Image analysis in automatic system of pollen recognition

In allergology practice and research, it would be convenient to receive pollen identification and monitoring results in much shorter time than it comes from human identification. Image based analysis is one of the approaches to an automated identification scheme for pollen grain and pattern recognition on such images is widely used as a powerful tool. The goal of such attempt is to provide accurate, fast recognition and classification and counting of pollen grains by computer system for monitoring. The isolated pollen grain are objects extracted from microscopic image by CCD camera and PC computer under proper conditions for further analysis. The algorithms are based on the knowledge from feature vector analysis of estimated parameters calculated from grain characteristics, including morphological features, surface features and other applicable estimated characteristics. Segmentation algorithms specially tailored to pollen object characteristics provide exact descriptions of pollen characteristics (border and internal features) already used by human expert. The specific characteristics and its measures are statistically estimated for each object. Some low level statistics for estimated local and global measures of the features establish the feature space. Some special care should be paid on choosing these feature and on constructing the feature space to optimize the number of subspaces for higher recognition rates in low-level classification for type differentiation of pollen grains.The results of estimated parameters of feature vector in low dimension space for some typical pollen types are presented, as well as some effective and fast recognition results of performed experiments for different pollens. The findings show the ewidence of using proper chosen estimators of central and invariant moments (M21, NM2, NM3, NM8 NM9), of tailored characteristics for good enough classification measures (efficiency > 95%), even for low dimensional classifiers (≥ 3) for type differentiation of pollens grain.

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Precise Pollen Grain Detection in Bright Field Microscopy Using Deep Learning Techniques

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19163583 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (16) ◽

pp. 3583 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ramón Gallardo-Caballero ◽

Carlos J. García-Orellana ◽

Antonio García-Manso ◽

Horacio M. González-Velasco ◽

Rafael Tormo-Molina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Network Architecture ◽

Detection System ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

Average Value ◽

Pollen Types ◽

Pollen Concentrations ◽

Pollen Counting ◽

Estimation System ◽

3D Information

The determination of daily concentrations of atmospheric pollen is important in the medical and biological fields. Obtaining pollen concentrations is a complex and time-consuming task for specialized personnel. The automatic location of pollen grains is a handicap due to the high complexity of the images to be processed, with polymorphic and clumped pollen grains, dust, or debris. The purpose of this study is to analyze the feasibility of implementing a reliable pollen grain detection system based on a convolutional neural network architecture, which will be used later as a critical part of an automated pollen concentration estimation system. We used a training set of 251 videos to train our system. As the videos record the process of focusing the samples, this system makes use of the 3D information presented by several focal planes. Besides, a separate set of 135 videos (containing 1234 pollen grains of 11 pollen types) was used to evaluate detection performance. The results are promising in detection (98.54% of recall and 99.75% of precision) and location accuracy (0.89 IoU as the average value). These results suggest that this technique can provide a reliable basis for the development of an automated pollen counting system.

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The importance of being the first pollen in the strobili of Scots pine

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x08-138 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 2976-2980 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Saila Varis ◽

Arja Santanen ◽

Anne Pakkanen ◽

Pertti Pulkkinen

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Seed Orchard ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

Seed Orchards ◽

Pollination Experiments ◽

Seed Crop ◽

Pollen Types ◽

Pine Pollen

Timing of pollen arrival may affect the level of seeds fertilized by pollen from outside seed orchards, especially in seed orchards of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) established in southern Finland with stock from northern populations. We performed sequential pollination experiments with Scots pine pollen collected from seed orchard clones originating from southern and northern Finland and recipient strobili in clones originating from southern Finland. When southern pollen was introduced first, seeds were sired equally by northern and southern genotypes. When northern pollen was introduced first, northern genotypes were found in 75% of the resulting seeds. When both pollen types were introduced at the same time, the resulting seed crop was split almost equally between northern and southern genotypes. These results do not unconditionally support the idea that the first pollen grain in the pollen chamber always fertilizes the ovum; instead, they suggest a more complex way of competition between pollen grains.

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EL POLEN DE HELICTERES (STERCULIACEAE) y SU COMPARACIÓN CON GÉNEROS VECINOS

Bonplandia ◽

10.30972/bon.111-43945 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 11 (1-4) ◽

pp. 207 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stella M. Piré ◽

Carmen L. Cristóbal

Keyword(s):

Pollen Grains ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

The Other ◽

Type I ◽

Evolutionary Trend ◽

Equatorial Zone ◽

Pollen Type ◽

Type Viii ◽

Exine Sculpture ◽

Pollen Types

<p>Pollen grains of 41 species representing all seven sections of Helicteres were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy and described. In order to establish palynological affinities Neoregnellia cubensis, Kleinhovia hospita, Reevesia thyrsoidea, Veeresia clarkii, Ungeria floribunda and Pterospermum acerifolium were also examined. Helicteres is palynologically rather uniform with respect to the shape and size of the grains as well as the type and number of the apertures. The pollen grains are usually triporate, oblate or suboblate, amb triangular and medium sized. Nevertheless the exine surface shows great variability. Nine pollen types are recognized on the basis of the sculpture of the exine: Type 1, tectate-perforate, baculate, in sect. Helicteres; Type 11, tectate-perforate, psilate to weakly verrucate, in 4 species of sect. Orthocarpaea; Type 111, tectate-perforate, with the equatorial zone verrucate and the poles psilate, in sect. Stegogamos; Type IV, microreticulate, verrucate, in sect. Polyandria; Type V, tectate, scabrate, verrucate, in sect. Alicteres; Type VI, tectate-perforate, verrucate, in 2 species of sect. Orthocarpaeaand 4 species of sect. Orthothecium; Type VII, tectate-perforatefossulate, verrucate, the verrucae large, irregular in outline, often anastomosed, in 3 species of sect. Orthothecium; Type VIII, tectate to tectate-perforate-fossulate, perforations and fossulae as well as micro-verrugae and micro-echinae densely concentrated at the poles, the equatorial zone psilate or scabrate, in 3 species of sect. Orthothecium; Type IX, tectateperforate- fossulate, microechinate, the perforations and fossulae densely concentrated at the poles, the micro-echinae distributed throughout the surface but hardly differentiated on the poles, in 16 species of sect. Sacarolha and 5 species of sect. Orthothecium. The pollen types are ordered according to the complexity of the exine; with the types with uniform sculpture considered simpler and the types with polar and equatorial zones differentiated considered complex. Keys to identify the nine pollen types of Helicteres and the pollen types of related genera are presented. According to pollen morphology Neoregnellia is closely connected with Helicteres; this genus shares the same pollen type, IX, with sect. Sacarolha and some species of sect. Orthothecium. The pollens of Kleinhovia and Helicteres have many characters in common (shape, size, apertures), the only difference being the microreticulate surface of the former; they are rather close to each other. Reevesia thyrsoidea, Veeresia clarkii and Ungeria floribunda stand apart from Helicteres in having 3-5 brevi-colp(or)ate and suprareticulate grains. The very distinctive pollen of Pterospermum acerifolium (Iarge size, spheroidal, echinate) supports its segregation from the tribe Helictereae. In Helicteres the different patterns of exine sculpture have taxonomic and phylogenetic value. In the first place, they allow the recognition of the 4 monospecific sections (Helicteres, Stegogamos, Alicteres and Polyandria) and at the same time they reveal the coherence of the genus, since the other 3 sections which have many species (Orthocarpaea, Orthothecium and Sacarolha) are connected with each other not only by exomorphological characters but also by pollen characters. In the second place, they provide bases for interpreting infra-generic relationships and the possible origin of the genus.Two possible evolutionary trends of exine sculpture, which are representated in two diagrams, are proposed. The first possibility starts with the Type VI; from this pollen type the evolutionary trend would have diverged in several directions. On one side, a line would lead toward increasing complexity of the exine that would end in Type VIII. This kind of pollen grain would have given rise to Type IX. On the other side, several divergent lines might have taken place; modifications in the exine sculpture would have led toward a progressive simplicity that would culminate in the absence of sculptural elements of Type 11. From this kind of pollen grain Type I might have evolved. The second possibility starts from Type 11; in this case the evolutionary trend of the exine would have gone in only one direction; the exine would have acquired more and more complexity, giving rise to pollen types connected with each other by transitional forms.</p>

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Pollen morphological variability correlates with a large-scale gradient of aridity

Web Ecology ◽

10.5194/we-20-19-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 19-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hindel Fatmi ◽

Souhaïl Mâalem ◽

Bouchra Harsa ◽

Ahmed Dekak ◽

Haroun Chenchouni

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Morphological Variability ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Dry Season ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

Climatic Zones ◽

Atriplex Halimus ◽

Climate Gradients ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Pollen Types

Abstract. The study of the morphology of living organisms is essential to understand their evolution and diversity. This study aims to determine the importance of climatic gradients in the diversity of pollen morphotypes using Atriplex halimus L. (Amaranthaceae) as a model species. Atriplex halimus is a perennial shrubby plant, polymorphic and very resistant to severe environmental conditions. In seven bioclimatic zones, ranging from mesic conditions in the north to hot–hyperarid in the south, pollen samples were collected from 49 sites, with seven accessions per bioclimate. Under a light microscope, pollen grains were selected and analyzed from three anthers of different flowers. Besides the usual pollen grain types, some previously unknown morphotypes, such as sulcate, triangular, and ovoid, were observed and described at the different climatic zones. A total of 10 pollen grain shapes were quantified and discussed following their specific occurrences within different climatic zones. Occurrence frequencies of different pollen shapes ranged between 0 % and 85.7 %, where the pantoporate spheroidal was the most widespread in all climatic zones, especially in the desert climate (85.7 %). Five pollen types occurred exclusively once per climate zone. The pantoporate prolate spheroidal in mesomediterranean climate with a long dry season (28.6 %), sulcate in the xerothermomediterranean climate (14.3%), pantoporate subtriangular in the subdesert climate with a short dry season (14.3 %), and pantoporate subprolate and boat-shaped in a subdesert climate with a long dry season with 14.3 % for each. Our findings help to understand the evolutionary effects of climate gradients on pollen morphology and variability in arid and desert areas and point towards a high degree of specialization in order to maximize trade-offs between pollination efficiency and protection of pollen grains from dehydration.

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COLOUR IMAGE IN 2D AND 3D MICROSCOPY FOR THE AUTOMATION OF POLLEN RATE MEASUREMENT

Image Analysis & Stereology ◽

10.5566/ias.v21.p25-30 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Pierre Bonton ◽

Alain Boucher ◽

Monique Thonnat ◽

Regis Tomczak ◽

Pablo J Hidalgo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pollen Grains ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

Pollen Monitoring ◽

3D Images ◽

Pollen Dispersion ◽

Colour Image ◽

Pollen Types ◽

2D And 3D ◽

Prevention Of Allergy ◽

Original Device

Pollen monitoring is of great importance for the prevention of allergy. As this activity is still largely carried out by humans, there is an increasing interest in the automation of pollen monitoring. The goal is to reduce monitoring time in order to plan more efficient treatments. In this context, an original device based on computer vision is developed. The goal of such a system is to provide accurate measurement of pollen concentration. This information can be used as well by palynologists, clinicians or by a forecast system to predict pollen dispersion. The system is composed of two modules: pollen grain extraction and pollen grain recognition. In the first module, the pollen grains are observed in light microscopy and are extracted automatically from a microscopic slide dyed with fuchsin and digitised in 3D. The colour segmentation techniques implemented on a hardware architecture are presented. In the second module, the pollen grains are analysed for recognition. To accomplish recognition, it is necessary to work on 3D images and to use deep palynological knowledge. This knowledge describes the pollen types according to their main visible characteristerics and to those which are important for recognition. Some pollen structures are identified, like the pore with annulus in Poaceae, the reticulum in Olea and similar pollen types or the cytoplasm in Cupressaceae. Preliminary results show correct recognition of some pollen types, like Urticaceae or Poaceae, and some groups of pollen types, like reticulate group.

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Some observations on methods of estimating the proportions of morphologically similar pollen types in fossil samples

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b82-236 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (10) ◽

pp. 1888-1894 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. D. Gordon

Keyword(s):

Maximum Likelihood ◽

Numerical Methods ◽

Late Quaternary ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

Eastern North America ◽

Maximum Likelihood Approach ◽

Pollen Types ◽

Likelihood Approach

For pollen types whose morphological characters overlap markedly, it is often helpful to be able to estimate the proportions of each type present in a sample of pollen grains. Several numerical methods of estimation have been proposed in recent years. This paper criticizes some procedures that are based on the identification of each pollen grain, rather than the direct estimation of proportions. A class of maximum likelihood models is described and illustrated by the analysis of eight samples of Picea pollen from late Quaternary profiles in eastern North America. The maximum likelihood approach provides an indication of the precision of the estimates, a point considered to be important.

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Pollen Taphonomy in a Canyon Stream

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1016/0033-5894(87)90006-8 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 393-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Patricia L. Fall

Keyword(s):

Surface Soil ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Close Correlation ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Alluvial Deposits ◽

Modern Pollen ◽

Pollen Types ◽

Pollen Rain ◽

Arid Steppe ◽

Turbulent Water

AbstractSurface soil samples from the forested Chuska Mountains to the arid steppe of the Chinle Valley, Northeastern Arizona, show close correlation between modern pollen rain and vegetation. In contrast, modern alluvium is dominated by Pinus pollen throughout the canyon; it reflects neither the surrounding floodplain nor plateau vegetation. Pollen in surface soils is deposited by wind; pollen grains in alluvium are deposited by a stream as sedimentary particles. Clay-size particles correlate significantly with Pinus, Quercus, and Populus pollen. These pollen types settle, as clay does, in slack water. Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus, Artemisia, other Tubuliflorae, and indeterminate pollen types correlate with sand-size particles, and are deposited by more turbulent water. Fluctuating pollen frequencies in alluvial deposits are related to sedimentology and do not reflect the local or regional vegetation where the sediments were deposited. Alluvial pollen is unreliable for reconstruction of paleoenvironments.

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Emotion recognition using time–frequency ridges of EEG signals based on multivariate synchrosqueezing transform

Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik ◽

10.1515/bmt-2020-0295 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmet Mert ◽

Hasan Huseyin Celik

Keyword(s):

Emotion Recognition ◽

Feature Vector ◽

Dimensional Space ◽

Computational Cost ◽

Feature Space ◽

Maximum Energy ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Eeg Signals ◽

Time Frequency ◽

Synchrosqueezing Transform

Abstract The feasibility of using time–frequency (TF) ridges estimation is investigated on multi-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals for emotional recognition. Without decreasing accuracy rate of the valence/arousal recognition, the informative component extraction with low computational cost will be examined using multivariate ridge estimation. The advanced TF representation technique called multivariate synchrosqueezing transform (MSST) is used to obtain well-localized components of multi-channel EEG signals. Maximum-energy components in the 2D TF distribution are determined using TF-ridges estimation to extract instantaneous frequency and instantaneous amplitude, respectively. The statistical values of the estimated ridges are used as a feature vector to the inputs of machine learning algorithms. Thus, component information in multi-channel EEG signals can be captured and compressed into low dimensional space for emotion recognition. Mean and variance values of the five maximum-energy ridges in the MSST based TF distribution are adopted as feature vector. Properties of five TF-ridges in frequency and energy plane (e.g., mean frequency, frequency deviation, mean energy, and energy deviation over time) are computed to obtain 20-dimensional feature space. The proposed method is performed on the DEAP emotional EEG recordings for benchmarking, and the recognition rates are yielded up to 71.55, and 70.02% for high/low arousal, and high/low valence, respectively.

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Species Identification of Pinus Pollen Found in Belukha Glacier, Russian Altai Mountains, Using a Whole-Genome Amplification Method

Forests ◽

10.3390/f9080444 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 444

Author(s):

Fumio Nakazawa ◽

Yoshihisa Suyama ◽

Satoshi Imura ◽

Hideaki Motoyama

Keyword(s):

Species Identification ◽

Whole Genome Amplification ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

Pinus Sibirica ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Genome Amplification ◽

Amplification Method

Pollen taxa in sediment samples can be identified based on morphology. However, closely related species do not differ substantially in pollen morphology, and accurate identification is generally limited to genera or families. Because many pollen grains in glaciers contain protoplasm, genetic information obtained from pollen grains should enable the identification of plant taxa at the species level. In the present study, species identification of Pinus pollen grains was attempted using whole-genome amplification (WGA). We used pollen grains extracted from surface snow (depth, 1.8–1.9 m) from the Belukha glacier in the summer of 2003. WGA was performed using a single pollen grain. Some regions of the chloroplast genome were amplified by PCR, and the DNA products were sequenced to identify the pollen grain. Pinus includes approximately 111 recognized species in two subgenera, four sections, and 11 subsections. The tree species Pinus sibirica and P. sylvestris are currently found at the periphery of the glacier. We identified the pollen grains from the Belukha glacier to the level of section or subsection to which P. sibirica and P. sylvestris belong. Moreover, we specifically identified two pollen grains as P. sibirica or P. cembra. Fifteen species, including P. sibirica, were candidates for the remaining pollen grain.

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Pollen characters as taxonomic evidence in some species of Dipsacaceae from Iran

Bangladesh Journal of Plant Taxonomy ◽

10.3329/bjpt.v24i2.35108 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 129-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ebadi-Nahari Mostafa ◽

Nikzat-Siahkolaee Sedigheh ◽

Eftekharian Rosa

Keyword(s):

Pollen Morphology ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Pollen Grain ◽

Pollen Type ◽

Upgma Tree ◽

Pollen Characters ◽

Exine Ornamentation ◽

The Family ◽

The World ◽

Plant Taxon

Pollen morphology of nine species representing four genera: Cephalaria Schrad, Dipsacus L., Pterocephalus Vaill. and Scabiosa L. of the family Dipsacaceae in Iran has been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that pollen grains were triporate and tricolpate. The pollen type of Scabiosa rotata Bieb. (tri- and tetraporate) is the first report in the world. The sizes of pollen grains fall into the classification group magna (pollen grain diameter 50–100 μm). Pollen shapes vary from preoblate to prolate and their polar views were triangulate and lobate. The exine ornamentation varies from gemmate in S. rotata to spinulate in the rest studied species. Species of Scabiosa have been dispersed in UPGMA tree that this confirmed the previous studies about taxonomic problems and species complexity in this genus. These results show the transfer of the some Scabisoa species to Lomelosia Raf. based on palynological characters. Pollen morphology of the family is helpful at the generic and specific level.Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 24(2): 129–136, 2017 (December)

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