Antiproteolytic activity ot proteins from Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense seeds

Seeded lawns is one of the most important links in the process of improving the forage base, ensure feed quality with high productivity. Mixtures of red clover crops (Trifolium pratense) with perennial grasses (Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis) has high productivity due to better utilization of ecological niches of the biotope (ROTAR I.et al.). These crops has advantages like high content of protein because of the red clover, economy-based fertilizer nitrogen from atmospheric nitrogen fixation by bacteria Rhizobium spp. located in the root of legumes. These seeded pastures get a balanced feed nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids), have a high palatability. The species Trifolium pratense has a greater capacity to restore the soil structure and also the enrichment of the macro-elements, like phosphorus and potassium (CARLIER L., et. al). Our experience took place in the village Simonesti, Cobătesti village of the Harghita county. The experimental field was located respecting the experimental technique rules in randomized blocks with a technique that includes three variants based on red clover plus a perennial grass (Lolium multiflorum, Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense). Every version was fertilized with two types of fertilizer: one liquid (gull) and one solid (stable manure) in four different doses in all three variants. The doses were: V1 = 0 gull; V2 = 5 t / ha gull; V3 = 10 t / ha gull; V4 = 20 t / ha gulle and V1 = 0 stable manure; V2 = 10 t / ha stable manure; V3 = 30 t / ha stable manure and V4 = 50 t / ha stable manure. In our studies we present the influence of fertilization with gull and stable manure on yield of green mass of all three variants. In general, both gull fertilization with manure favors grasses at the expense of installing legumes. The higher doses of fertilizer increase, the share of participant of grasses increases.

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Sixty Years After the First Description: Genome Sequence and Biological Characterization of European Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus Infecting Cereal Crops

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-07-19-0258-fi ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 (1) ◽

pp. 68-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Merike Sõmera ◽

Anders Kvarnheden ◽

Cécile Desbiez ◽

Dag-Ragnar Blystad ◽

Pille Sooväli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Plant Viruses ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Transmission Factor ◽

Range Data ◽

Cereal Species ◽

Systemic Spread

High-throughput sequencing technologies were used to identify plant viruses in cereal samples surveyed from 2012 to 2017. Fifteen genome sequences of a tenuivirus infecting wheat, oats, and spelt in Estonia, Norway, and Sweden were identified and characterized by their distances to other tenuivirus sequences. Like most tenuiviruses, the genome of this tenuivirus contains four genomic segments. The isolates found from different countries shared at least 92% nucleotide sequence identity at the genome level. The planthopper Javesella pellucida was identified as a vector of the virus. Laboratory transmission tests using this vector indicated that wheat, oats, barley, rye, and triticale, but none of the tested pasture grass species (Alopecurus pratensis, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra, Lolium multiflorum, Phleum pratense, and Poa pratensis), are susceptible. Taking into account the vector and host range data, the tenuivirus we have found most probably represents European wheat striate mosaic virus first identified about 60 years ago. Interestingly, whereas we were not able to infect any of the tested cereal species mechanically, Nicotiana benthamiana was infected via mechanical inoculation in laboratory conditions, displaying symptoms of yellow spots and vein clearing evolving into necrosis, eventually leading to plant death. Surprisingly, one of the virus genome segments (RNA2) encoding both a putative host systemic movement enhancer protein and a putative vector transmission factor was not detected in N. benthamiana after several passages even though systemic infection was observed, raising fundamental questions about the role of this segment in the systemic spread in several hosts.

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Wind-mediated seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, Japan

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1017/inp.2019.11 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (02) ◽

pp. 133-141

Author(s):

Chika Egawa ◽

Atsushi Shoji ◽

Hiroyuki Shibaike

Keyword(s):

Seed Dispersal ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Plant Cover ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Dispersal Distance ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Forage Grass ◽

Forage Grasses ◽

Number Of Seeds

AbstractAlthough introduced pasture grasses are essential for forage production in current livestock farming, some species cause serious impacts on native biodiversity when naturalized. Information on the seed dispersal of invasive forage grasses from cultivated settings to surrounding environments can inform management efforts to prevent their naturalization. In this case study, we quantified the wind-mediated seed dispersal distance and amount of dispersed seed of invasive forage grasses from agricultural grasslands in Hokkaido, northern Japan. In total, 200 funnel seed traps were installed around three regularly mown grasslands and one unmown grassland where various forage grass species were grown in mixture. Seeds of each species dispersed outside the grasslands were captured from May to October 2017. Based on the trapped distances of seeds, the 99th percentile dispersal distance from the grasslands was estimated for six species, including timothy (Phleum pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). For two dominant species, P. pratense and D. glomerata, the numbers of seeds dispersed outside the field under mown and unmown conditions were determined under various plant cover situations. The estimated dispersal distances ranged from 2.3 m (P. pratense) to 31.5 m (P. pratensis), suggesting that areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands are exposed to the invasion risk of some forage grass species. For both P. pratense and D. glomerata, the number of seeds dispersed outside the unmown grassland exceeded 100 seeds m−2 under high plant cover situations, while the number of seeds dispersed from the mown grasslands at the same plant cover level was less than one-third of that number. The results suggest that local land managers focus their efforts on frequent mowing of grasslands and monitoring of the areas within approximately 32 m of the grasslands to substantially reduce the naturalization of invasive forage grasses.

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The resistance of Lolium perenne L. × hybridum, Poa pratensis, Festuca rubra, F. arundinacea, Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata to soil pollution by diesel oil and petroleum

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/42/2019-pse ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 307-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jadwiga Wyszkowska ◽

Agata Borowik ◽

Jan Kucharski

Keyword(s):

Soil Pollution ◽

Lolium Perenne ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Diesel Oil ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Lolium Perenne L ◽

Phleum Pratense L

Resistance of common European grasses to diesel oil and petroleum pollution is not well-known. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the level of resistance of selected grasses to pollution by diesel and petroleum using the pot experiment. The achieved results were compared with those determined for grasses grown on the non-polluted soil. Soil pollution with the tested products was found to significantly decrease the yield of all grasses, with the decrease being lower upon soil pollution with petroleum than with diesel oil. The most resistant to the pollution with diesel oil and petroleum were Phleum pratense L., Lolium perenne L. and Lolium × hybridum Hausskn. The degradation of particular groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) depended on their chemical properties, on the type of pollutant and grass species. The greatest degradation was determined in the case of BTEX, C6–C12 benzines as well as 2- and 3-ring hydrocarbons, whereas the lowest in the case of 5-and 6-ring hydrocarbons and C12–C25 oils. The most useful species in the remediation of soils polluted with diesel oil and petroleum turned out to be: Lolium perenne L., Lolium × hybridum Hausskn and Phleum pratense L., whereas the least useful appeared to be: Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L.

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Germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of selected grass species under the influence of blastokolins from germinating grass seeds

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2006.081 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 253-262

Author(s):

Halina Lipińska

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Festuca Pratensis ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Petri Dishes ◽

Randomization Method ◽

Growth Of Seedlings

Experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions in Department of Grass Science and Greenland Shaping in 2002-2004. Studies included six experiment series on Petri dishes set by means of complete randomization method in four replications. Following species were tested: Festulolium, Festuca pratensis, Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis making one or two-species combinations. Fifteen seeds of two species were arranged alternately in 1- centimeter distance on a Petri dish. Objects where seeds germinated with no neighborhood of other species (30 seeds on a dish), were control. The filter's humidity on Petri dishes was maintained by wetting it with distilled water. Achieved results revealed significant influence of blastokolins of tested grass species on seed germination and initial seedling growth. Secretion of germinating Festulolium seeds showed the highest activity. Reaction of tested grass species to allelochemicals varied. In reference to control objects, Phleum pratense among tested species was distinguished with the highest susceptibility to allelochemicals released during seed germination.

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Kevätviljapeltojen ja niiden pientareiden kasveista Laihialla

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.71611 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 135-160

Author(s):

Mikko Raatikainen ◽

Terttu Raatikainen

Keyword(s):

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Phleum Pratense

Laihian pitäjässä on tutkittu 18 tilalta 49 avo-ojitettua kevätviljalohkoa. Kultakin lohkolta on tehty 2.—14.7.1961 välisenä aikana kevätviljasta neljä 0.25 m2:n suuruista näytealakuvausta eli yhteensä 196 näytealakuvausta. Näiden kevätviljalohkojen sisäisten sarkaojien pientareista on tehty sama määrä näytealakuvauksia. Näytealakuvauksia tehtäessä putkilokasvit on pyritty määrittämään lajilleen ja kunkin lajin peittävyys on arvioitu prosentteina. Pelloissa on todettu turvemaalla esiintyviksi 7, turvesavimaalla 2 ja savimaalla 21 lajia (taulukko 1). Pientareissa on todettu turvemaalla esiintyviksi 9, turvesavimaalla 6 ja savimaalla 19 lajia (taulukko 2). Esikasvi vaikuttaa kevätviljavaiheen kasvien yleisyyteen. Pelloissa on todettu kevätviljan jälkeen 7 lajin tai suvun olevan yleisemmän kuin nurmen jälkeen. Nurmen jälkeen on vastaavasti todettu 8 lajin olevan yleisemmän kuin kevätviljan jälkeen (taulukko 3). Kevätviljan jälkeen yleiset lajit ovat etupäässä yksivuotisia ja nurmen jälkeen yleiset monivuotisia. Pientareissa on todettu neljän lajin tai suvun olevan yleisemmän kevätviljan kuin nurmen jälkeen ja kuuden lajin yleisemmän nurmen kuin kevätviljan jälkeen (taulukko 4). Edellisistä lajeista kolme on yksivuotista ja yksi monivuotinen. Jälkimmäiset lajit ovat kaikki monivuotisia. Poa pratensis, Phleum pratense ja Trifolium pratense esiintyvät pientareissa etupäässä savimaalla, pelloissa turvemaalla. Pelloissa niitä viljellään etenkin turvemailla, tai niiden siemeniä joutuu sinne. Kyseessä olevat lajit eivät kuitenkaan kykene piennarkasvustoissa menestymään turvemaalla niin hyvin kuin savimaalla. Peltojen kasvillisuudesta on kuvattu kaksi kasvustoa, joista toinen esiintyy turve- ja toinen savimaalla. Samaan kasvustoon on luettu kaikki viljelykierrossa eri vuosina erotettavat osakasvustot, joita kutsutaan vuosiosakasvustoiksi. Kevätviljavaiheen vuosiosakasvustoja kuvataan taulukon 5 sarakkeissa 1 ja 3. Pientareiden kasvillisuudesta on myös kuvattu kaksi kasvustoa (taulukko 5, sarakkeet 9 ja 11), joista toinen esiintyy turve-, toinen savimaalla. Pelloissa on todettu 196 näytealalla yhteensä 78 ja pientareissa vastaavasti 112 lajia. Pientareiden lajeista on suhteellisesti suurempi osa kuin peltojen lajeista pienimmässä yleisyysluokassa. Lohkojen pelloissa ja pientareissa 1 m2:llä todetut lajimäärät ovat positiivisessa korrelaatiossa toisiinsa. 64 lajin on todettu esiintyvän sekä pelloissa että pientareissa. Näistä lajeista 52 on esiintynyt samalla lohkolla sekä pellossa että pientareissa. Näiden lajien yhtäläisyysverranteet ovat 0.3—50.0. Kevätviljapeltojen ja niiden sarkaojien pientareiden kasvustot ovat melko erilaisia. Suurimmat yhtäläisyydet ovat eräillä monivuotisilla piennarlajeilla.

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Differential response of 14 weed species to seven herbicides in two plant communities

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b74-068 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 525-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

D. J. Tomkins ◽

W. F. Grant

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Principal Component ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Weed Species ◽

Old Field ◽

Fragaria Virginiana ◽

Vicia Cracca ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The responses of 14 weed species to seven different herbicides were compared. The species included five monocots: Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., Agrostis alba L., Carex gracilescens Mack., Phleum pratense L., and Poa pratensis L.; and nine dicots: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Aster cordifolius L., Fragaria virginiana Duchesne, Oxalis europaea Jord., Pastinaca sativa L., Solidago canadensis L., S. nemoralis Ait., Taraxacum officinale Weber, and Vicia cracca L. A principal component analysis revealed that species responses to four auxin herbicides ((2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), picloram, picloram + 2,4-D, and 2,4-D + (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T)) were very similar, although picloram was more effective in eliminating Aster cordifolius, Fragaria virginiana, Solidago nemoralis, and Vicia cracca. Auxin response differed markedly between monocots and dicots, whereas life-form was important in determining the response of the species to paraquat, simazine, and diuron treatments. Response to herbicide treatment was similar in both pioneer and mature old-field communities. However, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis were susceptible to all auxin treatments in the pioneer community but were resistant to the same treatments in mature fields.

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The effect of lime and phosphate on soils and sown species in the Falkland Islands

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600031907 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 89-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. H. McAdam

Keyword(s):

Soil Ph ◽

White Clover ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Falkland Islands ◽

Festuca Rubra ◽

Botanical Composition ◽

Pasture Production ◽

Improved Pasture

SUMMARYExperiments to determine the effects of a range of applied lime and phosphate treatments on the establishment of species and the subsequent herbage production in the first and second seasons following sowing on four sites in the Falkland Islands are described and the results discussed.Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense and Poa pratensis established, successfully yielding up to 4·5 t D.M./ha per year with inputs of 55 kg N, 50 kg P and 20 kg K/ha. Applied P increased the yield of herbage and produced a small, though significant, increase in P status of the soil.The lowest level of applied lime (0·63 t/ha) increased the soil pH to 5·0 and although this did not affect the yield or botanical composition of the grass component of the sward it did affect the presence and nodulation of white clover.The problems of establishing white clover are presented in view of the severe limitations on the use of lime and fertilizer in the Islands. The implications of grazing this improved pasture are discussed in relation to increased pasture production and improved soil fertility.

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COLD HARDINESS AND ICE TOLERANCE OF PASTURE GRASSES GROWN AND TESTED IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps86-080 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 601-608 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

B. E. GUDLEIFSSON ◽

C. J. ANDREWS ◽

H. BJORNSSON

Keyword(s):

Cold Hardiness ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

Grass Species ◽

Meadow Fescue ◽

Freezing Resistance ◽

Reed Canarygrass ◽

Red Fescue ◽

Wide Range

A number of forage grass species were tested for cold hardiness and ice tolerance after growth and cold hardening under controlled conditions. Tests exposing cold-hardened plants to a single level of stress separated species into statistically similar groups but, in a number of cases, the stress was not sufficient to kill plants so the true cultivar rankings were obscured. Derivation of the 50% kill point from a wide range of levels of stress served to identify cold hardiness and ice tolerance levels of cultivars of 10 species. Ranked according to the most hardy cultivar of the species tested were: timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa L.), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus L.), berings hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae). LT50 values varied from −15.7 °C for timothy to −4.7 °C for reed canarygrass. Cold hardiness and ice tolerance were only loosely associated (r = 0.36). The most ice-tolerant species were berings and tufted hairgrasses and timothy with LI50 values of 50, 39 and 44 d, respectively.Key words: Acclimation, encasement, freezing, resistance

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EVALUATION OF TWENTY GRASS POPULATIONS AS IRRIGATED HAY CROPS FOR SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps79-108 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 691-700 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. LAWRENCE ◽

F. G. WARDER

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Festuca Arundinacea ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Dactylis Glomerata ◽

Matter Content ◽

Phleum Pratense ◽

N Content ◽

P Content

Twenty grass populations were evaluated for dry matter yield, N content, P content, organic matter content, organic matter digestibility and winterhardiness. Of these populations, Agropyron intermedium was most suitable for a hay crop on a well-drained irrigated soil. Agropyron trichophorum, Bromus inermis, and Phalaris arundinacea were lower-yielding alternatives that had a satisfactory N content and good digestibility. Elymus angustus shows promise as an irrigated hay crop and should be evaluated further. The usefulness of the following populations was limited by one or more of these factors: low yield (Y), low N content (N), low digestibility (D) and lack of winterhardiness (W): Dactylis glomerata ’Kay’ (Y,N,D), Dactylis glomerata ’Chinook’ (Y,N,W), Elymus sibiricus (Y), Festuca arundinacea ’Kenmont’ (Y,N,W), Festuca elatior ’Trader’ (Y,N), Phleum pratense (Y,N,D), Poa ampla ’Sherman’ (N,D), Poa bulbosa cv. P4874 (Y,N,D), and Poa pratensis (Y,N,D).

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