Rhizina undulatu on stem and roots of 84-year-old Scots pine trees

Zbigniew Sierota

doi:10.5586/am.1998.006

Longitudinal analysis of annual height increment differentiation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands of different age classes

Folia Forestalia Polonica ◽

10.2478/ffp-2014-0020 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 179-184

Author(s):

Bogna Zawieja ◽

Katarzyna Kaźmierczak

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Longitudinal Analysis ◽

Coniferous Forest ◽

Age Groups ◽

Tree Age ◽

Height Increment ◽

Age Classes ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Forest Sites ◽

Pine Trees

Abstract In the study, the measurements of Scots pine height increments were used to compare the increments of pine trees of different age classes. All of the analyzed trees were growing in stands located on fresh mixed coniferous forest sites. The study concerned a 10-year period of growth of 8 tree age classes. Due to variation in climate conditions, all trees were studied over the same calendar period. Longitudinal analysis was used to compare different age classes of trees with reference to the increments in height. This procedure had not been previously used for such purpose. The results obtained did not confirm the hypothesis of parallel profiles implying that there existed differences in the growth of trees in various age groups.

Copper and nickel pollution: frequency of endophytic fungi in Scots pine shoots and endophyte growth in vitro

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b94-013 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 93-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. Ranta ◽

S. Neuvonen ◽

S. Kääriäinen ◽

S. Vesanto

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Linear Growth ◽

The Other ◽

Unpolluted Area ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Heavily Polluted Area ◽

Different Levels

The frequency of endophytic microfungi was measured from current-year shoots of Scots pine trees growing in Harjavalta, a heavily polluted area in western Finland. The copper (Cu) and (Ni) concentrations in bark plus phloem and needles of the same trees were measured. The frequency of isolates of endophytic taxa were either negatively (Hormonema sp. 2 and Sterile sp. 1) or positively (Hormonema sp. 1, BL132) correlated with the Cu and Ni concentration of bark plus phloem. Isolates of the most common endophytic taxa and the pathogenic Gremmeniella abietina from Harjavalta were grown in vitro in different levels of Cu (0.6 – 126 μg/mL) and Ni (0.3 – 50 μg/mL) separately and in combination. This experiment included also isolates of G. abietina and Hormonema sp. 1 from the northern (unpolluted) area. The concentrations of Cu and Ni that reduced the linear growth to 50% of control were estimated. The endophyte taxa with positively correlated frequency with increasing concentration of Cu and Ni in the shoots were able to withstand elevated levels of Cu and Ni in vitro. Compared with most of the other fungi, G. abietina isolates were particularly sensitive to addition of Ni. No evidence for intraspecific adaptation of G. abietina and Hormonema sp. 1 to Cu and Ni was found. Key words: endophyte, Gremmeniella, heavy metal, Hormonema, Scots pine.

Stimulating the growth of trees with ashes of various biofuels (wood, peat) on a cutaway peatland

Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused ◽

10.2478/v10132-011-0083-9 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 60-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Karin Kikamägi ◽

Katri Ots

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Betula Pendula ◽

Growing Season ◽

Wood Ash ◽

Height Increment ◽

And Control ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Root Collar ◽

Scots Pine Needles

Puittaimede kasvu stimuleerimine erinevate biokütuste (puit, turvas) tuha liikidega ammendatud freesturbaväljalThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of fertilization on the growth of Silver birchBetula pendulaRoth and Scots pinePinus sylvestrisL. seedlings on a cutaway peatland (Ulila, 58°22'N, 26°26'E). Five treatments were established: wood ash (10 000 and 5000 kg/ha), peat and wood ash mixture (10 000 and 5000 kg/ha) and control (unfertilized field). Results of analysis showed that the pH of peat in the cutaway peatland was before treatment 3.5 and it rose after fertilization by up to 0.7 units by the end of the first growing season. The treatment with 10 000 kg/ha of wood ash gave the best results: the annual height increment of Silver birches during the first growing season after fertilization was 4.5 times higher and that of Scots pines 1.1 times higher than control. In the second growing season after fertilization the increment was respectively 16.3 and 3.3 times higher than control. The root collar diameters of Silver birches were 4.4 time larger these of Scots pines 2.1 times larger than control. Scots pine needles were 2.2 times longer than control and the leaf area of the Silver birches was 6 times larger than control, which also shows a positive effect of fertilization. Peat ash treatment was also favourable, although its effect was much smaller than the effect of wood ash.

Thematic Maps for the Variation of Bearing Capacity of Soil Using SPTs and MATLAB

Geosciences ◽

10.3390/geosciences10090329 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 329

Author(s):

Mahdi O. Karkush ◽

Mahmood D. Ahmed ◽

Ammar Abdul-Hassan Sheikha ◽

Ayad Al-Rumaithi

Keyword(s):

Bearing Capacity ◽

Mean Squared Error ◽

Ground Level ◽

The Other ◽

Thematic Maps ◽

First Order ◽

Squared Error ◽

Order Polynomial ◽

Interpolation Polynomials ◽

Penetration Tests

The current study involves placing 135 boreholes drilled to a depth of 10 m below the existing ground level. Three standard penetration tests (SPT) are performed at depths of 1.5, 6, and 9.5 m for each borehole. To produce thematic maps with coordinates and depths for the bearing capacity variation of the soil, a numerical analysis was conducted using MATLAB software. Despite several-order interpolation polynomials being used to estimate the bearing capacity of soil, the first-order polynomial was the best among the other trials due to its simplicity and fast calculations. Additionally, the root mean squared error (RMSE) was almost the same for the all of the tried models. The results of the study can be summarized by the production of thematic maps showing the variation of the bearing capacity of the soil over the whole area of Al-Basrah city correlated with several depths. The bearing capacity of soil obtained from the suggested first-order polynomial matches well with those calculated from the results of SPTs with a deviation of ±30% at a 95% confidence interval.

Interacting effects of insect and ungulate herbivory on Scots pine growth

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79346-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michelle Nordkvist ◽

Maartje J. Klapwijk ◽

La rs Edenius ◽

Christer Björkman

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Growth Response ◽

Insect Herbivory ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Significant Interaction Effect ◽

Ungulate Herbivory ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Multiple Species ◽

Species Specific

AbstractMost plants are subjected to damage from multiple species of herbivores, and the combined impact on plant growth can be non-additive. Since plant response to herbivores tends to be species specific, and change with repeated damage, the outcome likely depend on the sequence and number of attacks. There is a high likelihood of non-additive effects on plant growth by damage from mammals and insects, as mammalian herbivory can alter insect herbivore damage levels, yet few studies have explored this. We report the growth response of young Scots pine trees to sequential mammal and insect herbivory, varying the sequence and number of damage events, using an ungulate-pine-sawfly system. Combined sawfly and ungulate herbivory had both additive and non-additive effects on pine growth—the growth response depended on the combination of ungulate browsing and sawfly defoliation (significant interaction effect). Repeated sawfly herbivory reduced growth (compared to single defoliation) on un-browsed trees. However, on browsed trees, depending on when sawfly defoliation was combined with browsing, trees exposed to repeated sawfly herbivory had both higher, lower and the same growth as trees exposed to a single defoliation event. We conclude that the sequence of attacks by multiple herbivores determine plant growth response.

Biofoam of Spittlebug, Poophilus costalis (Walker): Preferential Sites, Temperature Regulation, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12040340 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 340

Author(s):

Kitherian Sahayaraj ◽

Balakrishnan Saranya ◽

Samy Sayed ◽

Loko Yêyinou Laura Estelle ◽

Koilraj Madasamy

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

High Performance ◽

Host Plants ◽

Ground Level ◽

College Campus ◽

The Other ◽

Mimosa Pudica ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

The foam produced by nymphs of Poophilus costalis on eleven different host plants belonging to eight families on St. Xavier’s College campus in India was studied over five months. The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of these biofoams were investigated. The results revealed that P. costalis preferred Theporsia purpurea and Mimosa pudica for laying their eggs and producing foam, over the other tested plants. P. costalis produce their foam on either nodes or internodes on monocotyledons (30%) (p < 0.05), whereas on dicotyledons, they produce more foam on the stems (63.8%) than on the leaves (6.2%) (p < 0.01). The number of nymphs in each piece of foam from P. costalis varied from 1 to 3 (mean = 1.8 per plant). They produced their foam (5.7 to 45.2 cm) from the ground level on a plant. The length and breadth of a piece of foam ranged from 1.0 to 3.9 cm and 0.6 to 4.7 cm, respectively. The foam tended to be cooler than the environment. Qualitative profiling showed that the foam consists of carbohydrates, including maltose; trypsin; amino acids; protease. The foam was also analyzed using a spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity of the biofoam was the greatest against Staphylococcus aureus, the growth of which was reduced by 55.9 ± 3.9%, suggesting that the foam could be used as an antimicrobial product. However, no activities were observed against Fusarium oxysporum and Candida albicans.

Freeze-preservation of buds from Scots pine trees

Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) ◽

10.1007/bf00048212 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 89-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tero Kuoksa ◽

Anja Hohtola

Keyword(s):

Scots Pine ◽

Pine Trees

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) dynamics in the Welsh Marches during the mid to late-Holocene

The Holocene ◽

10.1177/0959683621994654 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095968362199465

Author(s):

Dael Sassoon ◽

William J Fletcher ◽

Alastair Hotchkiss ◽

Fern Owen ◽

Liting Feng

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Late Holocene ◽

British Isles ◽

Loss On Ignition ◽

Peat Core ◽

New Information ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Pollen Records

Around 4000 cal yr BP, Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris) suffered a widespread demise across the British Isles. This paper presents new information about P. sylvestris populations found in the Welsh Marches (western central Britain), for which the long-term history and origins are poorly known. Two new pollen records were produced from the Lin Can Moss ombrotrophic bog (LM18) and the Breidden Hill pond (BH18). The LM18 peat core is supported by loss-on-ignition, humification analysis and radiocarbon dating. Lead concentrations were used to provide an estimated timeframe for the recent BH18 record. In contrast to many other Holocene pollen records from the British Isles, analysis of LM18 reveals that Scots pine grains were deposited continuously between c. 6900–300 cal yr BP, at frequencies of 0.3–5.4%. It is possible that individual Scots pine trees persisted through the wider demise on thin soils of steep drought-prone crags of hills or the fringes of lowland bogs in the Welsh Marches. At BH18, the record indicates a transition from broadleaved to mixed woodland, including conifer species introduced around AD 1850 including Picea and Pinus. The insights from BH18 suggest that the current populations may largely be the result of planting. Comparison of the LM18 findings with other regional pollen records highlights consistent patterns, including a Mid-Holocene maximum (ca. 7000 cal yr BP), long-term persistence at low pollen percentages and a Late-Holocene minimum (ca. 3000 cal yr BP). These distinctive trends encourage further studies on refugial areas for Scots pine in this region and elsewhere.

Student leadership programme: igniting the young minds

Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies ◽

10.1108/eemcs-11-2020-0401 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 1-20

Author(s):

Mihir Ajgaonkar

Keyword(s):

Leadership Development ◽

Resource Management ◽

Human Resource Management ◽

Human Resource ◽

Urban Poor ◽

Career Guidance ◽

Ground Level ◽

The Other ◽

Ethical Behaviour ◽

Content Type

Learning outcomes This case will help students to understand the following: Develop a basic understanding of competency building processes. Learn about the mentoring process and its application in leadership development. Develop awareness about the methodology for assessment of the effectiveness of training. Case overview/synopsis Dr A. R. K. Pillai founded the Indian Leprosy Foundation in 1970 in response to the national call by late Mrs Indira Gandhi, prime minister of India, to the public-spirited people to take up leprosy eradication. It collaborated with international agencies to reduce leprosy drastically in India from four million, in 1982 to around a hundred thousand cases in 2006. In 2006, the Indian Leprosy Foundation was renamed as Indian Development Foundation (IDF) as the trustees decided to expand the work of IDF in the areas of health, children’s education and women’s empowerment. Dr Narayan Iyer, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of IDF initiated a leadership development intervention called the Students’ leadership programme (SLP) for children in the age group of 12 to 14, from the urban poor households in 2014. It was a structured mentoring programme spanning over three months in collaboration with the schools. It aimed at incubating skills in the areas of leadership, teamwork, personality, behavioural traits and provided career guidance. It had a humble beginning in 2014 with a coverage of 50 students. Initially, IDF welcomed executives from the corporate sector as mentors. As there was a need to rapidly expand the scope of SLP to the other cities of India, IDF tied up with the graduate colleges and invited the students to be the mentors. The other objective behind this move was to create social awareness among the students from more affluent strata of society. IDF was able to dramatically increase the participation of the students through SLP by approximately up to 100,000 by 2020. However, rapid progress threw up multiple challenges. The teachers complained about the non-availability of the students for regular classes to teach the syllabus as the students were busy with SLP. The schools forced IDF to shorten the duration of SLP to two months. Also, many undergraduate mentors were unable to coach the participants due to lack of maturity and found wanting to strike a rapport with them. There was a shortage of corporate executives who volunteered for the mentoring, due to work pressures. Dr Narayan, CEO & National Coordinator and Ms Mallika Ramchandran, the project head of SLP at IDF, were worried about the desired impact of SLP on the participants and its sustainability due to these challenges. So, with the support of Dr Narayan, she initiated a detailed survey to assess the ground-level impact of SLP. The objective was to get clarity about what was working for SLP and what aspects needed to improve, to make the programme more effective. Overall feedback from the survey was very positive. The mothers had seen very positive changes in the participants’ behaviour post-SLP. The teachers had specific concerns about the effectiveness of undergraduate mentors. The need for a refresher course to inculcate ethical behaviour and the inadequacy of the two-month duration of the SLP to reinforce values were highlighted. Respondents also voiced the requirement to build responsible citizenship behaviours among the participants. Mallika was all for preparing a model to further enhance the effectiveness of SLP. Dr Narayan and Mallika embraced the challenge and they were raring to go to develop SLP as a cutting-edge leadership programme and to take it to new heights. Complexity academic level This case can be used in courses on human resource management in postgraduate and graduate management programmes. It can also be used in the general and development management courses and during executive education programmes to teach methodologies for evaluating the effectiveness of the training interventions, with emphasis on the voluntary sector. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 6: Human Resource Management.

INFLUENCE OF ROOT PRUNING ON HEIGHT INCREMENT AND ROOT DEVELOPMENT OF OUTPLANTED SPRUCE

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b67-174 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 45 (9) ◽

pp. 1671-1682 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. F. Sutton

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Picea Glauca ◽

First Year ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Height Increment ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Second Year ◽

Root Collar ◽

Block Experiment

Three-year-old seedlings of Picea glauca and P. abies were outplanted in a fertile silt loam soil at Ithaca, New York, in a split-plot randomized block experiment involving large- and small-size classes of stock and four root-pruning treatments: control; laterals pruned to 5 cm; all roots pruned at 10 cm measured from the root collar; and all laterals pruned flush with the tap or main root.Survival was good except in the last treatment. First- and second-year height increments within each species were unaffected by root-pruning treatments, even the most extreme. This suggests that either water stress is not aggravated by root pruning or that root pruning has compensating advantages. In the second year, height increment of P. glauca was significantly inferior to that of the first year. Height increment of P. abies was significantly greater in the second than in the first year.Root systems of 20 P. glauca were excavated in the second year. Percentage increases of total root length (of all roots 1 cm or more long) in root-pruned trees were twice those of control trees. Highest values (> 1000%) were for vigorous trees in the moderate root-pruning treatments.