scholarly journals Effects of Short-term Tillage of a Long-term No-Till Land on Quantity and Quality of Organic C and N in Two Contrasting Soil Types

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Dyck ◽  
Sukhdev S. Malhi ◽  
Marvin Nyborg ◽  
Dyck Puurveen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Average Increase ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
No Till ◽  
N Treatment

<p>Pre-seeding tillage of long-term no-till soil may alter soil quality by changing some properties, but the magnitude of change depends on soil type and climatic conditions. Effects of short-term (2 or 3 years) tillage (hereafter called reverse tillage [RT]) of land previously under long-term no-till (NT, 29 or 30 years), with straw management (straw removed [S<sub>Rem</sub>] and straw retained [S<sub>Ret</sub>]) and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha<sup>-1 </sup>in S<sub>Ret</sub>, and 0 kg N ha<sup>-1 </sup>in S<sub>Rem</sub> plots) were determined in autumn 2011 on total organic C (TOC) and N (TON), light fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), and mineralizable N (N<sub>min</sub>) in the 0-7.5, 7.5-15, or 15-20 cm soil layers at Breton (Gray Luvisol [Typic Cryoboralf] loam) and Ellerslie (Black Chernozem [Albic Argicryoll] loam), Alberta, Canada. Short-term RT following long-term NT had no significant negative effect on TOC and TON in soil at both sites, although these parameters tended to be slightly lower in the 0-7.5 cm soil layer with RT compared to NT. For the zero-N treatment, S<sub>Ret</sub> had greater TOC and TON compared to S<sub>Rem</sub> in both soil layers at both sites. On average, over both sites, TOC and TON in the 0-15 cm soil increased by 2.08 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> and 0.216 Mg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Application of N fertilizer increased TOC and TON in both soil layers, up to the 50 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> rate at Breton (by 7.96 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> and 0.702 Mg N ha<sup>-1</sup> in the 0-15 cm soil) and up to the 100 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> rate at Ellerslie (by 5.11 Mg C ha<sup>-1</sup> and 0.439 Mg N ha<sup>-1</sup> in the 0-15 cm soil). In both RT and NT treatments, the effects of N rate on TOC and TON were similar for S<sub>Ret</sub> and S<sub>Rem. </sub>There was greater LFOC and LFON in the 7.5-15 cm soil layer with RT than NT at both sites. In the 0-15 cm soil layer, averaged over both sites, RT increased LFOC by 66 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> and LFON by 4.0 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>. In both 0-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm soil layers, LFOC and LFON increased with S<sub>Ret</sub> compared to S<sub>Rem.</sub> Averaged over both sites, the increase in LFOC and LFON in the 0-15 cm soil was 97 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> and 3.5 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Mass of LFOC and LFON increased dramatically in both soil layers with application of N fertilizer up to the 100 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> rate at both sites, with an average increase of 866 kg C ha<sup>-1</sup> and 45.5 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>. In the zero-N treatment, LFOC and LFON increased with S<sub>Ret</sub> compared to S<sub>Rem</sub> under RT at Breton and under NT at Ellerslie. On average, tillage had no effect on N<sub>min</sub> in soil, but S<sub>Ret</sub> increased N<sub>min </sub>in soil in both RT and NT, with an average increase of 4.8 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>. Application of N fertilizer increased N<sub>min</sub> in the 0-20 cm soil up to 50 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> rate at Breton (by 13.7 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>) and up to 100 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> rate at Ellerslie (by 18.6 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup>). In conclusion, RT had no effect on TOC, TON and N<sub>min</sub> in soil, but LFOC and LFON increased with RT compared to NT in the 7.5-15 cm layer at one site. S<sub>Ret</sub> and N fertilization usually had dramatic positive effects on TOC, TON, LFOC, LFON and N<sub>min</sub> in soil compared to the corresponding treatments.</p>

Influence of crop residues and nitrogen fertilizer on soil water repellency and soil hydrophobicity under long-term no-till

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Miller ◽  
M.L. Owen ◽  
B.H. Ellert ◽  
X.M. Yang ◽  
C.F. Drury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Water Repellency ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Organic C ◽  
No Till ◽  
Soil Hydrophobicity

Crop residues and N fertilizer under no-till may increase soil water repellency (SWR) and soil hydrophobicity, but few studies have examined these two treatment factors and their interaction. A laboratory study was conducted using a long-term (since 1999) field experiment on a clay loam soil to determine the effect of three crop residues and two N fertilizer levels on SWR and soil hydrophobicity under no-till within the Dark Brown soil zone of the semi-arid Canadian prairies. The three residue treatments were residues removed from soil (Rx0), residues returned to soil (Rx1), and residues supplemented to soil (Rx2). The two fertilizer N treatments were 0 (N0) and 45 kg N ha−1 (N1). Surface (0–10 cm) soil samples were taken in the spring of 2017 after 17 yr. Laboratory measurements were conducted on air-dried and sieved (<2 mm) soil to determine SWR using the repellency index method (RI), soil organic C, hydrophobic CH and hydrophilic CO functional groups, and soil hydrophobicity (CH/CO ratio). Mean RI values ranged from 2.19 to 2.75, indicating subcritical (RI > 1.95) SWR. Similar (P > 0.05) RI values were found for the three residue and two N fertilizer treatments, but the trend was for greater RI with increased residue addition (by 12%–26%) and N fertilizer (by 8%). Soil hydrophobicity was significantly greater by 47%–82% for straw returned or supplemented than straw removed treatments, and by 33% for fertilized than unfertilized treatments. Overall, greater residues and N fertilizer had no effect on SWR, but significantly increased soil hydrophobicity.

scholarly journals Effects of Short-term Tillage of a Long-term No-Till Land on Available N and P in Two Contrasting Soil Types

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Dyck ◽  
Sukhdev. S. Malhi ◽  
Marvin Nyborg ◽  
Dick Puurveen
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Available N ◽  
Straw Management ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
No Till ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

The effects of short-term (4 years) tillage (hereafter called reverse tillage [RT]) of land previously under long-term (29 or 30 years) no-till (NT), with straw management (straw removed [SRem] and straw retained [SRet]) and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 in SRet, and 0 kg N ha-1 in SRem plots) were determined in autumn 2011 on ammonium-N, nitrate-N and extractable P in the 0-7.5, 7.5-15 and 15-20 cm soil layers at Breton (Gray Luvisol [Typic Cryoboralf] loam) and Ellerslie (Black Chernozem [Albic Argicryoll] loam), Alberta, Canada. There was no significant effect of RT and straw on ammonium-N, nitrate-N and extractable P in soil. Ammonium-N in soil increased significantly (but small) with N rate in many cases at both sites. Nitrate-N in soil increased with increasing N rate from 0 to 100 kg N ha-1 rate at Ellerslie, and up to 50 kg N ha-1 rate at Breton. Etractable P in soil decreased markedly with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha-1 at Breton and up to 50 kg N ha-1 at Ellerslie. In summary, increased N fertilizer rates were usually associated with decreased extractable P and increased nitrate-N in soil, but RT and straw had no effect on these nutrients in soil.

scholarly journals Paleolithic Diet—Effect on the Health Status and Performance of Athletes?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019
Author(s):  
Barbara Frączek ◽  
Aleksandra Pięta ◽  
Adrian Burda ◽  
Paulina Mazur-Kurach ◽  
Florentyna Tyrała
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Paleolithic Diet ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this meta-analysis was to review the impact of a Paleolithic diet (PD) on selected health indicators (body composition, lipid profile, blood pressure, and carbohydrate metabolism) in the short and long term of nutrition intervention in healthy and unhealthy adults. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of 21 full-text original human studies was conducted. Both the PD and a variety of healthy diets (control diets (CDs)) caused reduction in anthropometric parameters, both in the short and long term. For many indicators, such as weight (body mass (BM)), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC), impact was stronger and especially found in the short term. All diets caused a decrease in total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), albeit the impact of PD was stronger. Among long-term studies, only PD cased a decline in TC and LDL-C. Impact on blood pressure was observed mainly in the short term. PD caused a decrease in fasting plasma (fP) glucose, fP insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the short run, contrary to CD. In the long term, only PD caused a decrease in fP glucose and fP insulin. Lower positive impact of PD on performance was observed in the group without exercise. Positive effects of the PD on health and the lack of experiments among professional athletes require longer-term interventions to determine the effect of the Paleo diet on athletic performance.

scholarly journals Effect of 50 Years of No-Tillage, Stubble Retention, and Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Respiration, Easily Extractable Glomalin, and Nitrogen Mineralization

Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Pramod Jha ◽  
Kuntal M. Hati ◽  
Ram C. Dalal ◽  
Yash P. Dang ◽  
Peter M. Kopittke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Stubble Retention ◽  
No Till

In subtropical regions, we have an incomplete understanding of how long-term tillage, stubble, and nitrogen (N) fertilizer management affects soil biological functioning. We examined a subtropical site managed for 50 years using varying tillage (conventional till (CT) and no-till (NT)), stubble management (stubble burning (SB) and stubble retention (SR)), and N fertilization (0 (N0), 30 (N30), and 90 (N90) kg ha−1 y−1) to assess their impact on soil microbial respiration, easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EEGRSP), and N mineralization. A significant three-way tillage × stubble × N fertilizer interaction was observed for soil respiration, with NT+SB+N0 treatments generally releasing the highest amounts of CO2 over the incubation period (1135 mg/kg), and NT+SR+N0 treatments releasing the lowest (528 mg/kg). In contrast, a significant stubble × N interaction was observed for both EEGRSP and N mineralization, with the highest concentrations of both EEGRSP (2.66 ± 0.86 g kg−1) and N mineralization (30.7 mg/kg) observed in SR+N90 treatments. Furthermore, N mineralization was also positively correlated with EEGRSP (R2 = 0.76, p < 0.001), indicating that EEGRSP can potentially be used as an index of soil N availability. Overall, this study has shown that SR and N fertilization have a positive impact on soil biological functioning.

scholarly journals Short-term and long-term international scientific mobility of Italian PhDs: An analysis by gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Valentina Tocchioni ◽  
Alessandra Petrucci ◽  
Alessandra Minello
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Early Career ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Academic Mobility ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Brain

In the last years, there has been a large increase in high-educated and high-skilled people’s mobility as a consequence of the internationalization and globalization, the weakening of research and university systems of sending countries (the “brain drain” process), the increase in skilled demand and improvements in higher education of host countries (the “brain gain” process). At the micro-level, academic mobility has positive consequences on occupational prospects and careers of researchers, both in the short- and long- run. Nevertheless, numerous research studies have demonstrated the challenges of engaging in international academic mobility for people with caring responsibilities, particularly women. Using Italian data on occupational conditions of PhDs collected in 2018 by Istat and modelling multinomial logistic regression analyses, we intend to verify if female researchers are associated with a lower international mobility irrespective their field of study, and the extent to which gender interacts differently in the various fields of study in affecting the probability of moving abroad after PhD qualification. Also, the distinction between long-term and short-term mobility, which has been mainly neglected in the literature concentrating on longer stays, has taken into account. In this respect, short-term mobility is a potentially high-value investment that may be pursued also by those researchers and scientists who cannot move for longer periods, such as women with caring responsibilities. In the literature, it is acknowledged that an experience abroad during early career may have positive effects on future occupational prospects. With our work, we intend to shed light on potential disparities on moving abroad that may exist among researchers in their early career by gender, and which could contribute to leave behind women in academia.

scholarly journals Effects of Short-term Tillage of a Long-term No-Till Land on Crop Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Two Contrasting Soil Types

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Dyck ◽  
Sukhdev S. Malhi ◽  
Marvin Nyborg ◽  
Dyck Puurveen
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
No Till

<p>Pre-seeding tillage of long-term no-till (NT) land may alter crop production by changing the availability of some nutrients in soil. Effects of short-term (4 years) tillage (hereafter called reverse tillage [RT]) of land previously under long-term (29 or 30 years) NT, with straw management (straw removed [SRem] and straw retained [SRet]) and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> in SRet, and 0 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> in SRem plots), were determined on plant yield (seed + straw, or harvested as forage/silage at soft dough stage), and N and P uptake in growing seasons from 2010 to 2013 at Breton (Gray Luvisol [Typic Cryoboralf] loam) and from 2009 to 2012 at Ellerslie (Black Chernozem [Albic Argicryoll] loam), Alberta, Canada. Plant yield, N uptake and P uptake tended to be greater with RT compared to NT in most cases at both sites, although significant in a few cases only at Ellerslie. On average over both sites, RT produced greater plant yield by 560 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, N uptake by 5.8 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, and P uptake by 1.8 kg P ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> than NT. There was no consistent beneficial effect of straw retention on plant yield, N uptake and P uptake in different years. Plant yield, N uptake and P uptake increased with N fertilization at both sites, with up to the maximum rate of applied N at 100 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> in 3 of 4 years at Breton and in 2 of 4 years at Ellerslie. In conclusion, our findings suggested some beneficial impact of occasional tillage of long-term NT soil on crop yield and nutrient uptake.</p>

scholarly journals Distribution and vertical stratification of carbon and nitrogen in soil under different managements in the pampean region of Argentina

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1985-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carina Rosa Álvarez ◽  
Alejandro Oscar Costantini ◽  
Alfredo Bono ◽  
Miguel Ángel Taboada ◽  
Flavio Hernán Gutiérrez Boem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C Storage ◽  
C Pools ◽  
No Till ◽  
Total Organic C

One of the expected benefits of no-tillage systems is a higher rate of soil C sequestration. However, higher C retention in soil is not always apparent when no-tillage is applied, due e.g., to substantial differences in soil type and initial C content. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of no-tillage management to increase the stock of total organic C in soils of the Pampas region in Argentina. Forty crop fields under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems and seven undisturbed soils were sampled. Total organic C, total N, their fractions and stratification ratios and the C storage capacity of the soils under different managements were assessed in samples to a depth of 30 cm, in three layers (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm). The differences between the C pools of the undisturbed and cultivated soils were significant (p < 0.05) and most pronounced in the top (0-5 cm) soil layer, with more active C near the soil surface (undisturbed > no-tillage > conventional tillage). Based on the stratification ratio of the labile C pool (0-5/5-15 cm), the untilled were separated from conventionally tilled areas. Much of the variation in potentially mineralizable C was explained by this active C fraction (R² = 0.61) and by total organic C (R² = 0.67). No-till soils did not accumulate more organic C than conventionally tilled soils in the 0-30 cm layer, but there was substantial stratification of total and active C pools at no till sites. If the C stratification ratio is really an indicator of soil quality, then the C storage potential of no-tillage would be greater than in conventional tillage, at least in the surface layers. Particulate organic C and potentially mineralizable C may be useful to evaluate variations in topsoil organic matter.

The effects of cultivation method, fertilizer input and previous sward type on organic C and N storage and gaseous losses under spring and winter barley following long-term leys

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. A. VINTEN ◽  
B. C. BALL ◽  
M. F. O'SULLIVAN ◽  
J. K. HENSHALL
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C And N

The effects of ploughing or no-tillage of long-term grass and grass-clover swards on changes in organic C and N pools and on CO2 and denitrified gas emissions were investigated in a 3-year field experiment in 1996–99 near Penicuik, Scotland. The decrease in soil C content between 1996 and 1999 was 15·3 t/ha (95% confidence limits were 1·7–28·9 t/ha). Field estimates of CO2 losses from deep-ploughed, normal-ploughed and no-tillage plots were 3·1, 4·5 and 4·6 t/ha over the sampling periods (a total of 257 days) in 1996–98. The highest N2O fluxes were from the fertilized spring barley under no-tillage. Thus no-tillage did not reduce C emissions, caused higher N2O emissions, and required larger inputs of N fertilizer than ploughing. By contrast, deep ploughing led to smaller C and N2O emissions but had no effect on yields, suggesting that deep ploughing might be an appropriate means of conserving C and N when leys are ploughed in. Subsoil denitrification losses were estimated to be 10–16 kg N/ha per year by measurement of 15N emissions from incubated intact cores. A balance sheet of N inputs and outputs showed that net N mineralization over 3 years was lower from plots receiving N fertilizer than from plots receiving no fertilizer.

Soil acidification and the carbon cycle in a cropping soil of north-eastern Victoria

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Slattery ◽  
D. G. Edwards ◽  
L. C. Bell ◽  
D. R. Coventry ◽  
K. R. Helyar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Soil Buffering ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Organic C

Changes in soil organic matter were determined for a long-term (1975–95) experiment at the Rutherglen Research Institute in north-eastern Victoria. The crop rotations in this experiment were continuous lupins (LL) and continuous wheat (WW). The soil at this site was a solodic or Yellow Dermosol with a soil pH of 6·08 (pH in 0·01 М CaCl2 1 : 5) in 1975 in the surface 10 cm, which had declined by 0·8 and 1·5 pH units for WW and LL, respectively, in the 0–20 cm soil zone by 1992. Acidification rates decreased with increasing soil depth. The acidification rate in the 0–60 cm soil zone was 12·5 kmol(H+)/ha·year for the LL rotation and 4·6 kmol(H+)/ha·year for the WW rotation. The amount of CaCO3 required to neutralise the acidification of wheat-lupin rotations as calculated in this paper was up to 3·8 t/ha ·10 years for a WLWL rotation or 3 ·3 t/ha ·10 years for a WWL rotation; these amounts are significantly higher than previously reported rates. In this paper, we calculate the impact of changes in soil carbon (C) status over time, and therefore soil buffering, on the rates of acidification in incremental soil layers to a depth of 60 cm. Total organic C for these rotations in 1992 was 1·12% for WW and 1·17% for LL in the 0–10 cm soil zone. An investigation of the humic and fulvic acid fractions of these 2 rotations to a depth of 60 cm showed that the LL rotation had significantly higher (P < 0·05) C at depth than the WW rotation. Acidification due to the net decrease in soil C over the 15-year study period plus acidification due to the alkali removed in the seed was calculated to be –4·88 kmol(H+)/ha·year for the LL rotation and –6·52 kmol(H+)/ha·year for the WW rotation.

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