Short-rotation woody crop systems, atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon management: A U.S. case study

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Tuskan ◽  
Marie E. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Carbon Management ◽  
Short Rotation Woody Crops ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Woody Crop

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are increasing along with global use of fossil fuels and worldwide rates of deforestation. These trends have led international panels and organizations to devise carbon management strategies in an effort to curb increases in CO2. The goal of this paper is to explore the potential role of short-rotation woody crops (SRWC) in the U.S. as one option in a carbon-managed future economy. On a scale of 40 × 106 ha, and at an average productivity rate of 21 Mg oven-dry biomass ha−1 yr−1, SRWC systems could account for an average of 0.30 Pg of C yr−1 when prorated over the 50-year deployment life of a typical SRWC system. Most of the accounted carbon (76%) would come from fossil fuel displacement as opposed to direct carbon sequestration. The proportion of accounted carbon associated with fossil fuel displacement increases with longer time frames due to the relatively rapid saturation of the carbon sequestration pool. Key words: Populus, biomass, carbon sequestration, carbon displacement, Kyoto Protocol, CO2

A theoretical approach to the Suess effect

1970 ◽  
Vol 318 (1533) ◽  
pp. 213-230 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Suess Effect ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon

From a theoretical study of the production and distribution of fossil-fuel carbon dioxide released since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution calculations have been made of the resultant decreases in atmospheric carbon-14 specific activities (Suess effect). The calculations are based on recent advances in the assessment of parameters which control carbon circulation and a re-evaluation of the combustion rates of fossil fuels. Results show that the reduction in carbon-14 specific activities amounted to -0.5, -3.2 and -5.9 % in A. D. 1890, 1950 and 1969 respectively. Analyses of biospheric materials of known age show good agreement between the predicted and observed atmospheric carbon -14 concentrations although the possibility exists of a perturbation of natural origin. The incorporation of significant amounts of fossil fuel carbon into 1890 wood indicates the possibility of error in radiocarbon analyses based on the conventional modern reference material. The study also enables corrections to be made for the Suess effect to observations of carbon -14 activities of samples grown during the past century. Predictions of future consumption of fossil fuels have permitted evaluation of the approximate magnitude of the future Suess effect. The results imply that the effect will be of increasing importance, reaching about -23% by 2000 and -50 % by 2025. The Suess effect, which is in competition with the nuclear bomb effect, may therefore reduce atmospheric carbon -14 concentration to the natural level again by 1990. Future increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could have significant climatological consequences, but the magnitude of these changes remains speculative.

Reduction of atmospheric radiocarbon concentration by fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the mean life of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

1958 ◽  
Vol 243 (1235) ◽  
pp. 561-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Steady State Distribution ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Molecule ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres

It is generally accepted that the combustion of fossil fuels over the period 1860 to 1954 has produced an amount of carbon dioxide, containing no radiocarbon, that is equal to approxi­mately 13% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The addition of this 4 'old' carbon dioxide to the atmosphere has observably disturbed the steady-state distribution of carbon-14 in nature. In the present paper measurements are described of the carbon-14 concentration in sets of wood samples from the northern and southern hemispheres, and these show that the carbon-14 specific activity of atmospheric carbon dioxide has decreased by 2.03 ± 0.15% over the period 1860 to 1954, and that the present-day difference between the decrease in the northern and southern hemispheres is less than 0.50%. The response of various mathematical models of the carbon cycle in nature to the addition of ‘old’ carbon dioxide at an exponential rate has been considered. Using the above data in conjunction with these models it is deduced that: (1) The mean life of a carbon dioxide molecule in the atmosphere before it is absorbed into other reservoirs of carbon must be less than 7 yr, and is probably of the order of 2 yr. (2) The exchange time for mixing of the atmospheres of the two hemispheres (i. e. the mean life of a carbon dioxide molecule in the atmosphere of one hemisphere before trans-ferrence to the other hemisphere) is less than 2 yr.

Quantifying the contribution of regional methane emissions to the global methane budget between 2008 and 2018 using the TOMCAT chemical transport model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Dowd ◽  
Christopher Wilson ◽  
Martyn Chipperfield ◽  
Manuel Gloor
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Methane Budget

<p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) is the second most important atmospheric greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide. Global concentrations of CH<sub>4</sub> have been rising in the last decade and our understanding of what is driving the increase remains incomplete. Natural sources, such as wetlands, contribute to the uncertainty of the methane budget. However, anthropogenic sources, such as fossil fuels, present an opportunity to mitigate the human contribution to climate change on a relatively short timescale, since CH<sub>4</sub> has a much shorter lifetime than carbon dioxide. Therefore, it is important to know the relative contributions of these sources in different regions.</p><p>We have investigated the inter-annual variation (IAV) and rising trend of CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations using a global 3-D chemical transport model, TOMCAT. We independently tagged several regional natural and anthropogenic CH<sub>4</sub> tracers in TOMCAT to identify their contribution to the atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> concentrations over the period 2009 – 2018. The tagged regions were selected based on the land surface types and the predominant flux sector within each region and include subcontinental regions, such as tropical South America, boreal regions and anthropogenic regions such as Europe. We used surface CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes derived from a previous TOMCAT-based atmospheric inversion study (Wilson et al., 2020). These atmospheric inversions were constrained by satellite and surface flask observations of CH<sub>4</sub>, giving optimised monthly estimates for fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel emissions on a 5.6° horizontal grid. During the study period, the total optimised CH<sub>4</sub> flux grew from 552 Tg/yr to 593 Tg/yr. This increase in emissions, particularly in the tropics, contributed to the increase in atmospheric CH<sub>4 </sub>concentrations and added to the imbalance in the CH<sub>4</sub> budget. We will use the results of the regional tagged tracers to quantify the contribution of regional methane emissions at surface observation sites, and to quantify the contributions of the natural and anthropogenic emissions from the tagged regions to the IAV and the rising methane concentrations.</p><p>Wilson, C., Chipperfield, M. P., Gloor, M., Parker, R. J., Boesch, H., McNorton, J., Gatti, L. V., Miller, J. B., Basso, L. S., and Monks, S. A.: Large and increasing methane emissions from Eastern Amazonia derived from satellite data, 2010–2018, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2020-1136, in review, 2020.</p>

Foreseeable Effects of CO2 -induced Climatic Change: Freshwater Concerns

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles C. Coutant
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Climatic Change ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Precipitation Regimes ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
Freshwater Environments

Freshwater environments are expected to be particularly responsive to temperature rises and changed precipitation régimes that are anticipated to result from progressive increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion. Recognition of potential impacts on aquatic systems should strengthen research and management planning for the future, and provide more confident estimates of the risks from CO2 elevation than those at present available. This report briefly evaluates those aquatic impacts that are believed to be important and worthy of investigation and quantitative forecasting.Priorities for additional research have been suggested for the issues discussed herein. These priorities vary according to the use of pertinent data, the credibility of presumed risk (which may change as, for example, climatic models are better refined), the timing in relation to prerequisite information, current efforts already under way, and the feasibility of obtaining the desired data. The ranking remains subjective, however, and debatable.

scholarly journals Role of Microalgae in Global CO2 Sequestration: Physiological Mechanism, Recent Development, Challenges, and Future Prospective

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 13061
Author(s):  
Ravindra Prasad ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Gupta ◽  
Nisha Shabnam ◽  
Carlos Yure B. Oliveira ◽  
Arvind Kumar Nema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Graphical Model ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Bisphosphate Carboxylase

The rising concentration of global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) has severely affected our planet’s homeostasis. Efforts are being made worldwide to curb carbon dioxide emissions, but there is still no strategy or technology available to date that is widely accepted. Two basic strategies are employed for reducing CO2 emissions, viz. (i) a decrease in fossil fuel use, and increased use of renewable energy sources; and (ii) carbon sequestration by various biological, chemical, or physical methods. This review has explored microalgae’s role in carbon sequestration, the physiological apparatus, with special emphasis on the carbon concentration mechanism (CCM). A CCM is a specialized mechanism of microalgae. In this process, a sub-cellular organelle known as pyrenoid, containing a high concentration of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), helps in the fixation of CO2. One type of carbon concentration mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the association of pyrenoid tubules with thylakoids membrane is represented through a typical graphical model. Various environmental factors influencing carbon sequestration in microalgae and associated techno-economic challenges are analyzed critically.

scholarly journals Algal constraints on the Cenozoic history of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>?

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Henderiks ◽  
R. E. M. Rickaby
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Evolutionary Memory

Abstract. An urgent question for future climate, in light of increased burning of fossil fuels, is the temperature sensitivity of the climate system to atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2). To date, no direct proxy for past levels of pCO2 exists beyond the reach of the polar ice core records. We propose a new methodology for placing an upper constraint on pCO2 over the Cenozoic based on the living geological record. Specifically, our premise is that the contrasting calcification tolerance of various extant species of coccolithophore to raised pCO2 reflects an "evolutionary memory" of past atmospheric composition. The different times of first emergence of each morphospecies allows an upper constraint of past pCO2 to be placed on Cenozoic timeslices. Further, our hypothesis has implications for the response of marine calcifiers to ocean acidification. Geologically "ancient" species, which have survived large changes in ocean chemistry, are likely more resilient to predicted acidification.

scholarly journals A synthesis of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1299-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Andres ◽  
T. A. Boden ◽  
F.-M. Bréon ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
S. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Fuel Combustion ◽  
Interval Uncertainty ◽  
Fossil Fuel Combustion ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Abstract. This synthesis discusses the emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production. While much is known about these emissions, there is still much that is unknown about the details surrounding these emissions. This synthesis explores our knowledge of these emissions in terms of why there is concern about them; how they are calculated; the major global efforts on inventorying them; their global, regional, and national totals at different spatial and temporal scales; how they are distributed on global grids (i.e. maps); how they are transported in models; and the uncertainties associated with these different aspects of the emissions. The magnitude of emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels has been almost continuously increasing with time since fossil fuels were first used by humans. Despite events in some nations specifically designed to reduce emissions, or which have had emissions reduction as a byproduct of other events, global total emissions continue their general increase with time. Global total fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions are known to within 10% uncertainty (95% confidence interval). Uncertainty on individual national total fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions range from a few percent to more than 50%. The information discussed in this manuscript synthesizes global, regional and national fossil-fuel carbon dioxide emissions, their distributions, their transport, and the associated uncertainties.

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