scholarly journals Thermal Properties of Special New Generation Personal Protective Clothing for Firefighters-Rescuers

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (80) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Marzena Rachwał ◽  
Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka ◽  
Tomasz Węsierski ◽  
Artur Ankowski ◽  
Magdalena Młynarczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Everyday Work ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Full Body

Every day, firefighters put their health and life at risk by saving people and their property not only during fires, but by being always ready during all kinds of unfortunate events. Therefore, they need special personal protective equipment, including protective clothing. The purpose of the study was to compare thermal properties of new (PROTON and SYRIUSZ) and old (US-03) personal protective clothing for firefighters. Measurements of thermal insulation (total, effective and local) were carried out using a full body shape thermal manikin Newton consisting of 34 segments, in which temperature and heat flux were controlled independently. Results of the total thermal insulation of the entire clothing reveal differences between all three models. The lowest values were noticed for the model PROTON with light and shorter jacket and the highest values of thermal insulation for the new model SYRIUSZ, indicating that this model protect the user against heat most effectively. New models of personal protective clothing for firefighters should be recommended for use in everyday work, because they are characterized by better parameters than the previous type of protective clothing, both in terms of thermal protection and mobility.

Thermal properties of thermal insulation chambers

2020 ◽  
pp. 004051752096671
Author(s):  
Dubravko Rogale ◽  
Snježana Firšt Rogale ◽  
Goran Majstorović ◽  
Goran Čubrić
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Functional Dependencies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intelligent Clothing

The paper presents the investigation of thermal properties of thermal insulation chambers as an actuator in intelligent clothing, having the property of automatically adjusting the thermal protection level. The chambers are designed to vary their thickness based on the pressure of the inflated air in them. The pressure value measured in the thermal insulation chamber gives the microcomputer information on the thickness of the chamber. The paper presents the investigation of the functional dependencies of changes in the thickness of the chambers on the air pressure in them and the thermal resistance depending on the thickness of the thermal insulation chamber. Experimental thermal insulation chambers were made and integrated into an intelligent article of clothing and filled with air of 0–50 mbar, whereby chamber thicknesses of 0–25 mm were measured. Next, thermal resistance of 0.1876–0.5022 m2 k/W was measured on the thermal manikin. It was found that the ratio of thermal insulation of non-activated to maximally activated chambers was 1:2.7. Research has shown good results for the area where intelligent clothing can automatically adjust its thermal insulation properties. The technical systems described represent a suitable basis for experiments and scientific research during the introduction of intelligent clothing with active thermal protection into human life. The third-generation prototype shows very good properties from the aspect of automatic control of thermal protection in intelligent clothing. This forms the basis for further research. Cold protection has always been carried out by wearing garments with higher or lower thermal protection as well as wearing multiple layers of clothing. The conceptual starting point of the development of intelligent clothing is the development of an adaptive insulation layer with changeable thickness in the form of thermal insulation chambers filled with air. In this way, layered clothing as well as the use of several clothing layers can be avoided. Thus, one intelligent article of clothing regulating its thermal insulation properties can be used in a wide range of cold weather in the environment of the wearer.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Thermal Insulation of Multi-Layer Thermal Inserts in a Protective Jacket

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2672
Author(s):  
Dubravko Rogale ◽  
Goran Majstorović ◽  
Snježana Firšt Rogale
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Measurement Results

This paper presents the measurement results of the thermal insulation of the outer shell, thermal inserts, and clothing systems, as well as a comparative analysis of the thermal insulation of multi-layer thermal inserts in a thermal jacket intended for professional services in cold weather. Detachable thermal inserts are made of double-faced, diamond-shaped quilted lining with different masses per unit area, and together with the jacket, they form clothing systems with different thermal properties. Tests of the thermal properties of clothing were performed on a thermal manikin. They showed that an increase in the mass of thermal insulation textile materials contributes to an increase in the thermal insulation properties of clothing and are insufficient for a complete analysis of the thermal properties of clothing. Therefore, for the first time, three new parameters of integration efficiency of the thermal insert, thermal insulation efficiency parameters, and efficiency parameters of the integration of the textile material integrated into the clothing system were introduced. Based on these parameters, it is possible to perform an effective and accurate comparative analysis of the thermal insulation of multi-layer thermal inserts in clothing. This makes it possible to apply exact scientific methods largely in the technical design of the thermal properties of integrated textile materials, instead of experience-based methods as in the past.

Evaluating Cold, Wind, and Moisture Protection of Different Coverings for Prehospital Maritime Transportation–A Thermal Manikin and Human Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 580-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi Jussila ◽  
Sirkka Rissanen ◽  
Kai Parkkola ◽  
Hannu Anttonen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Moisture Protection ◽  
Cold Wind

AbstractIntroductionPrehospital maritime transportation in northern areas sets high demands on hypothermia prevention. To prevent body cooling and hypothermia of seriously-ill or injured casualties during transportation, casualty coverings must provide adequate thermal insulation and protection against cold, wind, moisture, and water splashes.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the thermal protective properties of different types of casualty coverings and to evaluate which would be adequate for use under difficult maritime conditions (cold, high wind speed, and water splashes). In addition, the study evaluated the need for thermal protection of a casualty and verified the optimum system for maritime casualty transportation.MethodsThe study consisted of two parts: (1) the definition and comparison of the thermal protective properties of different casualty coverings in a laboratory; and (2) the evaluation of the chosen optimum protective covering for maritime prehospital transportation. The thermal insulations of ten different casualty coverings were measured according to the European standard for sleeping bags (EN 13537) using a thermal manikin in a climate chamber (-5°C) with wind speeds of 0.3 m/s and 4.0 m/s, and during moisture simulations. The second phase consisted of measurements of skin and core temperatures, air temperature, and relative humidity inside the clothing of four male test subjects during authentic maritime prehospital transportation in a partially-covered motor boat.ResultsWind (4 m/s) decreased the total thermal insulation of coverings by 11%-45%. The decrement of thermal insulation due to the added moisture inside the coverings was the lowest (approximately 22%-29%) when a waterproof reflective sheet inside blankets or bubble wrap was used, whereas vapor-tight rescue bags and bubble wrap provide the most protection against external water splashes. During authentic maritime transportation lasting 30 minutes, mean skin temperature decreased on average by 0.5°C when a windproof and water-resistant rescue bag was used over layered winter clothing.ConclusionThe selected optimum rescue bag consisted of insulating and water-resistant layers providing sufficient protection against cold, wind, and water splashes during prehospital transportation lasting 30 minutes in the uncovered portion of a motor boat. The minimum thermal insulation for safe maritime transportation (30 minutes) is 0.46 m2K/W at a temperature of -5°C and a wind speed of 10 m/s.JussilaK, RissanenS, ParkkolaK, AnttonenH. Evaluating cold, wind, and moisture protection of different coverings for prehospital maritime transportation–a thermal manikin and human study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(6):1-9.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Specialised Firefighter Clothing Used in Poland – the Thermal Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1(139)) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Magdalena Młynarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Parameters ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Evaporative Resistance ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Local Thermal Insulation ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Impact

This paper describes the characteristic thermal parameters of firefighters’ personal protective clothing (FFPPC) used in Poland. The total thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of three different types of FFPPC were measured and used on a thermal manikin. Next, the results were compared. Based on the analyses and calculations of the test results, it was shown that FFPPC provides a barrier to the heat exchange between the user and the surrounding environment. Differences in the local thermal insulation can be triggered not only by the material used but they can also be attributable to clothes fitted on the manikin. The biggest differences can be noted on the segments forming part of the manikin’s trunk. No difference was found in the evaporative resistance between the clothes tested. In order to examine further the impact of the materials used on thermal parameters of protective clothing, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the impact of individual layers.

Research on Thermal Protective Performance of Thermal Insulation and Flame-Retardant Protective Clothing

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 607-612
Author(s):  
Fei Fei Li ◽  
Chun Qin Zheng ◽  
Guan Mei Qin ◽  
Xiao Hong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Standard Requirement ◽  
Thermal Protective Performance ◽  
Protective Performance

Thermal insulation and flame-retardant (TIFR) protective clothing, which has good thermal protective performance (TPP), could protect people from high-temperature or flame in casting industry, the petrochemical industry, fire industry and et al. That is, TIFR protective clothing must have certain function of slowing or restraining heat transmission, and insulating radiant heat and convection heat from high temperature heat source. The construction of TIFR protective clothing is being developed from single layer to multi-layer fabrics made by flame-retardant (FR) fibre. In this paper, based on TPP-206 tester, the TPP coefficient of single and multi-layer fabrics with flame-retardant were measured, and the TPP of TIFR protective clothing was analyzed. TPP coefficient of single fabrics included the FR viscose non-woven fabric do not meet the standard. That of all of multi-layer fabrics meet the standard requirement, and the FR viscose/wool blended fabric is not suitable for fire fighter. It is significant and the most observable effect to put the PTFE membrane between the outer layer and the insulating layer. It could improve the overall thermal protection performance.

Effects of hip protective clothing on thermal wear comfort of clothing ensembles

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiah Wardiningsih ◽  
Olga Troynikov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wear Comfort ◽  
Ensemble Performance ◽  
Clothing Style ◽  
Thermal Wear ◽  
Moisture Vapour

Purpose This paper aims to examine the influence of hip protective clothing on ensemble performance attributes related to thermal comfort. It also explores the effect on protective pads of various materials and the arrangements of material. The thermal comfort characteristics are thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance. Design/methodology/approach For this research, four ensembles of clothing were used: one ensemble without hip protective clothing and three ensembles with hip protective clothing. A thermal manikin was used to test the thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance of the ensembles. Findings The findings revealed that incorporating hip protective clothing into the clothing ensembles influenced the thermal resistance and moisture vapour resistance of the ensemble. In the “all zones group,” the influence of the hip protective clothing depended on clothing style, with hipster-style clothing producing insignificant changes. In the “hip zones group” and “stomach and hip zones group,” hip protective clothing strongly influenced the thermal comfort attributes of ensembles. Pad material and volume play important roles in these changes in thermal comfort attributes. Originality/value These outcomes are useful for the design and engineering of hip protective clothing, where maximizing protection while minimizing thermal and moisture vapour resistance is critical for wear comfort and adherence in warm or hot conditions. The designer should consider that material, volume and thickness of protective pad affect the overall thermal comfort attributes of the hip protective clothing.

Comparison of clothing thermal comfort properties measured on female and male sweating manikins

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (18) ◽  
pp. 2214-2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Sun ◽  
Jintu Fan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Female Body ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Unit Surface Area ◽  
Evaporative Resistance ◽  
Evaporative Water

Thermal manikins simulating human body’s thermal regulatory system are essential tools for understanding the heat exchange between human body and the environment and also for evaluating the thermal comfort of clothing and near environment. However, most existing thermal manikins adopt a male’s body shape and no sweating female thermal manikin has been reported so far. Furthermore, it is unclear how body shape (viz. male vs female) affects the heat loss and perspiration from the body. We report on a novel female sweating thermal manikin “Wenda”. Thermal properties of the nude body and clothing ensembles measured on “Wenda” are compared with those measured on the male manikin “Walter”. It was found that, although the more curvaceous female body reduces the thermal insulation of the nude manikin, it increases the apparent evaporative resistance at the same time. This may be due to the fact that the more curvaceous female body increases the surface still air layer to add resistance to heat loss by conduction and evaporative water loss by diffusion, and significantly increases the percentage of effective radiative area and the resultant radiative heat loss per unit surface area. It was further shown that clothing thermal insulation and apparent evaporative resistance measured on Wenda are typically 0 ∼ 11% higher than those measured on the male sweating fabric manikin-Walter, probably due to the greater clothing microclimate volume on the female manikin resulting from the looser fitting of the garments on the smaller female body and the more curvaceous surface of the female body.

scholarly journals Effect of Fabric Layers on Thermal Comfort Properties of Multilayered Thermal Protective Fabrics

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selin Hanife Eryuruk
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Protection ◽  
Thermal Barrier ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Thermal Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Comfort Properties ◽  
Layered Fabric ◽  
Protective Fabrics

Abstract Thermal protective clothings are produced from multilayered textile materials. Fabric layers need to allow enough evaporation of perspiration, ventilation, and also thermal protection from fire. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different fabric layers and their different combinations on the thermal properties of multilayered fabric samples. Three-layered fabric combinations were created using two types of outer shell fabrics, four types of moisture barrier fabrics with membrane, and two types of thermal barrier fabrics. Sixteen different fabric combinations that simulate three-layered thermal protective clothing were studied. As a result of the study, it was found that thermal and moisture comfort properties were significantly affected by different fabric layers.

scholarly journals Research on Biophysical Properties of Protective Clothing

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wagner ◽  
Piotr Dorawa
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Biophysical Properties

Abstract The aim of this research was to assess thermal insulation properties of select protective suits by performing appropriate tests on a thermal manikin according to Polish standards. The research was conducted for three variants of the user’s positions, which change during work. It has been demonstrated that different body positions, as well as movement of particular body parts, have a significant impact on changes of thermal insulation values of the tested clothing.

scholarly journals The Study on Effects of Walking on the Thermal Properties of Clothing and Subjective Comfort

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-243
Author(s):  
Ivana Špelić ◽  
Dubravko Rogale ◽  
Alka Mihelić Bogdanić
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
3D Cad ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Limiting Value ◽  
Insulation Value

AbstractFormer studies done by other authors investigated the first- and second-layered air gaps beneath the clothing garments. None of the previous studies reported multidisciplinary clothing design testing approach linking both the objective measuring methods and subjective responses, while testing the thermal properties linked to a microclimatic volume formed between the layers of garments forming the ensemble. Neither was determined the limiting value of the microclimatic volume for outerwear garments, after which the thermal insulation will start to decrease due to convection. By taking the advantage of the precise three-dimensional (3D) body scanning technology and reverse engineering 3D CAD tool, the volume of the microclimatic air layers formed under outerwear garments was determined to study the impact of the ensemble’s microclimatic volume on the overall insulation value, measured by means of the thermal manikin. The jacket with the smaller microclimatic volume provided 5.2–13.5% less insulation than wider jackets, while the ensembles with tighter jackets showed 0.74–1.9% less insulation in static and 0.9–2.7% more insulation in dynamic conditions, thus proving that the limiting value of the microclimatic volume is greater than previously reported for three-layered ensembles. The effective thermal insulation value was reduced in average by 20.98–25.34% between standing and moving manikins. The thermal manikins are designed for steady-state measurements and do not work well under transient conditions, so three human subjects were employed as evaluators of the clothing thermal quality. In cooler climatic conditions, the measured physiological parameters and subjects’ grades pointed to discomfort while wearing ensembles with tighter jackets.

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