scholarly journals The Export Competitiveness of Ghana’s Cocoa Industry in West Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Alhassan Abukari ◽  
Tan Cunfeng

Ghana in the year 1911 became the world’s largest exporter of cocoa. However, cocoa export in Ghana nearly came to standstill in the 1970s as a result of the outbreak of swollen shoot disease of cocoa. Ghana since then has not been able to rejuvenate its cocoa export as expected. The years 1999 to 2018 have witnessed a downward trend in the export of cocoa in Ghana. This raises questions of whether the phrase “Ghana is cocoa, and cocoa is Ghana” is still valid. The study attempts to analyze the competitiveness of Ghana’s cocoa sector vis-à-vis its neighbors. In doing so, the authors calculate the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) for Ghana to compare with other West African exporters of cocoa and assess the determinants of Ghana’s cocoa exports. The authors adopt a regression framework to explore the determinants of cocoa exports. The results revealed that Ghana is highly competitive in the export of cocoa beans. The study attributed this advantage to the quality of the cocoa beans Ghana exports. The results further showed that Ghana’s cocoa production volumes and the World consumer price of cocoa beans were the major determinants of the volume of cocoa beans exported in Ghana. The study concluded that although Ghana enjoys a comparative advantage in the export of cocoa beans, Ghana’s cocoa production volumes fluctuate thus affecting the volume of cocoa exported. Ghana, therefore, needs to invest in new hybrid climate-smart cocoa cultivation to boost production and export.

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adewale Banjo

AbstractThe politics of succession in post-independence West Africa has left much to be desired and, by extension, has affected the quality of democracy and human security in the sub-region. This article briefly assesses succession politics in Togo, a small West African nation of approximately 5 million people, following the death of President Gnassingbe Eyadema, one of Africa's longest serving dictators. The author describes the military takeover and subsequent election that legitimized the illegal take over of power by Eyadema's son despite sustained domestic opposition from politicians and civil society, as well as sub-regional, regional and international condemnation of a Constitutional "coup d'etat" in Togo. The article concludes that the succession crisis in Togo is far from over, given the continuing manipulation of what the author calls the geo-ethnic divide in that country.


2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1 (179)) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Jacek Knopek

Polish communities and Polish diaspora in West Africa The article points to the stay and activity of Poles in West Africa since the first links were forged until the present day. Initially they were present there as sailors serving under foreign flags. Later they were joined by the military and sailors who found themselves abroad. In the 19th c. and the interwar period, Polish civilian emigrants arrived there, although only as individuals. Another group were military emigrants who were present in the German colonial army and served in the French Foreign Legion. A larger group consisted of soldiers and officers of the Polish Army who were evacuated to Great Britain after 1939. Together with British soldiers, they transported planes from West Africa to Egypt, and then the planes fought against German troops. After completing their tasks, they returned to the European continent. The establishment of Polish communities and Polish diaspora in West Africa occurred after World War II. It was then that a small number of war emigrants concentrated there, along with Polish specialists, scientific and technical staff as well as missionaries, Polish-African families and representatives of Polish diaspora from other parts of the world. Until 1989, West African countries employed about 5 thousand specialists, and some of them were accompanied by families. The importance of scientific and technical staff declined after the fall of the communist regime. Since then, only a few specialists have gone to this region of the world. Contemporary Polish communities and Polish diaspora in West African countries are small, together constituting a community of about 700 people. Almost half of them have found a place to live or work in Nigeria, which has the largest economy and population. Other countries have much smaller communities. Streszczenie W artykule wskazuje się na pobyt i działalność Polaków w Afryce Zachodniej począwszy od pierwszych kontaktów aż do współczesności. Początkowo byli tam obecni jako żeglarze pływający pod banderami państw obcych. Później dołączyli do nich wojskowi i marynarze, którzy znaleźli się poza granicami kraju. W XIX w. i okresie międzywojennym dotarli tam polscy emigranci cywilni, były to jednak pojedyncze osoby. Inną grupę stanowili emigranci wojskowi, którzy obecni byli w niemieckich wojskach kolonialnych oraz służbę swą odbywali we francuskiej Legii Cudzoziemskiej. Większą liczebnie grupę stanowili żołnierze i oficerowie Wojska Polskiego, którzy po 1939 r. zostali ewakuowani do Wielkiej Brytanii. Z żołnierzami brytyjskimi transportowali samoloty z Afryki Zachodniej do Egiptu, które następnie walczyły z wojskami niemieckimi. Po wykonaniu swoich zadań wracali oni na kontynent europejski. Do powstania społeczności polskich i polonijnych w Afryce Zachodniej doszło po II wojnie światowej. To wówczas skupiła się tam nieliczna emigracja wojenna, zaczęli tam docierać polscy specjaliści i kadry naukowo-techniczne znad Wisły, przybywali misjonarze i misjonarki, polsko-afrykańskie rodziny oraz przedstawiciele Polonii z innych części świata. Do 1989 r. w krajach zachodnioafrykańskich zatrudnionych było ok. 5 tys. specjalistów, a niektórym z nich towarzyszyły rodziny. Znaczenie kadr naukowo-technicznych zmalało po transformacji systemowej. Odtąd nieliczni specjaliści udawali się do tego regionu świata. Współczesne skupiska polskie i polonijne w państwach Afryki Zachodniej należą do niewielkich, albowiem łącznie stanowią zbiorowość ok. 700-osobową. Niemal połowa z nich znalazła miejsce zamieszkania bądź zatrudnienia w Nigerii, który to kraj posiada największą gospodarkę oraz dysponuje najliczniejszą populacją. W innych krajach przebywają społeczności dużo mniejsze.


Respati ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Elisabet Yunaeti Anggraeni ◽  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Icha Mufadila

INTISARITanaman kakao (Theobroma cacao, L.) atau yang biasa disebut coklat merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang tumbuh di lahan kering. Tanaman kakao merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan nasional yang berperan penting bagi pertumbuhan perekonomian Indonesia. Namun, dalam  budidayanya petani kakao seringkali menghadapi masalah yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas hasil produksi kakao. Karena permasalahan inilah yang membuat peneliti ingin membuat suatu sistem pendukung keputusan yang dapat membantu petani dan suplayer terutama CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa untuk menentukan kualitas biji kakao. Sistem yang dirancang menggunakan metode Weighted Product (WP) merupakan metode penyelesaian dengan menggunakan perkalian untuk menghubungkan nilai atribut, dimana nilai harus dipangkatkan terlebih dahulu dengan bobot atribut yang bersangkutan. Dengan adanya sistem  penunjang keputusan ini mampu membantu masyarakat untuk menentukan  kualitas biji kakao dan di harapkan sistem pendukung keputusan menggunakan metode Weighted Product dalam proses menentukan kualitas pada biji kakao tersebut dapat menyelesaikan masalah pada CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa, petani dan pengepul kakao dalam menentukan kualitas biji kakao yang baik Kata Kunci : Sistem Penunjang Keputusan, Weighted Product (WP), Biji Kakao ABSTRACTCacao (Theobroma cacao, L.) or commonly called cocoa is an estate crop that grows on dry land. Cacao is one of the leading national commodities that plays an important role in Indonesia's economic growth. However, in the cultivation of cocoa farmers often face problems that can cause a decrease in the quality of cocoa production. Because of this problem that makes researchers want to create a decision support system that can help farmers and suppliers, especially CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa to determine the quality of cocoa beans. The system is designed using the Weighted Product (WP) method is a method of settlement using multiplication to connect the attribute value, where the value must be raised first with the weight of the attribute in question. With this decision support system able to help the community to determine the quality of good cocoa beans and expected with the decision support system using the Weighted Product method in the process of determining the quality of the cocoa beans can solve the problem in the CV. Bulok Kakao Sentosa, cocoa farmers and collectors in determining the quality of good cocoa beans. Keywords : Decision Support System, Weighted Product (WP), Cacao Beans


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sewanou H. Honfo ◽  
Beaugard H. Taboe ◽  
Romain Glele Kakai

The COVID-19 pandemic is currently causing several damages to the world, especially in the public health sector. Due to identifiability problems in parameters' estimation of complex compartmental models, this study considered a simple deterministic susceptible-infectious-recovered (SIR)-type model to characterize and predict the future course of the pandemic in the West African countries. We estimated some specific characteristics of the disease's dynamics such as its initial conditions, reproduction numbers, true peak and peak of the reported cases, with their corresponding times, final epidemic size and time-varying attack ratio. Our findings revealed a relatively low proportion of susceptible individuals in the region and in the different countries (1:2% across West Africa). The detection rate of the disease was also relatively low (0:9% for West Africa as a whole) and < 2% for most countries, except for Gambia (12.5 %), Cape-Verde (9:5%), Mauritania (5:9%) and Ghana (4:4%). The reproduction number varied between 1.15 (Burkina-Faso) and 4.45 (Niger), and the peak time of the pandemic was between June and July for most countries. Generally, the peak time of the reported cases came a week (7-8 days) after the true peak time. The model predicted 222; 100 actual active cases in the region at the peak time, while the final epidemic size accounted for 0:6% of theWest African population (2; 526; 700 individuals). The results obtained showed that COVID-19 has not severely affected West Africa as noticed in other regions of the world. However, current control measures and standard operating procedures should be maintained over time to accelerate a decline in the observed trends of the pandemic.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis Kaburise ◽  
Grace Ramachona

The West African anansesem (short stories about the spider, Ananse) are considered ageless classics in many countries and continents; and their appeal has remained constant over generations. Although anansesem is a word taken from the Ashanti tribe in Ghana, the stories have impacted in the whole of West Africa and can also still be heard in Caribbean households. The appeal of anansesem is quite personal—but analysts have isolated varying characteristics; and these include linguistic, structural, characterisation, themes, plot, and a certain ambience. One quality of anansesem, which has enabled them to still command extensive audience, is their ability to reflect ‘‘a conversation’’ in line with Grice’s maxims. Grice is a theorist in pragmatics, who outlined the salient features or maxims of verbal interactions that should govern a conversation. These four maxims are—quantity (make your conversation as informative as is required), quality (do not say what you believe to be untrue), relation (be relevant) and manner (avoid obscurity of expressions). The aim of this article is to analyse selected ananse stories as examples of conversation pieces in accordance with these Gricean maxims. The analyses was based on the assumption that these short stories exhibit features different from the attributes of traditional short stories, and that this difference is the essence of anansesem’s timeless appeal. The results illustrated that despite the brevity of these stories, a certain ambience, created by their conversation-like writing style, ensures their ability to create sustaining humour, while being politically, socially, and economically relevant ‘‘conversations’’ for today. 


2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 450-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marloes Janson

AbstractThe proliferation of the Tablīgh Jamā'at, an Islamic missionary movement that strictly observes the fundamentals of the faith, is a manifestation of the recent Islamic resurgence in West Africa. The movement originated in South Asia, but has expanded to Africa. Despite the Jamā'at's great influence on the lives of many West African Muslims, sub-Saharan Africa is a region that has been ignored almost completely in studies of the movement. This article focuses on The Gambia, which appears to be a booming centre of Tablīgh activities in West Africa. On the basis of the conversion stories of a male and a female Tablīgh activist, the central themes in the Gambian branch of the Tablīgh Jamā'at will be explored. These themes result from local factors such as the socio-economic crisis and gender relations. Nevertheless, they also bear similarities with recurrent subjects in other 'fundamentalist' movements throughout the world.


Author(s):  
Javid Ghanbari

In investigating the influence of religious thoughts on architecture, much attention has been given to divine world-wide religions by the researchers, while indigenous religions have to a great extent been neglected. Ancient tribes in different parts of the world, have, on the basis of their cosmology, shaped beliefs which reflect on their architecture, especially on their sacred buildings. Regarding the Dogons-a well-known and a dominant tribe in West Africa- their Gods, cosmology and beliefs have led to the formation of settlements comprising houses, temples and other types of buildings in accordance with their religious thoughts while also being in harmony with nature. Up on the expansion of Islam throughout Africa, especially West Africa, vernacular mosques are shaped gradually beside shrines making a typology of Islamic architecture which has traces of both Dogon and Islamic architecture within it; While the influence of natural materials and indigenous building techniques should not be neglected. Taking a descriptive-deductive analysis approach, this paper will search for the architectural creolization process and will eventually conclude that West African vernacular mosques inherit their formal and spatial features mostly from Dogon house and pioneer mosques in Medina and their physical features, elements and exterior decorations from Dogon temples.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorte Thorsen ◽  
Roy Maconachie

Cocoa farming in West Africa has a long history of relying on family labour, including children’s labour. Increasingly, global concern is voiced about the hazardous nature of children’s work, without considering how it contributes to their social development. Using recent research, this paper maps out the tasks undertaken by boys and girls of different ages in Ghana and how their involvement in work considered hazardous has changed. We show that actions to decrease potential harm are increasingly difficult and identify new areas of inquiry.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Sidy Camara

This article aims to address the question of the emergence of empires in West Africa from the ninth century to the present day. The author plans to make an in-depth analysis of the political formation of the different empires which have succeeded each other in this vast West African space which nowadays shelters the current republics of Mali and Mauritania in particular and in general throughout other West African countries (Guinea, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Niger). The largest and most famous empires that appeared on the territory of what is now Mali is called the Ghana Empire in the 9th century and was succeeded by the Mali or Mandé Empire in the 13th century. The influence of these empires throughout Africa and the rest of the world shows us a particular interest in understanding over time the notion of the State in Africa before the colonization and destruction of the African political system and its replacement by colonial state with the arrival of Europeans. Today the question of the weakness of the modern or postcolonial state in Africa and Mali poses many questions not only in the concert of nations but also in the academic and university environment. We will try to demonstrate in this article the link between the break in the evolution of the African state and the imposition of the modern European state through the colonial state which is at the root of the backwardness of African countries in terms political, economic and social compared to the rest of the world.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Yolanda Fitria Syahri ◽  
H. Hastuti

Kolaka is known as "Kolaka Cocoa City". Cocoa is the main commodity of Kolaka Regency. Kolaka is one of the cities in Southeast Sulawesi. Southeast Sulawesi is one of the provisions in Sulawesi which is the center of cocoa production after South Sulawesi with total area of 260,458 ha and with production 142,156 tons (Ditjenbun, 2012). Cocoa production centers in southeast sulawesi are located in Latambaga and Samaturu Sub-districts. Partners in the IbM program are cocoa farmers of Induha Urban Village, Latambaga Sub-district and cocoa farmer in Samaturu Sub-district. Various cooperation programs have been conducted to improve the quality of cocoa commodities in Kolaka District. In its development, classical problems remain faced by partner farmers both in terms of production and business management. In terms of production, pre-harvest problems faced by farmers are cocoa pests and diseases, which cause the farmers’ dependence on pesticides and chemical fungicides as well as the age of plants, therefore, it is important to reduce the use of pesticides and chemical fungicides because in the long term it can have adverse impact on environmental sustainability and health. The problem of post-harvest for partner farmers is a low quality of cocoa production. Most cocoa farmers process cocoa fruits to be dried beans in a rough way so that ± 90% of the cocoa beans produced by farmers have a low quality with the main characteristic is not fermented. The problem faced by farmers  in the marketing chain is the oligopsoni market structure, where farmers are at the lowest position so that farmers do not have bargaining position. The objectives of IbM program were to 1) Reduce farmers’ dependence on pesticides and chemical fungicides with the utilization of environmentally friendly pesticides 2) Design the fermentor to improve the quality of cocoa beans 3) Enhance the bargaining position of farmers through the active role of Farmer group (Gapoktan)  in the marketing chain of cocoa


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