. Moreover, the saturated areas reach their maximum variability when the mean rainfall rate is almost equal to the soil water loss coefficient given by the sum of the maximum rate of evapotranspiration and leakage loss in the soil water balance. The model was tested using the results of a continuous numerical simulation performed with a semi-distributed model in order to validate the proposed theoretical distributions.

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