A measurement study ear simulators being in use in Poland and the influence of their acoustic parameters on hearing tests and assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 572 (5) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Młyńska ◽  
Danuta Dobrowolska
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Pressure Sensitivity ◽  
Hearing Tests ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Measurement Study ◽  
Sensitivity Level ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Traceable Calibration

Ear simulators are used for traceable calibration and testing of audiometric equipment. They should be periodically calibrated because their parameters can change over time affecting the results of audiometric equipment calibration and, consequently, the results of hearing tests and assessment. During calibration two acoustic parameters are determined: the overall pressure sensitivity level of the ear simulator system and acoustical impedance of the ear simulator, which is additionally assessed in terms of compatibility with IEC 60318-1:2009. The sensitivity level is used for assuring traceability of measurements while acoustical impedance provides information on the condition of a given ear simulator. There are two objectives of this paper. The first is to show how a change in acoustical impedance influences the response of the ear simulator system to a signal from an audiometric earphone. The other is to present the results of a measurement study on acoustic parameters of ear simulators in use in Poland. The article presents the results of measurements of the sensitivity level and acoustical impedance of ear simulators, and the assessment of simulators in the term of their suitability for calibration of audiometric equipment.

scholarly journals Decline and Fall, Growth and Spread, or Resilience? Approaches to Studying How and Why Societies Change

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hoyer
Keyword(s):  
Review Essay ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Approaches To Studying ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Precocious Development ◽  
Over Time

An avid reader of history will be quite familiar with the rich, emotive narratives detailing the tragic decline and ultimate fall of once mighty civilizations; Rome succumbing to barbarian hordes, Alexander of Macedon’s and Chinggis Khan’s spear-won empires splitting into warring factions, and the demise of the great Inca or Maya civilizations are just a few such examples. On the other side of the stacks, similarly grandiose narratives document some group’s incredible growth and spread taking over vast territories and populations. These tell typically of societies coming to dominate a region, often in the face of overwhelming odds and tribulation or through some precocious development of a key technology or strategy that later becomes widespread. Here, I take stock of previous approaches to studying function – from growth and development to crisis and collapse to resilience – and ask what is the most fruitful lens with which to view fluctuations in how societies function and change over time, as this review essay attempts to accomplish.

Commons Governance, Normative Pluralism and the Enduring Role of Custom

2018 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
Christopher Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Normative Pluralism ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Legal Pluralist

The governance of common land in England and Wales is shaped by a mixture of customary and legal norms that can shift and change. Notwithstanding the introduction of legislation for the registration of common land and common rights, custom retains an important role in the governance of common land. This chapter situates custom alongside the other normative rules used to structure the governance of common land. It considers reforms introduced by the Commons Act 2006, including provision for the formation of self-regulating commons councils. It concludes that a legal pluralist analysis that focuses on the functionality of differing customary and legal norms, but which is also sensitive to the sources from which rules derive normativity, is essential if we are to position custom in the hierarchy of norms relevant to the governance of common land, to understand their respective roles and how these can change over time and space, and to appraise their effectiveness.

Quality of Clinical Trials — A Concern of Three Decades

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Hemminki
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this article is to summarize reviews on the quality of clinical trials. Altogether 29 reviews were found. Most clinical trials were judged to be uncontrolled or poorly controlled and/or otherwise poor. To study any change over time, reviews based on reports published 1943—1959, 1960—67, and 1968—77 were considered. The proportion of controlled trials was higher in 1943—59 than in 1968—77. The proportion of trials defined as »good« was lowest in the period 1960—1967. Since the material and definitions varied from one review to the other, the results should be interpreted to reflect the reviewers’ concern about quality rather than the actual quality of the trials themselves. In fact, in most reviews, in which the criteria and material used over time were comparable, the quality of trials had improved. But various factors guarantee that worries about the quality of clinical trials will continue.

scholarly journals The Salaries of Teachers in English Canada, 1900-1940: A Reappraisal

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Gidney ◽  
W. P.J. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Canada ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Canadian Education ◽  
Nous Croyons ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Educational Enterprise

Any student of Canadian education during the first half of the twentieth century has encountered the belief, common among those engaged in the educational enterprise and sometimes shared by others, that teachers were badly paid for their work. Though not a universal assessment, a similar view has also dominated the historiography. This interpretation, we think, is overdue for revision. In this article we address two central questions. One focuses more narrowly on teachers' salaries per se: how much, on average, did teachers earn, and how did this change over time? The other asks, just how good or bad were their salaries compared to those of other people in the Canadian workforce? We tackle these questions on a Canada-wide basis, excluding only the province of Quebec, and over an extended period, covering the first four decades of the century. -- Parmi les chercheurs et les étudiants intéressés par l’histoire de l’éducation canadienne pour la première moitié du vingtième siècle, un lieu commun persiste, à savoir, que les enseignants étaient très mal payés pour leur travail. Bien que cette assertion ne soit pas partagée par tous, ce point de vue domine dans l’historiographie de cette période. Nous croyons qu’il est temps de repenser cette interprétation. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à deux questions fondamentales. La première porte spécifiquement sur la rémunération des enseignants: combien gagnaient-ils en moyenne et comment leurs salaires ont-ils évolué dans le temps? La deuxième compare les salaires des enseignants à ceux versés aux autres travailleurs canadiens: étaient-ils pires ou meilleurs? Notre étude s’intéresse aux enseignants canadiens, à l’exception de ceux du Québec, et couvre les quatre premières décennies du vingtième siècle.

Unlearning in Free Learning as a Function of Context Change and Retention Interval

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Abra ◽  
Patricia S. Belton
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Context Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than

A list of 20 words was presented 4 times to 3 groups of Ss. After each presentation, Ss attempted to recall as many of the words as possible, in any order they wished. Two experimental groups then learned a second unrelated list for 6 such free-learning trials, while the third group (control) did not. One of the experimental groups had a changed environment for List-2 learning, while the other group was unchanged. Retention of both lists (MMFR) was tested either after List-2 learning or 24 hr. later. The control recalled List 1 better than the two experimental groups, which did not differ from each other. List-1 recall in the experimental groups did not change over time.

Social Values Enabled Change

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G. Barnhurst
Keyword(s):  
Social Values ◽  
The Other ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Over Time

This chapter considers changes in U.S. news over the last century. It shows that reports grew longer in mainstream news, but few seemed to notice. The “who,” “what,” or “where” all declined in different ways. But the other two Ws, the “when” and “why,” did expand the connotative, modern dimension. While references to the present remained fairly constant in stories, the past grew more important along with the future and change over time. The pattern of explaining how and why events happened also expanded but shifted in particular ways that opened space within news for opinions and judgments, especially in broadcast and online.

Cumulative Stress and Cumulative Inertia: A Behavioral Model of the Decision to Move

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1101-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
J O Huff ◽  
W A V Clark
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Cumulative Stress ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Independent Trials

A model of the probability of moving which incorporates aspects of the independent-trials process, the stage in the life cycle, and the concept of cumulative inertia is formulated. The model is based on the interaction of two forces. On the one hand there is a certain resistance to moving (cumulative inertia) and on the other the household may be dissatisfied with certain attributes of the present dwelling and its surroundings (residential stress). The probability of moving is a function of the resultant of these two conflicting forces. The model is designed not only to predict who will move (those individuals with high residential stress relative to their resistance to moving), but also to predict how an individual's probability of moving is likely to change over time. Some simple and limited simulations suggest that the model will capture rather well the different kinds of mobility rates which are observed from empirical data sets.

Subsequent Practice and Evolutive Interpretation: Techniques of Treaty Interpretation over Time and Their Diverse Consequences

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Arato
Keyword(s):  
Basic Problem ◽  
The Other ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Treaty Provision ◽  
Practical Matter ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Treaty Interpretation ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper compares two different means of treaty interpretation by which a treaty or treaty provision may change over time: the interpretation and reinterpretation of a treaty on the basis of its evolutive character, and the (re)interpretation of a treaty on the basis of the subsequent practice of the parties. I contend that evolutive interpretation and interpretation based on subsequent practice do not simply refer to two different and distinct phenomena ‐ as a practical matter they constitute two different “techniques of interpretation” which may or may not both be applicable in a particular case, and may sometimes both be applicable but mutually exclusive. The basic problem of the paper revolves around the following question: where the evidence is uncertain, or ambivalent, which technique ‐ if any ‐ should be applied? My goal is to show that although both techniques may be applicable to a treaty in a given case, the application of one or the other doctrine will have different consequences in the short and long term. In so doing, I will first expound the immediate effects of the techniques by examining them individually with an eye to their evidentiary criteria and their relative expansive potentialities. I shall then illustrate and compare their respective long term consequences, which I categorize as “vertical” (with respect to successive interpretations of the particular treaty in question) and “horizontal” (referring to effects on the interpretation of other treaties). Ultimately, I want to argue that neither means of interpretation is more appropriate across the board, and therefore the choice between the two techniques should be informed by the consideration of their consequences in light of the object and purpose of the particular treaty to be interpreted.

scholarly journals Trends in the distribution of added value of listed industrial companies: 1990 to 2002

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Van Aswegen ◽  
B. W. Steyn ◽  
W. D. Hamman
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The Other ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
A Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
A Company ◽  
Over Time

Value added is a measure of the increase in wealth of a company. The question posed in this paper, is whether there was a change over time; firstly in the percentage of added value by companies as a proportion of sales and secondly in the distribution of the added value between the different stakeholder groups.The ratio VA/sales and the VA distribution ratios were calculated for three samples:A full sample from 1990 to 2002, consisting of all the listed South African companies preparing a value added statement; A constant sample of 36 companies that existed from 1990 to 2002; and A constant sample of 55 companies that existed from 1994 to 2002.Although a slight downward trend was found in VA/sales from 1997/1998, there is not enough evidence to infer that there was a change over time in VA/sales as the differences in the central location for at least two years were not significant.It was determined that there was only one distribution ratio in each constant sample with a significant difference in the central locations between at least two of the years. These ratios were retention/VA for the constant sample from 1990 to 2002 and depreciation/VA for the constant sample from 1994 to 2002.The change over time in depreciation was probably caused by the change in accounting treatment for amortisation of intangible assets. Retention is a balancing figure – the leftovers after the other allocations have been done – it can therefore be expected that this ratio will be influenced by the changes in all the other allocations. The general prosperity of the company and the economy will also influence retention, as the total value added will change accordingly and that will determine what is being left for retention in the company. As the growth in the GDP increased during the period under review, it was no surprise to find an increase in the ratio retention/VA.

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