scholarly journals Co znaczy i co oznacza śmiech? O metonimicznych źródłach wieloznaczności czasownika śmiać się

2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 101-121
Author(s):  
DAGMARA BANASIAK
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Cultural Meaning ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Verb Forms

Artykuł wpisuje się w nurt badań nad walencją i semantyką polskich czasowników nawiązujących do modelu struktur predykatowo-argumentowych autorstwa Stanisława Karolaka. Głównymi zadaniami pracy są repartycja i opis znaczeń polisemicznego kształtu językowego śmiać się. Zebrany materiał badawczy pokazuje, że predykat ten konstytuuje w polszczyźnie kilka różnych konstrukcji składniowych: [ktoś] śmieje się, że_, [ktoś] śmieje się z [kimś] z tego, że_, [ktoś] śmieje się do [kogoś], [ktoś] śmieje się z [siebie], że_, [ktoś] śmieje się z [kogoś/czyjegoś], że_, [ktoś] śmieje się z tego, że_, których struktury formalne, semantyczne i pojęciowe są rezultatem rozszerzeń metonimicznych opartych na mechanizmie polisemii radialno-łańcuchowej. Autorka podejmuje analizę procesów metonimicznych kształtujących gniazdo leksykalne utworzone wokół czasownika śmiać się oraz zwraca uwagę na kwestię, jak za ich sprawą do wtórnych znaczeń tego leksemu przenikają treści pochodzące ze sfery kultury. What does laughter mean from a linguistic and extralinguistic perspective? On metonymy as a source of polysemy of the Polish verb śmiać się (to laugh) Summary: This paper investigates the main syntactic and semantic features of the Polish polysemous predicate śmiać się (to laugh) within the theory of Semantic Syntax (Karolak 1984, 2002). The analysis shows that the verb forms several predicate-argument structures, e.g.: 1) [ktoś] śmieje się z [kimś] z tego, że_, ([somebody] laughs with [somebody] + SENT), 2) [ktoś] śmieje się do [kogoś] ([somebody] laughs to [somebody], which means ‘to grin’), 3) [ktoś] śmieje się z [siebie], że_ ([somebody] laughs at [oneself] + SENT), 4) [ktoś] śmieje się z [kogoś/czyjegoś], że_ ([somebody] laughs at [somebody / something that belongs to somebody] + SENT), which are different in terms of the number, status and semantic roles of their arguments, reference and type of humour incorporated in the act of laughter. The source of this variety of meanings of the predicate śmiać się (to laugh) lies in metonymic extensions which fit into the pattern of radial and chain polysemy. The article also outlines how the semiotic (cultural) meaning of laughter is reflected in the semantics of the verb śmiać się (to laugh) through the mechanism of metonymy.

scholarly journals Argument Structure of the Verb in Albanian Linguistic

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Pranvera Osmani
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Generative Linguistics ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
Argumentative Structure ◽  
The Way

In this paper we attempt to address the argumentative structure of the verb in Albanian language. It is an almost common opinion that in the syntactic studies of Albanian language the way how they deal with phenomena, conceptions, ideas are logical. The verb forms the nucleus (core) of the sentence. It assigns to other components of the syntagm the semantic roles they will carry and their structure. In generative linguistics the necessary ingredients are called arguments, while the non-essentials are called adjuncts. As a corpus we will have the treatment of various authors on this issue, the most representative of Albanian language grammar. Different views of Albanian scholars are presented in this issue in the Albanian syntax.

scholarly journals O śmianiu się z czegoś i z kogoś, czyli o przedmiotowym i podmiotowym znaczeniu czasownika śmiać się

Polonica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmara Banasiak
Keyword(s):  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Semantic Roles

The aim of this paper is to discuss the main syntactic and semantic features of the Polish predicate śmiać się (to laugh) within the theory of Semantic Syntax (Karolak 1984, 2002). It forms two, only seemingly similar, predicate-argument structures containing a prepositional phrase connected with the Polish preposition z + Gen. (at): 1) [ktoś] śmieje się z [kogoś ABSTR / czegoś ABSTR] ([somebody] laughs at [somebody ABSTR / something ABSTR]) and 2) [ktoś] śmieje się [z kogoś / czyjegoś], że_ ([somebody] laughs at [somebody / something what belongs to somebody] + SENT). The analysis shows they are different in terms of status and semantic roles of their arguments, axiological markedness, objective or subjective reference of the humour incorporated in the act of laughter. Also, they denote different semantic scenarios: the first means a vocal and facial reaction to ludic humour, the second constitutes a complex act of speech in which satirical, verbal or non-verbal humour is used as a pretext to communicate the agent’s disapproving judgment of the patient, or an antipathetic attitude towards it.

scholarly journals "A TOT PEROVSKOJ NE DAL VSLAST' POSPAT'": PROSODY AND GRAMMAR OF ANAPHORIC TOT THROUGH THE LENS OF CORPUS DATA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Podlesskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Anaphora Resolution ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
National Corpus

Based on data from the Russian National Corpus and the General InternetCorpus of Russian, the paper addresses syntactic, sematic and prosodic features of constructions with the demonstrative TOT used as an anaphor. These constructions have gained some attention in earlier studies [Paducheva 2016], [Berger, Weiss 1987], [Kibrik 2011], [Podlesskaya 2001], but their analysis (a) covered primarily their prototypical uses; and (b) was based on written data. The data from informal, esp. from spoken discourse show however that the actual use of these constructions may deviate considerably from the known prototype. The paper aims at bridging this gap. I claim (i) that the function of TOT is to temporary promote a referent from a less privileged discourse status to a more privileged one; and (ii) that TOT can be analyzed on a par with switch reference devices in the languages where the latter are grammatically marked (e.g. on verb forms). The following parameters of TOT-constructions are discussed: syntactic and semantic roles of TOT and of its antecedent in their respective clauses, linear and structural distances between TOT and its antecedent, animacy of the maintained referent. Special attention is payed to the information structure of the TOT construction: I give structural and prosodic evidence that TOT never has a rhematic status. The revealed actual distribution of TOT (a) adds to our understanding of cross-linguistic variation of anaphoric functions of demonstratives; and, hopefully, (b) may contribute to further developing computational approaches to coreference and anaphora resolution for Russian, e.g. by improving datasets necessary for this task.

Periphrastic verb forms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Speyer
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Finite Part ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Future

The origin of periphrastic verb forms in German is seen in the context of an articulated grammaticalization theory, where grammaticalization is understood as a series of a semantic change (‘bleaching’, read as: stripping of semantic features) followed by a syntactic reanalysis with subsequent extension. The development of several German periphrastic forms is illustrated under this view, focusing on the passive, the periphrastic perfect, and the future tense. Two waves of grammaticalization are distinguished, one in OHG (passive, perfect), one in MHG (future tense). Differences in the ordering frequencies of the non-finite and finite part of the verb form between some forms suggest structural differences, which might mirror different stages in the grammaticalization process.

scholarly journals GRAMMATICALIZATION OF CONTRACTED COMPOUND VERB FORMS IN MALOKARACHKINSKIJ DIALECT OF CHUVASH LANGUAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Елизавета Андреевна Рыжкова
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Compound Verb

Глаголы jar/jer ‘пускать’, jol ‘остаться’, il ‘брать’ и yk ‘падать’ в малокарачкинском говоре чувашского языка могут образовывать сложные глаголы — конструкции, состоящие из двух глагольных форм, но описывающие единую ситуацию. В малокарачкинском говоре в таких конструкциях происходит фонетическое явление стяжения: xəra za yk r ë (испугаться CV_SIM падать PST 3SG)> xəra z=yk r ë (испугаться CV_SIM падать PST 3SG) ‘упал(а)’. Стяжённые формы сложных глаголов отличаются от других сложноглагольных конструкций не только фонетически (выпадение последнего гласного деепричастия на -sa, выпадение начального j вершины, чередование гласных в основе вершины jar/jer ‘пускать’), но и по ряду морфосинтаксических признаков (место присоединения аффиксов каузатива и аттенуатива). На то, что появление стяжённых форм — это часть процесса грамматикализации сложных глаголов, указывает и то, что глаголы, не образующие стяжённых форм, но обладающие в составе сложноглагольной конструкции грамматическим значением, так же претерпевают фонетические изменения. В статье разобран пример глагола kaj ‘уходить’, у которого в сложноглагольной конструкции, как показал эксперимент с чтением диалектного текста, часто озвончается первый согласный. Это сближает глагол kaj ‘уходить’ с аффиксами, согласные в которых в малокарачкинском говоре обычно озвончаются в интервокальной позиции. В статье также рассматриваются семантические свойства глагола yk ‘падать’, образующего стяжённые сложные глаголы. Несмотря на общее грамматическое значение этого глагола в составе сложногагольной конструкции — вхождения в состояние или процесс, глагол yk ‘падать’ сохраняет некоторые элементы своего лексического значения, которые влияют на его сочетаемость как вершины сложного глагола: вхождение в состояние или процесс может быть только мгновенным, конструкции с пунктивными глаголами приобретают значение неожиданности и/или интенсивности, глаголы разрушения без семантики падения и глаголы с семантикой увеличения и повышения не могут сочетаться с yk ‘падать’. Материалы для статьи были собраны автором в экспедициях в село Малое Карачкино Чувашской Республики, кроме того используются примеры из экспедиционного корпуса и из литературы, приводятся некоторые сравнения с литературным чувашским языком. The article presents the results of the research of the contracted forms of compound verbs in Malokarachkinskij dialect of Chuvash language. Four verbs jar/jer ‘let’, jol ‘remain’, il ‘take’ and yk ‘fall’ can be the heads of the contracted forms of compound verbs. These forms differ from the full ones not only phonetically but also morphologically. At the same time, certain semantic features of these four verbs remain present even when they become heads of the compound verb constructions, thus restraining their distribution.

scholarly journals Północna grupa gwar białoruskich jako przykład związków z sąsiednimi grupami etnicznymi i językami

2021 ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
Mirosław Jankowiak
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Features ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Historical Periods

The article discusses the Northern subdialect group of the Northeastern Belarusian dialect, which is one of the least studied in terms of its structure and genesis. It is characterized primarily by a number of lexical and lexical-semantic features, typical not only for this area of Belarus, but linking it with Russian dialects and dialects of the Baltic languages. These features were formed in various historical periods: the oldest (from before the writing system appeared) include, among others, the so-called cokan'e and the preservation of the suffix -dl- forming the names of farm tools; the syncretism of noun endings probably dates back to to the general Russian period, while the pronouns íchny, jéjny and the verb forms jadzióm and dadzióm are newer innovations from the period of the formation of Belarusian dialects.

Recognition of English information and semantic features based on SVM and machine learning

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Man Li ◽  
Ruifang Bai
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Model System ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Anaphora Resolution ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Feature Combination ◽  
Candidate Model ◽  
Current Event ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Better Than

With the deepening of people’s research on event anaphora, a large number of methods will be used in the identification and resolution of event anaphora. Although there has been some progress in the resolution of the current event, the difficult problems have not yet been completely resolved. This study analyzes the English information anaphora resolution based on SVM and machine learning algorithms and uses the CNN three-layer network as the basis to model the structure. Moreover, this study improves the semantic features by adding semantic roles and analyzes and compares the performance of the improved semantic features with those before the improvement. In addition, this study combines semantic features to compare and analyze each feature combination and uses a dual candidate model to improve the system. Finally, this study analyzes the experimental results. The results show that the performance of the system using the dual candidate model is better than that of the single candidate model system.

Origins of a Preposition: Chinese Pidgin English long and its Implications for Pidgin Grammar

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Li
Keyword(s):  
Substantial Part ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Substrate Transfer

AbstractThis paper examines the origins and grammatical properties of a preposition in Chinese Pidgin English – long – which has not received much discussion. The significance of long is that it is highly multifunctional and semantically versatile. Long is used to indicate a range of semantic roles: comitative, benefactive, malefactive and source. A second function of long is to mark coordination. It will be shown that a substantial part of the syntax and semantics of long can be attributed to substrate transfer of a corresponding Cantonese morpheme tung4 'with'. The creation of long does not conform to the traditional thesis of simply taking the phonetic form from the lexifier language and deriving the grammar from the substrate language. It will be argued that the emergence of long is a case of multiple etymologies which involves the recombination of phonological, syntactic and semantic features from both English and Cantonese. Findings from new CPE sources also suggest a need for re-examining the historical connections between CPE and other Pidgin English varieties of the Pacific region.

The emergence of grammar: early verbs and beyond

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-877 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHARON ARMON-LOTEM ◽  
RUTH A. BERMAN
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Clear Pattern ◽  
Grammatical Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Roles ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Emergent Grammar ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Word Forms

The paper examines the first twenty verb-forms recorded for six Hebrew-speaking children aged between 1;2 and 2;1, and how they evolve into fully inflected verbs for three of these children. Discussion focuses first on what word-forms children initially select for the verbs they produce, what role these forms play in children's emergent grammar, and how emergent grammar is reflected in the acquisition of fully inflected forms of verbs. Children's early verb repertoire indicates that they possess a strong basis for moving into the expression of a variety of semantic roles and the syntax of a range of different verb–argument structures. On the other hand, children's initial use of verbs demonstrates that they still need to acquire considerable language-particular grammatical knowledge in order to encode such relations explicitly. This language-particular knowledge demonstrates a clear pattern of acquisition, in which aspect precedes inflectional marking for gender, followed by tense, and then by person.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CATEGORY OF THE TENSE OF THE VERB IN THE NORTHERN DIALECTS OF THE UDMURT LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-213
Author(s):  
Ludmila Leonidovna Karpova
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Character ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
The One ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Limited Diffusion

This paper explores the functioning of tense forms of verb in the Northern dialects of the Udmurt language, which have insufficient coverage in scientific literature. The relevance of the study is due to the need for a comprehensive research of the category of the tense in the context of territorial varieties of Udmurt language. The empirical base of the research is the language materials of the author’s dialectological expeditions to the areas of Northern Udmurt. The paper highlights specific features of the Northern Udmurt dialects on the one hand and features with limited diffusion in certain microsystems of studied dialects on the other. Consistent comparison of the language facts of Northern Udmurt dialects with similar phenomena in other dialects of Udmurt is made. The study demonstrates that in the studied dialects the verb tenses in their substantial and structural characteristics largely coincide with the system of the Udmurt literary language. Dialectal peculiarities are revealed in derivation, paradigms of conjugation, distribution and semantics of the use of separate tense forms. Distinctive features of the morphological character are observed in terms of the expression of individual forms of the present tense, which is due to the phonetic laws existing in the Northern dialects. Certain intra-dialect peculiarities are revealed in the forms of inflection (for example, the paradigm of modal perfection in a positive aspect varying in the Northern dialects). The paper deals with quantitative composition and peculiarities of derivation of analytical past tense forms in the Northern dialects of the Udmurt language. The main attention is paid to the most widely spread analytical forms of past tenses. Structural and semantic features of functioning of considered forms in Northern dialects are noted. The study has identified dialectal differences in the accentuation in verb forms with the suffixes -my,-dy,-zy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document