scholarly journals Tannin vacuoles and starch in the development of Scots pine (Pinus sihestris) vegetative buds

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Hejnowicz
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Spring Awakening ◽  
Condensed Form ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Tannin Cells ◽  
Winter Buds

Tannin cells occur throughout the bud except the distal and peripheral meristem zones of the apical meristem, and the youngest cataphyll primordia. Starch is absent in winter buds. The earliest structural manifestation of spring awakening in the bud are fragmentation of tannin vacuoles and synthesis of starch in the green cells of the bud. The tannins occurring in the vacuoles are hydrolysable giving a positive reaction for sugars (PAS). During their spring hydrolysis glucose is released. It is probably one of the sources of sugars for the synthesis of starch. During extension growth of the bud there occurs a degradation of tannin cells in the pith, which consist in the precipitation of tannins to a condensed form.

The relationship between multiple leaders and mechanical and frost damage to the apical meristem of Scots pine seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Leaders

The responses of young Scots pine seedlings to mechanical apical meristem damage before and after 4 nights exposure to minimum night temperatures of −2.2 and −6.7 °C in controlled environment growth chambers were compared with control seedlings that were subjected or not to apical meristem damage and exposed to a minimum night temperature of 12 °C. The feeding damage caused by Lygus bugs was simulated by piercing the apical meristem of young pine seedlings with a hypodermic syringe needle and injecting a small drop of distilled water into the wound. At −6.7 °C increased numbers of dead seedlings were found. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders greatly increased after piercing, and about half of the seedlings subjected to the apical meristem damage had multiple leaders. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders and the number of leader shoots per seedling did not differ among seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before or after the frost exposure. Short and twisted primary needles occurred in the basal parts of the new shoots in the seedlings with multiple leaders. Seedlings with necrotic needles were most often found after exposure to the night temperature of −6.7 °C. Shoot dry weight and length were significantly lower in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage after frost exposure than in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before frost exposure or to no frost exposure. The results suggest that an increased reduction in growth is to be expected if Lygus bug attacks occur on pine seedlings that already suffer from frost injury.

Seasonal variations in the properties of ribosome assemblies from vegetative buds of Scots pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirkka Kupila-Ahvenniemi ◽  
Aija Lindfors ◽  
Hely Haggman
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Vegetative Buds

Growth pattern and seasonal behavior of buds of Colliguaya odorifera, a shrub from the Chilean mediterranean vegetation

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (15) ◽  
pp. 1767-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia J. Hoffmann ◽  
Adriana E. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth Season ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Seasonal Behavior ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Branching System ◽  
Floral Bud

Colliguaya odorifera Mol., an euphorbian shrub, grows among the sclerophyllous scrub of central Chile. The growth pattern and seasonal behavior of the floral and vegetative buds are analyzed, with special reference to the climatic conditions (cool humid winters and dry hot summers). Observations were conducted on marked twigs and in sections of embedded material.The branching system is of a Y-shaped sympodial type. The growth season of C. odorifera extends from early winter to the beginning of summer. When the dry season starts, the vegetative apical meristem is converted into a floral bud, and in the leaf axils partly predetermined, unprotected vegetative buds develop. Both types of buds remain dormant during the drought period. Soon after the first winter rains begin, activity is resumed: the preformed flowers and leaf buds unfold and grow, and a few more leaf pairs develop during the current year. Thus, buds are influenced partially by the climate of the previous and of the next year.

Histogenesis of the inflorescence and flower of Triticum aestivum L.

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Floral Morphology ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Periclinal Division ◽  
Flower Primordia ◽  
Foliage Leaf ◽  
Vegetative Buds

In Triticum the apical meristem of the spike and spikelets is similar to that of the vegetative axis: a two-layered tunica encloses a central corpus. Leaf primordia arise by the periclinal division of cells of the tunica, the corpus contributing nothing to their development. Spikelet primordia are initiated in periclinal divisions of cells of the outer layer of the corpus (sub-hypodermis). Their mode of origin is comparable with that of vegetative buds. The glumes and lemmas arise in the same manner as the foliage leaf; the flower primordia by divisions in the sub-hypodermis like the spikelets. The early histogenesis of the palea, lodicules, and carpel is also essentially the same as that of the foliage leaf, whilst the stamens arise as cauline structures like the spikelets and flower primordia. The ovule is derived directly from the apex of the flower primordium and the integuments originate in the manner of foliar structures. The significance of these observations in the interpretation of the floral morphology of Triticum is discussed.

Morphology and ontogeny of tannin-producing structures in two tropical legume trees

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Cury de Barros ◽  
Simone Pádua Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Tropical Legume ◽  
Legume Trees ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Tannin Cells

Two legume trees largely known as tannin producers — Dimorphandra mollis Benth. (Caesalpinioideae) and Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (Mimosoideae) — were used as models to elucidate the morphology and ontogeny of tannin cells. Vegetative parts of plants were processed for observation using light and electron microscopy (scanning and transmission). Idioblasts, found even in young plants of both species, and secretory trichomes, observed in vegetative buds of mature plants of S. adstringens, are responsible for tannin production. The tanniniferous idioblasts originate from protoderm and also from ground meristem cells. The ground meristem proved to be the best place to study the development of tanniniferous idioblasts at different stages of development, which allowed us to monitor the production and accumulation of tannins in the same tissue. Our data indicate that there is a relationship between the production of tannins and the process of vacuolation of tanniniferous cells. The results also indicate the probable performance of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and plastids in the production of tannins.

scholarly journals Optimizing a Protocol for Sterilization and in vitro Establishment of Vegetative Buds from Mature Douglas Fir Trees

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1464-1468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoulaye Traore ◽  
Zizhuo Xing ◽  
Amy Bonser ◽  
John Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Culture Initiation ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Initiation Step ◽  
In Vitro Establishment ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Winter Buds

A successful tissue culture initiation step often begins with effective explant sterilization. To improve douglas fir bud culture initiation, five sterilization treatments (20% bleach, 100% bleach, 3 second flaming, 5 second flaming, and self-extinguishing flaming) were evaluated for their effectiveness on winter and spring bud sterilization. The 20% and 100% bleach treatments resulted in the highest percentage of healthy bud cultures (>90% for winter buds). Spring buds showed a higher level of contamination with 20% bleach sterilization (36%) than did winter buds (1%). Successful sterilization was also achieved by flaming, but bud injury was observed. Increased flaming time caused a decrease in the percentage of healthy actively growing buds. The percentage of healthy bud cultures after 3 second flaming, 5 second flaming and self-extinguishing-flaming (9 to 14 s) were 66%, 59%, and 10% respectively. In addition, sterilization by either approach required subsequent bud dissection to remove the outer scales; otherwise most buds were lost to contamination. When sterilization was followed by bud dissection, contamination rates for winter buds were <2% for all treatments. After successful sterilization and culture initiation, bud expansion was the highest (50% to 98%) in the presence of low concentrations of BA (0 to 0.045 μmol·L–1), while high concentrations of BA (0.448 to 4.527 μmol·L–1) reduced bud expansion (0% to 60%), but promoted bud multiplication.

Requirement for far-red light to maintain secondary needle extension growth in northern but not southern populations of Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)

2002 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Clapham ◽  
Inger Ekberg ◽  
Gösta Eriksson ◽  
Lennart Norell ◽  
Daphne Vince-Prue
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Extension Growth

scholarly journals How Long Do Wood Parenchyma Cells Live in the Stem of a Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)? Studies on Cell Nuclei Status along the Radial and Longitudinal Stem Axes

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirela Tulik ◽  
Joanna Jura-Morawiec ◽  
Anna Bieniasz ◽  
Katarzyna Marciszewska
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

This paper deals with the spatial distribution of heartwood in Scots pine stems (Pinus sylvestris L.), determined on the basis of the absence of nuclei in parenchyma cells. Samples were collected at several heights from two Scots pine stems growing in fresh coniferous stand as codominant trees. Transverse and radial sections were cut from the samples and stained with acetocarmine to detect the nuclei and with I2KI to show starch grains. Unstained sections were also observed under ultraviolet (UV) light to reveal cell wall lignification. The shapes of the nuclei in ray and axial parenchyma cells differed: the axial parenchyma cells had rounded nuclei, while the nuclei of the ray parenchyma cells were elongated. The lifespan of the parenchyma cells was found to be 16–42 years; the longest-lived were cells from the base of the stem, and the shortest-lived were from the base of the crown. The largest number of growth rings comprising heartwood was observed at a height of 1.3–3.3 m, which signifies that the distribution of heartwood within the stem is uneven. Moreover, the distance of the cells from the apical meristem and the cambium was seen to have an effect on the presence of living parenchyma cells, i.e., those with stained nuclei.

scholarly journals Survival and Shoot Formation in Vitro of Pear Winter Buds Cryopreserved in Liquid Nitrogen

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seibi Oka ◽  
Harumi Yakuwa ◽  
Kimio Sate ◽  
Takao Niino
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Vegetative Buds ◽  
Pyrus Serotina ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Winter Buds

Vegetative buds of pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder, cv. Senryo) associated with shoot tissue were frozen stepwise to – 40C, immersed in liquid N, and thawed either at 37C in water or at 0C in air. Survival and shoot formation on thawed material was higher when preliminary cooling lasted 12 to 48 h rather than 0.5 to 2 h. The proper thawing temperature depended on the degree of cooling before cryopreservation. A few whole plants were recovered from the cryopreserved buds.

Understanding the root sink.

2022 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
T. M. DeJong
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
And Function ◽  
Shoot Meristems

Abstract Root development and growth is similar to shoot growth in that extension growth is initiated by an apical meristem and girth growth of mature roots is carried out by the vascular cambium. However, the initiation of lateral roots is entirely different than the initiation of lateral leaves or shoot meristems. This chapter deals with understanding the root sink in fruit trees by studying root growth, including the initiation of lateral roots, root classification according to size and function, factors affecting their growth, and rootstocks.

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