ADMITTING A MENTALLY ILL PERSON INCAPABLE OF INDEPENDENT EXISTENCE TO A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL WITHOUT CONSENT – GLOSS TO THE DECISION OF THE SUPREME COURT

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (XXI) ◽  
pp. 307-314
Author(s):  
Jan Ciechorski

The conditions for compulsory admission to a psychiatric hospital under Art. 29 of the Mental Health Act apply only to the person to be admitted, they lack the element of protection of third parties (as opposed to admission under Articles 23 and 24 of this Act). Due to the fact that any admission without consent to a psychiatric hospital constitutes an interference with fundamental human rights (the right to freedom and to decide about one’s life), the provisions authorizing such admission must be strictly interpreted. Art. 29 provides for two groups of reasons for admission without consent: 1) counteracting the deterioration of health and 2) its improvement. Due to the fact that placement in a psychiatric hospital is the most onerous way of treating the patient, the guardianship court is obliged to consider whether less drastic methods of therapy will not be effective in such a case.

Author(s):  
Gary Watt

This book provides a detailed and conceptual analysis of trusts and equity; concentrating on those areas of the subject that are most relevant in the contemporary arena, such as the commercial context. It utilizes expertise in teaching, writing, and researching to enliven the text with helpful analogies and memorable references to extra-legal sources such as history, literature, and film. In this way, the book also stimulates students to engage critically with concepts. This new edition includes coverage of significant recent cases, including decisions of the Supreme Court on the nature of a trust in relation to third parties (Akers v. Samba Financial Group [2017]), the right to recover wealth transferred between parties to an illegal scheme (Patel v. Mirza [2016]) and on the distinction between contractual debt and constructive trust (Bailey v. Angove’s PTY Ltd [2016]). Further reading and discussion of anticipated reforms has been updated throughout in light of the latest legal developments.


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-604
Author(s):  
Alex Ruck Keene ◽  
Xinyu Xu

Abstract How (if at all) can the right to liberty of a child under Article 5 European Convention on Human Rights (‘ECHR’) be balanced against the rights of parents, enshrined both at common law and under Article 8 ECHR? Is there a limit to the extent to which parents can themselves, or via others, seek to impose restrictions upon their disabled child’s liberty so as to secure their child’s interests? This case considers the answers to these questions given by and the implications of the decision of the Supreme Court in September 2019 in Re D (A Child) [2019] UKSC 42.


2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 76-77
Author(s):  
Julie Underwood

The right to an education is guaranteed by international law in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Similarly, UNESCO’s Constitution sets out the right to an education as necessary to “prepare the children of the world for the responsibilities of freedom.” No such right is mentioned in the U.S. Constitution, though. Perhaps Congress or the Supreme Court would be sympathetic, however, to an argument for educational rights based on the 14th Amendment’s guarantee of the rights of citizenship.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 156-180
Author(s):  
Jamil Ddamulira Mujuzi

Discrimination is prohibited in different provisions of the 2003 Constitution of Rwanda (the Constitution), in different pieces of legislation and in international and regional human rights treaties ratified by Rwanda. According to the 2003 Constitution, one of the fundamental principles which have to be upheld by the State is the ‘eradication of discrimination and divisionism based on ethnicity, region or on any other ground as well as promotion of national unity’. Article 15 of the Constitution provides for equality before the law and Article 16 of the Constitution prohibits discrimination and it provides for the grounds on which a person shall not be discriminated against. Rwanda is also one of the very few African countries whose constitutions criminalise discrimination and different laws have been enacted to deal with the offence of discrimination. The Supreme Court of Rwanda, the highest court in the country, has handed down decisions on Articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution. The purpose of this article is to analyse these decisions and illustrate how the Supreme Court has dealt with the issues such as the definition of discrimination and the difference between discrimination and differentiation. The author also discusses the issues that the Rwandan judiciary and prosecutors are likely to face when dealing with the offence of discrimination.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Vasilyeva ◽  

The Canadian system of human rights protection is an original one. The Supreme Court of Canada is one of the most influential constitutional review bodies in the field of human rights. At the time of its adoption, the Canadian Charter of rights and freedoms had the broadest catalog of equality rights in Western countries, formed on the basis of the Bill of rights and provincial human rights codes case-law, as well as the activities of political movements and groups of equality advocates who played a decisive role in its drafting. In Canada, a distinction is made between the enumerated in Charter and analogous grounds of discrimination established by court. The plaintiffs may claim differences on the basis of the enumerated or analogous grounds, or indicate the necessity to establish new analogous grounds. Article 15 (the right to equality) is recognized as one of the most conceptually complex provisions of the Charter. It is aimed at ensuring equality in the process of law drafting and implementation, as well as protecting human dignity. The Supreme Court of Canada is considering the provisions of the first part 1 of article 15, which enshrines the right to equality, and part 2 of this article, which provides for affirmative actions to assist disadvantaged groups as interrelated, reflecting the understanding of equality according to which affirmative actions are considered not as an exception, but as one of its best manifestations.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1191
Author(s):  
Maria Virginia Usfunan

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan tentang penyelesaian tentang konflik norma antara peraturan menteri terhadap undang-undang dan unruk mengetahui bagaimana sifat putusan mahkamah agung dalam hak uji material. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konsep. Pengaturan tentang penyelesaian konflik norma antara Peraturan Menteri Terhadap Undang-Undang, metode penyelesaian konflik norma itu dengan digunakannya asas lex superior derogate lex inferior ini, yang digunakan dengan terjadinya konflik norma antara UU Peraturan Perundang-Undangan dengan Permenkumham Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 terkait pengaturan penyelesaian konflik norma antara peraturan menteri dengan Undang-Undang, maka berdasarkan asas tersebut yang digunakan adalah UU Peraturan Perundang-Undangan, sehingga Permenkumham Nomor 2 Tahun 2019 harus dikesampingkan. Maka, Pengaturan mengenai Penyelesaian Konflik Norma Antara Peraturan Menteri Terhadap Undang-Undang, menjadi kewenangan Mahkamah Agung berdasarkan Pasal 9 UU Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Dan Sifat Putusan Mahkamah Agung dalam Hak Uji Materiil dalam memberikan putusannya yang pada prinsipnya yang memiliki konsekuensi hukum aturan tersebut apabila terbukti secara sah dan meyakinkan bertentangan dengan aturan di atasnya maka aturan tersebut akan menjadi tidak sah serta tidak berlaku, dan menjadi tanggungjawab instansi terkait untuk mencabutnya. The purpose of the study is to find how adjustment of the settlement of norm conflicts between Ministerial Regulations toward the Constitution and to find out how the nature of the Supreme Court decision in the right of judicial review. The method used was normative legal research method with the legislation approach and concept approach. Adjustment on resolving norms of conflict between Ministerial Regulations toward the Constitution, the method of resolving norms conflicts by using the principle of lex superior derogate lex inferior, which was used in the norm conflicts between the Constitution on Laws and Regulations with Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 2 of 2019 in relation to conflict resolution arrangements the norm between Ministerial Regulations and the Constitution, then based on the principle used was the Constitution on Laws and Regulations, so Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 2 of 2019 must be set aside. Thus, the adjustment on resolving norms of conflict between Ministerial Regulations toward the Constitution became authority of the Supreme Court based on Article 9 of the Constitution on Laws and Regulations. And the nature of the Supreme Court's Decision in the Right to Judge Material in providing its decision which in principle had legal consequences of the rule if it was proven legally and convincingly contrary to the rules above, the rule would be invalid and not applicable, and it was the responsibility of related agencies to revoke it.


2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Casini ◽  
Carlo Casini ◽  
Rafael Santamaria D'Angelo ◽  
Joseph Meaney ◽  
Nikolas Nikas ◽  
...  

Il contributo esamina il “Caso n. 12.361 Gretel Artavia Urilla et Al. vs. Costa Rica” sul quale si attende una pronuncia della Corte interamericana dei diritti umani. La vicenda ha origine dalla sentenza della Corte costituzionale costaricana (del 15 marzo 2000 n. 2000-02306) che aveva annullato, per ragioni di forma e di sostanza, il Decreto Ejecutivo n. 24029-S1 (del 3 febbraio 1995) sulla procreazione artificiale umana. La vicenda prosegue davanti alla Commissione interamericana chiamata in causa da una “Petición” che accusa la Repubblica del Costa Rica di aver violato i diritti di alcune coppie in attesa di realizzare il loro “progetto parentale”. Il divieto di fecondazione artificiale confliggerebbe, in sintesi, con il diritto alla privacy e alla vita familiare, con il diritto di fondare una famiglia con il principio di uguaglianza contenuti nella Convenzione americana dei diritti umani (“Patto di San Josè”). Al termine di un lungo percorso e di un ampio dibattito, la Commissione ha ritenuto che tali diritti fossero stati violati e ha rimesso il caso alla Corte interamericana dei diritti dell’uomo. Con riferimento a questa nuova fase, nell’articolo si dà conto del “Escrito de Amici Curiae” presentato alla Corte dal Movimento per la vita italiano, dall’Istituto di Bioetica, dall’Asociación Crece Familia-CreceFam, dal Coordinamento di Human Life International e da Bioethics Defend Found. Nell’“Escrito” si afferma che il divieto del Costa Rica non viola la Convenzione americana sui diritti umani che afferma: “Ogni persona ha diritto al rispetto della propria vita. Tale diritto è protetto dalla legge e, in generale, è tutelato a partire dal momento del concepimento. Nessuno può essere privato arbitrariamente della vita (art. 4/1). Nel parere, inoltre, si avanzano argomenti di ordine scientifico e giuridico a sostegno del divieto di procreazione artificiale, in nome del riconoscimento della dignità umana e del conseguente diritto alla vita dell’essere umano nella fase più giovane della sua esistenza. Questo diritto, primo fra tutti, è già ampiamente accolto nella Convenzione americana sui diritti dell’uomo sottoscritta e ratificata dalla Repubblica del Costa Rica. ---------- The article deals with the “Case n. 12.361 Gretel Artavia Urilla et Al. vs. Costa Rica” which the Inter-American Court of Human Rights is going to decide. This case has its roots in the Supreme Court of Costa Rica’s decision (n. 2000-02306, March 15, 2000) which annulled the Decree n. 24029-S1 (February, 3, 1995) on human artificial procreation because of both formal and substantial aspects. Indeed, the Supreme Court of the Costa Rica considered that in vitro fertilization constituted a threat against human life before birth. Afterwards, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights received a “Petición” which charged Costa Rica with a violation of the rights of some couples who wanted to achieve parenthood by medically assisted procreation. In short, according to Petitioner, the ban on in vitro fertilization violated the right to privacy and family life, the right to raise a family and equality before the law and equal protection established in the American Convention on human rights (“Pact of Saint José”). At the end of a long iter and an extended debate, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights submitted the case to the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights claiming the violation of said rights and asking the Court to rule and declare the international responsability of the Costa Rican Republic. Regarding this new stage, the article relates the “Escrito de Amici Curiae” sent to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights by the Italian Movement for the Life, the Institute of Bioethics of teh Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Asociación Crece Familia-CreceFam, Human Life International and the Bioethics Defense Fund. This “Escrito” argues that Costa Rica’s ban does not violate the American Convention on Human Rights which says that “Every person has the right to have his life respected. This right shall be protected by law and, in general, from the moment of conception. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life” (article 4/1). Besides the “Escrito” presents scientific and legal arguments corroborating the ban on artificial human procreation in the light of modern idea of human rights, recognition of human dignity and the right to life of human beings in the youngest stages of their lives. This right, the primary or first right, is already widely recognized in the American Convention on Human Rights, signed and ratified by Costa Rica’s Republic.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Kesuma Melati ◽  
Stanislaus Atalim

Demotion occurs in a company mainly because of its negative influence on the morale of the workers concerned and can affect the achievement and morale of other workers in the company. Decline in the position of authority, facilities, status and even salary is a punishment for workers. Demosi is not given its arrangement in Law number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and other laws and regulations related to employment. Thus, this demotion arrangement can be regulated individually in work agreements, company regulations or collective labor agreements.The company does have the right to move workers in other parts but may not violate Human Rights and violate the provisions of Article 32 paragraph 2 of the Manpower Act which stipulates that placing someone who is not because of his expertise is against the law. Workforce placement must also pay attention to expertise, dignity and human rights and legal protection. The problem examined is how legal protection for workers due to demotion policy at PT. Magnificent Success Partner? And Is the legal consideration of the judge in the decision Number 146/Pdt.Sus-PHI/ 2016/PN.JKT.PST Jo Decision of the Supreme Court Number 257K/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2017 in accordance with the Manpower Act?Demotion will continue to occur if there are no strict rules regarding demotion, the government should make a regulation in the Labor Law regarding demotion, so that the rules regarding demotion become clear and do not harm the workers.


2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-244
Author(s):  
О. С. Розумовський ◽  
О. О. Кочура

The author has studied the issue of the origin and formation of the European Court of Human Rights after the Second World War, steps in the establishment and development of this Court, as well as the actions of the Member States to consolidate the development of the European Court of Human Rights at specialized conferences with the support of the Committee of Ministers. The list of regulatory and legislative acts adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for the establishment of the rule of law in regard to the understanding of human rights in the activities of Ukrainian courts has been researched. Since the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms has become part of national legislation after its ratification by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, more detailed study should be conducted regarding the urgent task of fully understanding the content of this international treaty and the main mechanisms for implementing its norms. The author has analyzed the implementation of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on the example of its specific decisions into criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine by applying the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights by the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court in its activities and problematic aspects of their practical implementation. Particular attention has been paid to the study of problematic aspects of the use of these decisions in practice by highlighting the rulings of the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court issued in 2019. The author has analyzed the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in regard to the conducted secret (search) actions by law enforcement agencies with further disclosure ob obtained evidence to the defense party; it has been also pointed out that the right to disclose evidence contained in criminal proceedings is not absolute to the defense and may be limited only in cases when there are the interests of national security, information protection or witness protection concerning the methods and forms of law enforcement agencies’ activity. The author has made propositions to resolve certain situations related to the implementation of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in Ukraine.


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