Evolution of gas security in Bulgaria - case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (40) ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wojcieszak
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Liquefied Gas ◽  
Gas Supply

The aim of this paper is to present the complex issues of gas security in Bulgaria, a country which used to be entirely dependent on raw material delivered from the Russian Federation. Bulgaria has no large raw material resources on its own territory and has tried for several years to diversify the sources and routes of natural gas supply, both through the construction of gas pipelines as well as through the import of liquefied gas. Azerbaijan may become important gas importer to Bulgaria and interconnector linking Bulgaria with Greece may singificantly impact the diversification process. Russia remains an important importer of raw material to Bulgaria and will keep this position in the foreseeable future. Russia is trying to maintain its position on the Bulgarian gas market through further infrastructure investments, regardless of the diversification processes forced by EU regulations that liberalise the gas market.

ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF FUNCTIONAL BEVERAGES FOR SPORTS NUTRITION BASED ON PATENT DATABASES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.О. ЕВСЮКОВА
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Sports Nutrition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Functional Beverages ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Stability

Согласно данным проекта Стратегии развития физической культуры и спорта в Российской Федерации до 2030 года, в 2008–2019 гг. численность систематически занимающегося физической культурой и спортом населения выросла в 2,5 раза. Это обусловливает необходимость создания инновационных продуктов для людей занимающихся спортом. Для определения перспектив создания продуктов специального назначения, в частности функциональных напитков для спортивного питания, проведен анализ патентов в этой области. Объектом анализа были 59 патентов, опубликованных с 1995 г. по май 2020 г. и занесенных в отечественную – ФИПС и международные – EAPATIS, USPTO, EPO, CISPATANT базы данных. Проанализированы следующие подклассы изобретений по актуализированной версии МПК: A23C, A23D, A23F, A23G, A23J, A23K, A23L, A61K, A61P, C12G. Результаты исследований представлены на рисунках в виде диаграмм. Установлено, что производство функциональных напитков для спортивного питания активно развивается. Российская Федерация имеет преимущество по количеству зарегистрированных патентов в этой области, но по объему производства продукции уступает зарубежным странам. Поскольку продукция агропромышленного комплекса России вполне удовлетворяет требованиям потребителей к натуральности сырьевого состава продукта, для обеспечения стабильности внутреннего рынка перспективно развитие отечественного производства функциональных напитков для спортивного питания. According to the draft strategy for the development of physical culture and sports in the Russian Federation until 2030, in 2008–2019, the number of people systematically engaged in physical culture and sports increased by 2,5 times. This makes it necessary to create innovative products for people involved in sports. To determine the prospects for creating special-purpose products, in particular functional beverages for sports nutrition, an analysis of patents in this area was conducted. 59 patents published from 1995 to may 2020 and included in the national – FIPS and international – EAPATIS, USPTO, EPO, CISPATANT databases were the object of analysis. Subclasses of inventions according to the updated version of the IPC A23C, A23D, A23F, A23G, A23J, A23K, A23L, A61K, A61P and C12G are analyzed. The results of the research are presented in figures in the form of diagrams. It is established that the production of functional beverages for sports nutrition is actively developing. The Russian Federation has an advantage in the number of registered patents in this area, but in terms of production volume it is inferior to foreign countries. Since the products of the Russian agro-industrial complex fully meet the requirements of consumers for the naturalness of the raw material composition of the product, the development of domestic production of functional beverages for sports nutrition is promising to ensure the stability of the domestic market.

scholarly journals SALARIES OF ATHLETES: FEATURES OF FORMATION AND REGULATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
O. A. Shavandina ◽  
E. Y. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Integral Model ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Salary Increase ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Sports Organization ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The article discusses the features of the formation of wages of professional athletes in the Russian Federation. Foreign and Russian researchers, analyzing the formation of contractual remuneration, come to the conclusion that the income of athletes depends on the sport, the performance of the player in the past and present, the popularity of the fans of this athlete, the country of his birth, the interest of the team in this player, his individual characteristics, the financial capabilities of the team/club, etc. To analyze the factors that affect the amount of income of athletes, an integral model is proposed, which is based on individual indicators of the athlete and financial standards that transform the corresponding personalized indicator into a monetary equivalent. In addition, the authors propose to supplement the methodology for analyzing the wage fund with indicators of the concentration of wages by the average value, entropy, and the coefficient of dispersion. The proposed analytical procedures, according to the authors, will allow the management of a sports organization to ensure the comparability of individual indicators (achievements) of an athlete with his salary, increase its transparency, smooth out the disproportions in the distribution of income within the team/club and effectively use the financial and material resources of the organization.

scholarly journals TRANSARCTIC PERSPECTIVES OF IBERO-AMERICA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
E.O. Labeckaya
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Transnational Space

Through the concept of transnational space and “case-study” method, the prospects for the involvement of Ibero-America in the virtual Trans-Arctic, which is turning into a geoeconomic and geopolitical "bond" of two neighboring spaces – Trans-Atlantic and Trans-Pacific – are considered. The strengthening of Iberoamerican states’ presence in the Trans-Arctic will be a factor in increasing their ratings in the global hierarchy, will provide them with new geopolitical advantages for global competition, will strengthen comprehensive security (economic, environmental, energy, transport and logistics, food, water). In the context of the Arctic interests of Ibero-America, special attention is paid to options for possible "win-win" cooperation in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, including taking into account the potential of BRICS and its "outreach" and "BRICS +" platforms. Highlighted fundamental legal differences between Trans-Arctic and Antarctic. The Arctic prospects of Brazil as a channel for the realization of the circumpolar interests of the Iberoamerican states are emphasized

scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Fundamentals and Technical Solutions for Recovery of Non-ferrous and Rare Metals from Industrial Wastes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.A. Kozlov ◽  
A.M. Panshin ◽  
L.I. Leontiev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Waelz Process ◽  
Zinc Cadmium ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Increasing Demand

The increasing demand for zinc and a range of zinc-related metals (for example: lead; indium; tin; cadmium; and copper) in the Russian Federation cannot be satisfied by the existing production plants due to the lack of raw materials. At the same time, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and the chemical industry have accumulated hundreds of millions of tons of zinc wastes (falling into the hazard categories 2 to 4), the processing of which could not only make up the raw material base, but also improve the environmental situation. In the world, over 85% of ferrous dust is recycled using the Waelz process. The Waeltz process is used for distilling separation of elements under reducing conditions. In this study, a block diagram for production of the following elements from industrial wastes is proposed: zinc, cadmium and indium in form of massive metals; zinc and indium in the form of fine powders; and clinker as a raw material for cement production. The technical and scientific details of this new process have been patented in the Russian Federation and abroad. For the first time, the following operations have been implemented with the use of large-sized Waelz kilns: vapour-oxidized Waeltz treatment of polymetallic wastes; recycling of heat from gases and solid products with generation of process fumes; and implementation of alternative flux (dolomite) and alternative fuel (petroleum coke). Keywords: Waelz process, industrial wastes, heat recycling, vapour-oxidized Waelz processing

scholarly journals Addressing local government issues in the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation during the implementation of municipal reform in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-147
Author(s):  
Aleksey Andreevich Amiantov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Municipal Reform ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Legal Consequences

The presented study is devoted to the study of the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in relation to issues of local self-government in the context of the municipal reform of 2014-2015. and its legal consequences. The aim of this work is to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the identified problems of the work of local authorities in the period following the start of municipal reform. The research methodology is built by combining descriptive analysis elements and a case study. It is concluded that the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation has consistently maintained its position on the constitutional nature of the reform of local authorities. The provisions of the relevant regulatory legal acts are limited only partially and only in relation to first-level municipalities - municipal authorities of settlements. Given the deprivation of the latter a significant part of the powers and the observed transition to a singlelevel system of local self-government, the adoption of these restrictions does not significantly affect the implementation of the reform. Of fundamental importance is the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation regarding the new powers of regional authorities in relation to municipalities. The increase in the arsenal of legal instruments of the influence of the leadership of the constituent entities of the federation on the heads of local self-government was not interpreted as a violation of the constitutional principle of the independence of municipalities. The latter opens up the possibility for further legalization of the process of embedding municipal bodies in the structure of the informal “power vertical”.

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