Impact of nitrogen concentration variability in sugar beet plant organs throughout the growing season on dry matter accumulation patterns

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Grzebisz ◽  
Witold Szczepaniak ◽  
Karol Pepliński ◽  
Przemysław Barłóg ◽  
Katarzyna Cyna
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sugar Beet Plant ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Plant Organs

scholarly journals Growth and dry matter partitioning in sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris L.) under moderate drought

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Choluj ◽  
R. Karwowska ◽  
M. Jasińska ◽  
G. Haber
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Sugar Beet Plant ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Final Yield

Growth response of sugar beet plants to drought stress applied at different growth stages has been investigated. Cessation of watering imposed moderate water stress and resulted in the reduction of the relative water content of young and old leaves maximally by 6%. However, water content in taproot was more drastically decreased than in the shoot. Water withholding reduced dry matter accumulation and leaf assimilatory expansion when imposed at successive growth stages, especially in the case of earlier stress application. Substantial change in distribution pattern was observed when stress affected foliar development, more than 80% of dry matter was accumulated in the taproots. Water shortage negatively influenced both taproot and sugar yield by 16–52%, depending on the stress timing in the season. Drought stress did not change the sucrose concentration but when occurred in foliar and early stage of root development, decreased the contents of important non-sugar compounds like potassium and -amino-N solutes in the final yield. Overall, data concerning the different water status in particular organs implies that a hydrodynamic equilibrium does not exist within the sugar beet plant as a response to water stress. Drought imposed on the earlier stage, most drastically influenced plant growth and final yield. When water stress occurs at the end of crop cycle, sugar beet plants had a higher ability to recovery their growth.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Effect of Early Defoliation on Dry Matter Accumulation and Storage of Reserves on ‘Abbé Fétel’ Pear Trees

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (12) ◽  
pp. 2169-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Mesa ◽  
Sara Serra ◽  
Andrea Masia ◽  
Federico Gagliardi ◽  
Daniele Bucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pear Trees

Annual accumulation of starch is affected by carbon reserves stored in the organs during the growing season and is controlled mainly by sink strength gradients within the tree. However, unfavorable environmental conditions (e.g., hail events) or application of management practices (e.g., defoliation to enhance overcolor in bicolor apple) could influence the allocation of storage carbohydrates. This preliminary research was conducted to determine the effects of early defoliation on the dry matter, starch, and soluble carbohydrate dynamics in woody organs, roots, and mixed buds classified by age and two levels of crop-load for one growing season in ‘Abbé Fétel’ pear trees (Oct. 2012 to mid-Jan. 2013 in the northern hemisphere). Regardless of the organs evaluated (woody organs, roots, and mixed buds), an increase of soluble carbohydrate concentration was observed in these organs in the period between after harvest (October) and January (dormancy period). Among all organs, woody short-old spurs showed the highest increase (+93.5%) in soluble sugars. With respect to starch, woody organs showed a clear trend of decreasing in concentration between October and January. In this case, short-old spurs showed the smallest decline in starch concentrations, only 6.5%, whereas in other tree organs starch decreased by 34.5%. After harvest (October), leaves showed substantially higher starch and soluble sugar concentrations in trees with lower crop-loads. These results confirm that in the period between October and January, dynamic interconversions between starch and soluble carbohydrates occur at varying magnitudes among organs in pear trees.

High ear number is key to achieving high wheat yields in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heping Zhang ◽  
Neil C. Turner ◽  
Michael L. Poole ◽  
Senthold Asseng
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Sink Capacity

The growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined to determine the actual and potential yields of wheat at a site in the high rainfall zone (HRZ) of south-western Australia. Spring wheat achieved yields of 5.5−5.9 t/ha in 2001 and 2003 when subsurface waterlogging was absent or minimal. These yields were close to the estimated potential, indicating that a high yield potential is achievable. In 2002 when subsurface waterlogging occurred early in the growing season, the yield of spring wheat was 40% lower than the estimated potential. The yield of wheat was significantly correlated with the number of ears per m2 (r2 = 0.81) and dry matter at anthesis (r2 = 0.73). To achieve 5–6 t/ha of yield of wheat in the HRZ, 450–550 ears per m2 and 10–11 t/ha dry matter at anthesis should be targetted. Attaining such a level of dry matter at anthesis did not have a negative effect on dry-matter accumulation during the post-anthesis period. The harvest index (0.36−0.38) of spring wheat was comparable with that in drier parts of south-western Australia, but relatively low given the high rainfall and the long growing season. This relatively low harvest index indicates that the selected cultivar bred for the low- and medium-rainfall zone in this study, when grown in the HRZ, may have genetic limitations in sink capacity arising from the low grain number per ear. We suggest that the yield of wheat in the HRZ may be increased further by increasing the sink capacity by increasing the number of grains per ear.

Effects of drought on leaf area development, biomass production and nitrogen uptake of durum wheat grown in a Mediterranean environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Giunta ◽  
R Motzo ◽  
M Deidda
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Mediterranean Environment ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development

A field experiment was carried out in Sardinia (Italy) on durum wheat to analyse the effects of different moisture treatments, irrigated (I), rainfed (R) and stressed (S), on leaf area index (LAI), radiation intercepted (Q) and water use (WU), efficiency of conversion of radiation and water into dry matter (RUE and WUE), nitrogen uptake and carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the above-ground part of the plant. In the period between beginning of stem elongation and heading, drought affected the maximum LA1 in the most stressed treatment (4.7 in S v. about 6.9 in R and I), but not Q and WU. RUE was also lowered by drought in this period (0.68 in S v. about 0.95 g MJ-1 in R and I) as a reduced biomass was recorded in S at heading (528gm-2 in S v. 777 g m-2 on average in R and I). In contrast with the previous period, the reduction in LA1 between heading and maximum ear weight (MEW) determined a significant reduction in Q and WU, WUE and RUE, resulting, ultimately, in notable differences in the total biomass produced until MEW (1203, 930 and 546 gm-2 in I, R and S respectively). The amount of stem reserves relocated to the grain decreased as the level of stress increased, going from 223gm-2 in I to 9gm-2 in S and was accumulated almost entirely (from 76% of the total in I to 100% in S), in the post-heading period. Nitrogen percentage was not affected by the treatments applied apart from the higher values in stem and flag leaf in S later in the growing season due to an inhibition of nitrogen translocation in S. The total nitrogen uptake was lower in S (12.3gm-2) than in I (16.6gm-2) only as a consequence of the different dry matter accumulation patterns. The importance of WUE in this type of Mediterranean environment is discussed, with particular concern to the key role of modulation of leaf area development through the growing season.

scholarly journals Effects of irrigation and nitrogen on chlorophyll content, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Ning ◽  
Fu Fengzhen ◽  
Ji Jinfeng ◽  
Wang Peng ◽  
He Shuping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Northeast Of China

Abstract A two-year field experiment was conducted to analyze the growth conditions, physical features, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of sugar-beet under limited irrigation conditions in northeast of China. A cultivar H003 was used as plant materials; six treatments (C1-C6) were included: C1, no nitrogen applied, rain-fed; C2, 120.00 kg nitrogen hm− 2, rain-fed; C3, no nitrogen applied, hole irrigation for seeding; C4, 120.00 kg nitrogen hm− 2, hole irrigation for seeding; C5, no nitrogen applied, hole irrigation for seeding; and C6, 120.00 kg nitrogen hm− 2, hole irrigation for seeding, and irrigation at foliage rapid growth stage. The irrigation supply was only 500 mL/plant once. Results showed C6 showed the highest chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation, yield, etc. and had the best NUE among all the treatments. In conclusion, under the routine fertilization conditions of northeast of China, the cultivation measure of hole irrigation 500 mL/plant for seeding combined with irrigation 500 mL/plant at foliage rapid growth stage greatly improved sugar-beet yield and NUE.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Accumulation and Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) under Varied Irrigation and Phosphorus Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 513-520
Author(s):  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Phosphorus Accumulation ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

The present study investigated the effects of irrigation and phosphorus fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and phosphorus use efficiency in sugar beet for two growing seasons during 2016 and 2017, using H003 cultivar. The experiment was comprised of four treatments including NP0K-rainfed (C1), NPK-rainfed (C2), NP0K-irrigation (C3), and NPK-irrigation (C4) using 105 kg P ha-1 compared with 0 kg P ha-1. The results showed that during the whole growth period of crop, chlorophyll contents was in the order of C4 > C3 > C2 > C1. The sugar contents were higher in irrigation treatments than rain-fed. At harvest, 105 kg P ha-1 under NPK-irrigation treatment had the highest sugar yield up to 11.59 and 10.64 t∙hm-2 in 2016 and 2017 respectively. The percent increase in yield was 20.19–27.07%, 15.79–21.62% and 14.57–14.93% than C1, C2 and C3 treatments, respectively. In C4 treatment, the dry matter accumulation in roots and leaves were 25.36 and 27.48 t∙hm-2, 9.22 and 10.67 t∙hm-2 in 2016 and 2017 respectively, with 0.39% and 5.53, 11.61 and 25.02% higher than in C2 treatment. The phosphorus accumulation in roots of C4 treatment at harvesting was 9.46 and 9.97 t∙hm-2 while phosphorus accumulation in leaves of same treatment was 3.58 and 3.80 t∙hm-2 in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In irrigation treatments, the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer was 16.97 and 17.33% in 2016 and 2017, respectively, with 25.52 and 29.02% higher than corresponding rainfed treatment, indicating that irrigation could significantly improve the utilization efficiency of P fertilizer. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

Seasonal Development of Yellow and Purple Nutsedges(Cyperus esculentusandC. rotundus)in Illinois

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Jordan-Molero ◽  
E. W. Stoller
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Tuber Growth ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
Sunlight Intensity

Yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) and purple nutsedge(C. rotundusL.) were grown in clay pots in the field to investigate the effect of sunlight intensity, planting date, and harvesting date on growth and development. Reducing the length of the growing season by delayed planting or early harvesting reduced the growth (dry matter accumulation) and tuber production of both species. Purple nutsedge growth (dry matter accumulation) was linearly reduced at 30 and 73% shade, but yellow nutsedge growth at 30% shade was not different from that at full sunlight. Tuber production in both species began about August 1, with slight delays in the initiation of tuber growth as planting date was delayed. At the end of the growing season a significant number of tubers were formed in both species even at the latest planting date under 73% shade.

Studies on the effect of N fertilisation on the growth of maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrids I. Dynamics of dry matter accumulation in whole plants and plant organs

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Berzsenyi
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Plant Organs ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Over Time

Investigations on the process of dry matter accumulation over time could contribute to improvements in the N fertiliser utilisation of maize hybrids. In 2001 and 2002 the effect of four N fertiliser rates (0, 80, 160, 240 kg ha −1 ) on the growth and productivity of three maize hybrids with different vegetation periods [Mv TC 272 (FAO 280), Mv 355 SC (FAO 390) and Maraton SC (FAO 450)] was studied in an almost 50-year-old long-term experiment involving continuous maize, as a stress environment. The experiment was set up in Martonvásár on chernozem soil with forest residues in a split-plot design with four replications, with the N treatments in the main plots and the maize hybrids in the subplots. Plant samples for yield analysis were taken at 14-day intervals on 8 occasions a year. The dynamics of dry matter accumulation in the whole plants and in various plant organs (stalk, leaf, grain), and that of leaf area, differed significantly between N treatments and hybrids. The effect of mineral N fertilisation was significant from the 4–6-leaf stage and the differences between hybrids from the flowering stage. Both the dry matter yield and the leaf area were greatest in the N 160 treatment. The greatest difference in the pattern of N fertiliser reactions over time was detected between the pre-flowering and post-flowering stages. The maize grain yield was greatest in the N 160 treatment, exhibiting the following values (t ha −1 ) in the individual N treatments: N 0 : 4.907, N 80 : 7.872, N 160 : 8.921, N 240 : 8.770. The results indicate that the dynamics of dry matter accumulation in the whole maize plant and in various plant organs could further our understanding of the N fertiliser responses of maize hybrids.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Different Weed Interference Situations

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein GHAMARI ◽  
Goudarz AHMADVAND
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Crop Biomass

In production agriculture, weed plants play an important role in yield reduction. Analysis of crop growth can reveal underlying processes of yield loss under weed interference conditions. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in 2011 in order to assess the effect of weed competition on different aspects of dry bean growth. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments included weed-infested and weed-free periods until 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after crop emergence. Aboveground dry matter and leaf area were measured every two weeks. The functional approach to growth analysis was used to examine temporal patterns in crop growth in weed interference conditions. A negative relationship between weed biomass and dry bean growth indexes was observed. In all treatments, crop biomass had a similar trend and progressively increased over the crop cycle, then after reaching the maximum amount, gradually decreased. The lowest crop biomass (676.60 g m-2) was observed in season-long weed-infested treatment, while the maximum one (1238.82 g m-2) was recorded in season-long weed-free treatment. Relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) had a declining trend during the growing season. Increase in weed-infested periods intensified decrease of them. Effect of weed competition on crop growth was trifle at the early of growing season. Since NAR and RGR represent photosynthesis potential and dry matter accumulation of the crop, their reduction can be the main cause of yield loss.

scholarly journals Nitrogen concentration in dry matter of the fifth leaf during growth of greenhouse tomato plants

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Rattin ◽  
Jerônimo L. Andriolo ◽  
Márcio Witter
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Iron Chelate ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Commercial Mixture

The nitrogen concentration in dry matter of the fifth leaf during growth of a greenhouse tomato crop was determined. Plants of hybrid Monte Carlo were grown in 4.5 L bags, using a commercial substrate, in a plant density of 3.3 plants m-2. A nutrient solution containing, in mmol L-1: KNO3, 4.0; K2SO4, 0.9; Ca(NO3)2, 3.75; KH2PO4, 1.5; MgSO4, 1.0; iron chelate 19. 10³, was used as reference. Microelements were added by a commercial mixture. The T3 treatment was equal to the reference nutrient solution, whereas in treatments T1, T2, T4 and T5 quantities of all nutrients from T3 were multiplied by 0.25, 0.50, 1.25 and 1.50, respectively. In each treatment, the volume of 1 L of nutrient solution was supplied to each plant once a week by fertigation. Periodically destructive measurements were made from anthesis to ripening of the first truss, to determine dry matter and N concentration in shoot and in fifth leaf tissues, counted from the apex to the bottom of the plant. Five dilution curves were fitted from data of N concentration in the fifth leaf and shoot dry matter accumulation during growth of plants. A general relationship was adjusted between actual N concentration in shoot (Nt) and in the fifth leaf (Nf): Nt = 1.287 Nf (R² = 0.80). This relationship could be used to estimate the N status of plants by means of a nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), from analysis of the fifth leaf sap.

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