scholarly journals Evaluation of several less known pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars in the climatic conditions of Lower Silesia

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Sosna ◽  
Daria Kortylewska
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Pyrus Communis L ◽  
Lower Silesia

The aim of this study was to evaluate flowering, yielding, fruit quality, and growth of several less known pear cultivars growing in the climatic conditions of Lower Silesia. The experiment was conducted in the years 2006–2010 in the Fruit Experimental Station located in Samotwór near Wrocław. In spring 2006, trees of several less known pear cultivars were planted: 'Isolda', 'Hortensia', 'Fertilia Delbard Delwilmor', 'Wyżnica', 'Nojabrskaja' ('Xenia®'), 'Uta', 'David' on Caucasian pear (<em>Pyru</em><em>s caucasica </em>Fed.), 'Bohemica' on quince S1 (<em>Cydoni</em><em>a oblonga </em>Mill.) as well as 'Morava' and 'Blanka' on both these rootstocks. The highest total yield in the years 2007–2010 was recorded for the 'Nojabrskaja' and 'Wyżnica' cultivars. The 'Blanka' cultivar produced the largest fruit, while fruits of the 'Isolda' cultivar were significantly the smallest. The largest growth and cross-sectional area of the trunk were recorded for the trees of the 'Wyżnica' cultivar, while the smallest were observed in the case of 'Morava', in which the thickness of the trunk was similar on both rootstocks. The 'Morava' cultivar grafted on quince S1 formed the smallest crowns. On the other hand, 'Isolda' and 'Hortensia' were among the cultivars that produced the largest crowns.

CFD Solution of a Two-Canopy Parachute in a Top-to-Top Formation With a Vent of Air From One of Its Canopy

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad J. Izadi
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bluff Bodies ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Varied Form ◽  
Two Bodies

A CFD study of a 3 Dimensional flow field around two bodies (Two Canopies of a Parachutes) as two bluff bodies in an incompressible fluid (Air) is modeled here. Formations of these two bodies are top-to-top (One on the top of the other) with respect to the center of each other. One canopy with a constant cross sectional area with a vent of air at its apex, and the other with a variable cross sectional area with no vent is studied here. Vertical distances of these two bodies are varied form zero to half, equal, double and triple radius of the body with a vent on it. The flow condition is considered to be 3-D, unsteady, turbulent, and incompressible. The vertical distances between the bluff bodies, cross sectional area, and also vent ratio of bluff bodies are varied here. The drag forces with static pressures around the two bodies are calculated. From the numerical results, it can be seen that, the drag coefficient is constant on the range of zero to twenty percent of the vent ratio and it decreases for higher vent ratios for when the upper parachute is smaller than the lower one, and it increases for when the upper parachute is larger than the lower one. Both Steady and Unsteady cases gave similar results especially when the distance between the canopies is increased.

The thickness and collagen content of tendon relative to the strength and cross-sectional area of muscle

1965 ◽  
Vol 162 (986) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Maximum Tension ◽  
White Type ◽  
Fusiform Muscle ◽  
Mechanical Influence ◽  
Tendon Collagen

The orientation of fibrous tissue in tendon suggests a mechanical influence upon the growth of collagen, but in adult rabbits no strict correlation was found between the thickness of certain tendons and the strength of their muscles. The maximum tension transmitted by the collagen in tendons of three fusiform muscles was over fifty per cent greater than that transmitted by the same amount of tendon collagen in three penniform muscles. A similar though smaller difference between these two groups was found in the thickness of their tendons relative to the cross-sectional area of their muscle fasciculi. The tendon of a slow, red, fusiform muscle was relatively thicker than those of the other muscles which were all of the fast, white type.

scholarly journals Could TDX-1 explain the changes observed in endocrine pancreas due to chronic cola drink consumption in rats? A global point of view

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Cao ◽  
Julián González ◽  
Juan P. Ortiz Fragola ◽  
Angélica Muller ◽  
Mariano Tumarkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Β Cell ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractIn previous studies, we reported evidence showing that chronic cola consumption in rats impairs pancreatic metabolism of insulin and glucagon and produces some alterations typically observed in the metabolic syndrome (i.e, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia) with an increase in oxidative stress. Of note, no apoptosis nor proliferation of islet cells could be demonstrated. In the present study, 36 male Wistar rats were divided in three groups to freely drink regular cola, light cola, or water (controls). We assessed the impact of the three different beverages in glucose tolerance, lipid levels, creatinine levels and immunohistochemical changes addressed for the expression of insulin, glucagon, PDX-1 and NGN3 in islet cells, to evaluate the possible participation of PDX-1 in the changes observed in α and β cells after 6 months of treatment. On the other hand, we assessed by stereological methods, the mean volume of islets (Vi) and three important variables, the fractional β-cell area, the cross-sectional area of alpha (A α-cell) and beta cells (A β-cell), and the number of β and α cell per body weight.Cola drinking caused impaired glucose tolerance as well as fasting hyperglycemia and increase of insulin immunolabeling. Immunohistochemical expression for PDX-1 was significantly high in regular cola consumption group compared to control. In this case, we observed cytoplasmatic and nuclear localization. Likewise, a mild but significant decrease of Vi was detected after 6 months of cola drink consumption compared with control group. Also, we observed a significant decrease of fractional β cell area compared with control rats. Accordingly, a reduced mean value of islet α and β cell number per body weight compared to control was detected. Interestingly, consumption of light cola increased the Vi compared to control. In line with this, a decreased cross-sectional area of β-cells was observed after chronic consumption of both, regular and light cola, compared to controls. On the other hand, NGN3 was negative in all three groups. Our results support for the first time, the idea that TDX-1 plays a key role in the dynamics of the pancreatic islets after chronic consumption of sweetened beverages. The loss of islets cells might be attributed to autophagy, favored by the local metabolic conditions.

scholarly journals Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees on Dwarf and Semi-dwarf Rootstocks in Different High-density Orchards

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 473B-473
Author(s):  
A.S. Devyatov
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
High Density ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Very High ◽  
Dwarf Rootstocks

An orchard trial was established by planting an orchard with between-row intervals of 4 m. The French Axe was trained for trees with intervals in the row of 1 and 1.5 m. The hedgerow was used for treatments of 2–2.5 and 3 m between trees in the row. Semi-dwarf rootstock of Bud54-118 and dwarf one Bud62-396 were used. The growth of of these rootstocks was analogous to MM106 and M26, respectively. The trunk cross-sectional area of 7-year trees on 54-118 rootstock was 2.3 times more than on 62-396 for cv. Antey and 1.5 times more for cv. Tellisaare. The height of tree with French Axe crown at 7 years after planting on 54-118 rootstock reached 3.5–4 m. The height of tree was 0.5 m smaller on 62-396. The crown habit of tree on 62-396 rootstock was more comfortable for high -density orchard than trees on 54-118. The sum length of twigs that were cut out during 1993–96 to attain of normal density of crown was 2-4 times more than on 62-396 rootstock. Commercial fruiting of cv. Antey started at the 3rd leaf, but it was on 4th leaf for the more-dwarf rootstock 62-396. Average yield of fruit at 3–6 years after planting of cv. Antey for treatment of distance between trees in the row of 2 or 1.5 m was 6.8 kg/tree per year-1 for 54-118 rootstock, 3.4 and 3.5, respectively, for 62-396 rootstock. Yield at the 7th year after planting reached 24 and 32 kg on 54-118 rootstock, 16 and 15 kg on 62-396, respectively. Analogous date obtained for cv. Tellisa are. cv. Spartan on both rootstocks started to fruiting at 5-6 years after planting. The fruit quality was very high in all treatments of the trial.

Effects of leaf shear breaking load on the feeding value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) for sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Inoué ◽  
I. M. Brookes ◽  
A. John ◽  
W. F. Hunt ◽  
T. N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Breaking Load ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Two Populations

SummaryTwo populations of perennial ryegrass (PRG) (Lolium perenne L.) were selected for low (LS) and high leaf shear breaking load (HS) in 1984 at DSIR, Palmerston North. Leaf shear breaking load for the LS group was c. 41% lower than for the HS group and the LS selection had significantly shorter, narrower leaves and smaller leaf cross-sectional areas than the HS selection. LS leaves were c. 27% less resistant to shear than HS leaves per unit of cross-sectional area. The lower leaf shear strength in the LS selection was associated with a significantly lower concentration of sclerenchyma tissues in the leaf cross-sectional area compared with the HS selection. The total shear load required to break down the same dry weight of leaves to 1 mm particle size (leaf index of masticatory load) was calculated and shown to be influenced by the differences in leaf morphology. LS leaves were estimated to have a 21% lower index of masticatory load than HS leaves when both were grown under optimum climatic conditions.

scholarly journals On a method of determining the viscosity of gases, especially those available only in small quantities

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (562) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Content ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fine Capillary ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Absolute Measurements ◽  
Unlimited Amount

The apparatus about to be described was designed for the purpose of comparing the viscosities of neon, xenon, and krypton—the loan of which Sir William Ramsay kindly offered the author—with that of air. With such small quantities of gas available, the volume content of the apparatus must obviously be correspondingly small, and therefore, it would seem, unsuitable for absolute measurements. The object of the present paper is to show that this is by no means the case. As will be seen later, the method is actually restricted to small quantities by the conditions of the experiments, but there is no reason why it should not be used even when the gas under test may be obtained in practically unlimited amount. Theory of the Method . Consider a closed glass vessel (as in fig. 1) consisting of two connected limbs, one a fine capillary tube and the other of much greater cross-sectional area, yet sufficiently narrow for a pellet of mercury to remain intact in it. Let V be the volume unoccupied by mercury (the volume of the capillary tube being considered negligible). Let P denote the steady pressure of the gas in the tube when the latter is held horizontally, and let p be the difference of pressure caused by the mercury pellet when the apparatus is vertical. Let p 1 be the pressure and v 1 the volume at any time above the mercury, and p 2 , v 2 , the corresponding quantities below the mercury. Then V = v 1 + v 2 , and p 2 - p 1 = p .

scholarly journals Yield and Fruiting Characteristics of 28 Selections in the Kentucky Pawpaw Cultivar Trial

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 851A-851
Author(s):  
Kirk W. Pomper* ◽  
Joseph G. Masabni ◽  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Sheri B. Crabtree ◽  
R. Neal Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Variety Trial ◽  
Asimina Triloba ◽  
Tree Survival

The pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a new fruit crop. A pawpaw variety trial was established in Fall 1995 in Princeton, Ky. as a joint Kentucky State Univ.-Univ. of Kentucky research effort with the objective to identify superior varieties for Kentucky. A randomized block experimental design was used with 8 replicates of 28 grafted scion selections on seedling rootstock. Cultivars being tested included Middletown, Mitchell, NC-1, Overleese, PA-Golden, Rappahannock, Shenandoah, Sunflower, Susquehanna, Taylor, Tay-two, Wells, and Wilson. The other 15 clones were selections from the PawPaw Foundation. In 2002 and 2003, the following parameters were examined: tree survival, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), average fruit weight, total fruit harvested per tree, average fruit per cluster, total yield per tree, and yield efficiency. In 2003, 54% of the trees had survived, with `Susquehanna' (13%) showing the poorest survival. Based on TCSA, most selections displayed excellent vigor, with the exception of the selections: 5-5 and `Overleese'. Average fruit weight was greatest in 1-7-2 (194 g), 1-68 (167g), 4-2 (321 g), 5-5 (225 g), 7-90 (166g), 9-58 (176 g), 10-35 (167 g), NC-1 (180 g), `Sunflower' (204 g), and `Shenandoah' (168g), with the smallest fruit in `Middletown' (70 g), `Wells' (78 g), and `Wilson' (88 g). The selections `Wilson' (81), `Middletown' (75), and `Wells' (70) had the greatest average number of fruit per tree, whereas 4-2 (9), 5-5 (17) and 8-20 (15) the fewest. Yield efficiency and average fruit per cluster also varied greatly among selections. Several pawpaw selections in the trial show promise for production in Kentucky.

Are interatrial band myocytes maximally hypertrophied in normal canine hearts?

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (4) ◽  
pp. H1225-H1235
Author(s):  
Paul C. Dolber ◽  
Robert P. Bauman ◽  
Judith C. Rembert ◽  
Joseph C. Greenfield
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Atrial Myocytes ◽  
Maximal Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
Atrial Myocyte

In canine right atrial hypertrophy, the cross-sectional area ( A xs) of right atrial myocytes increases, whereas the A xs of the broader interatrial band myocytes does not. In the current study, myocyte reconstructions showed that right atrial myocyte length increased in proportion to A xs in right atrial hypertrophy. On the other hand, mean interatrial band myocyte length in both normal and right atrial hypertrophy dogs was roughly inversely proportional to mean A xs, as expected if interatrial band myocyte volume was constant. Plotting mean A xs vs. myocyte length for individual interatrial band myocytes revealed a distribution whose border defined a maximal volume curve; many myocytes were well beneath that curve. Mononuclear myocytes (generally diploid) were limited by a 65,000-μm3 curve, which many binuclear myocytes (generally tetraploid) surpassed; myocyte ploidy thus constrained myocyte volume. However, because many mononuclear and binuclear myocytes had lower volumes, their failure to hypertrophy cannot be attributed to attainment of the maximal volume possible for their ploidy.

scholarly journals Yield efficiency for nine apple cultivars grafted on two rootstocks

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1701-1706 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Caetano Fioravanço ◽  
Ana Beatriz Costa Czermainski ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Dias de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Apple Tree ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Apple Cultivars

ABSTRACT: Currently, using smaller trees is one of the most important trends in apple cultivation. It is expected that reduced size plants produce lower amount of fruit, but with high yield and yield efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield efficiency (YE) of nine apple tree cultivars, grafted on two rootstocks, from the second to the seventh year after planting. The YE indexes oscillated from one to the other year, regardless of rootstock. Correlations between YE and yield per tree and between YE and trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) confirmed that efficiency can be increased by the production increment or by the plant's vigor reduction. The usefulness of cumulative YE (ƩYE) is highlighted to compare apple tree cultivars after the third year of production. The highest ƩYE indexes were observed for 'Royal Gala' and 'Baigent', on M-9 rootstock, and for 'Gala Real' and 'Maxi-Gala', on Marubakaido/M-9 rootstock.

GROWTH AND YIELD OF PEAR CULTIVARS ON SEVERAL ROOTSTOCKS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1177-1183
Author(s):  
F. KAPPEL ◽  
H. A. QUAMME
Keyword(s):  
Fire Blight ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cydonia Oblonga ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Pyrus Communis L

Two rootstock plantings, with Bartlett and Harvest Queen as scion cultivars, were planted in 1976 and 1977 to compare a number of Old Home × Farmingdale (OH × F), Pyrus communis L., clonal rootstocks with Quince A, Cydonia oblonga L. (Buerre Hardy interstock), and Bartlett seedling rootstocks. Many of the Bartlett trees died because of infection by fire blight whereas very few Harvest Queen trees have died. Trunk cross-sectional area was affected by rootstock with OH × F 69 producing the largest trees and Quince A or OH × F 333 the smallest trees. Annual yield was affected by rootstock with OH × F 69 and OH × F 87 having the highest per tree yields. Mean fruit size of Harvest Queen was greater on Quince A, OH × F 69 and OH × F 87 whereas, OH × F 333 produced the smallest fruit. OH × F 51 had the best yield efficiency (accumulated yield/trunk cross-sectional area), followed by OH × F 69 and OH × F 87. Predicted per hectare yields and optimum tree densities were calculated and discussed.Key words: Pyrus communis, Old Home × Farmingdale rootstock, accumulated yield, trunk cross-sectional area

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