Immunohistochemical Staining for Lymphatic and Blood Vessels in Normal Tissues: Comparison between Routinely Paraffin-Embedded Tissues and Frozen Sections

Objective. In the current study, we compared the distribution of blood and lymphatic vessels from paraffin-embedded tissues with those of frozen tissues of normal human and rhesus monkey. Materials and Methods. We performed immunocytochemical staining for lymphatic and blood vessels using LYVE-1 for lymphatic vessels and von Willebrand factor (F-8) for blood ves- sels.Results. Normal tissues included spleen, lymph node, liver, pancreas, salivary gland, colon, diaphragm, heart, lung, thyroid, adrenal gland, kidney, ovary, endometrium, and prostate. Splenic sinusoids were stained for LYVE-1 and F-8 in the frozen sections, supporting that the sinusoid is a lymphoreticular system and blood vessel in structure and function. In frozen sections, the lymphatic sinusoids were consistently positive for LYVE-1, while hepatic sinusoids were positive for LYVE-1, but not for F-8. Thus, lymphatic and blood vessels were more readily detected in frozen tissue sections than in the paraffin-embedded sections. In the endometrium, lymphatic vessels were not diffusely immunostained in paraffin-embedded sections. However, frozen sections detected cyclic changes of lymphatic vessels, growing from basalis to functionalis in the menstrual cycle. Lymphatic vessels were immunostained in many organs using frozen sections. Small pulmonary blood vessels were not immunostained by F-8 in the periphery of the bronchial vessel tree most likely these smallest blood vessels were not immunostained due to less F-8 attached to their endothelia. Conclusion. The present findings illustrate the differences in the immunostaining of blood vessels in sections obtained from paraffin-embedded tissues and those from frozen tissue. These new findings may be relevant for the basic histology and histopathology of lymphatic and blood vessels.

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Vascular zip codes in angiogenesis and metastasis

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst0320397 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 397-402 ◽

Cited By ~ 109

Author(s):

E. Ruoslahti

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Therapeutic Agents ◽

In Vivo Screening ◽

Normal Tissues ◽

Tumour Metastasis ◽

Selective Expression ◽

Vascular Markers ◽

Tumour Blood

In vivo screening of phage-displayed peptide libraries has revealed extensive molecular differences in the blood vessels of individual normal tissues. Pathological lesions also put their signature on the vasculature; in tumours, both blood and lymphatic vessels differ from normal vessels. The changes that characterize tumour blood vessels include selective expression of certain integrins. Peptides isolated by in vivo phage display for homing to tumours have been shown to be useful in directing therapeutic agents to experimental tumours. The targeting can enhance the efficacy of the therapy while reducing side effects. Phage screening has also revealed lung-specific vascular markers that promote tumour metastasis to the lungs by mediating specific adherence of tumour cells to the lung vasculature. These phage-screening studies have revealed a previously unsuspected degree of vascular specialization and provide potentially useful guidance devices for targeted therapies.

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Different role of CD73 in leukocyte trafficking via blood and lymph vessels

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2010-11-321646 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 117 (16) ◽

pp. 4387-4393 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Annika Ålgars ◽

Marika Karikoski ◽

Gennady G. Yegutkin ◽

Patrizia Stoitzner ◽

Jussi Niemelä ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Nucleotide Metabolism ◽

Lymphatic Endothelium ◽

Lymphocyte Migration ◽

Lymph Vessels ◽

Atp Metabolism ◽

And Function ◽

Afferent Lymph

Abstract CD73 is involved in the extracellular ATP metabolism by dephosphorylating extracellular AMP to adenosine and thus regulating permeability of the blood vessels and leukocyte traffic into the tissues. It is also present on lymphatic vessels where its distribution and function have not been characterized. We found that CD73 is expressed on a subpopulation of afferent lymph vessels but is absent on efferent lymphatics, unlike LYVE-1 and podoplanin, which are expressed on both types of lymphatics. The extracellular nucleotide metabolism on lymphatic endothelium differs from that on blood vessel endothelium as lymphatic endothelium has lower NTPDase and higher ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 activity than blood vascular endothelium. In knockout mice, the lack of CD73 on lymphocytes decreases migration of lymphocytes to the draining lymph nodes more than 50% while CD73-deficient lymph vessels mediate lymphocyte trafficking as efficiently as the wild-type lymphatics. Thus, although endothelial CD73 is important for permeability and leukocyte extravasation in blood vessels, it does not have a role in these functions on lymphatics. Instead, lymphocyte CD73 is intimately involved in lymphocyte migration via afferent lymphatic vessels.

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New insights about the lymphatic vasculature in cardiovascular diseases

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.20107.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 1811 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaolei Liu ◽

Guillermo Oliver

Keyword(s):

Blood Vessels ◽

Cardiac Tissue ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Tissue Fluid ◽

Major Focus ◽

The Past ◽

Growing Body ◽

Lymphatic Vasculature ◽

Coronary Blood Vessels ◽

And Function

The heart contains a complex network of blood and lymphatic vessels. The coronary blood vessels provide the cardiac tissue with oxygen and nutrients and have been the major focus of research for the past few decades. Cardiac lymphatic vessels, which consist of lymphatic capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels covering all layers of the heart, transport excess fluid from the interstitium and play important roles in maintaining tissue fluid balance. Unlike for the coronary blood vessels, until a few years ago, not much information was available on the origin and function of the cardiac-associated lymphatic vasculature. A growing body of evidence indicates that cardiac lymphatic vessels (lymphatics) may serve as a therapeutic cardiovascular target.

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From Exosome Glycobiology to Exosome Glycotechnology, the Role of Natural Occurring Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides ◽

10.3390/polysaccharides2020021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 311-338

Author(s):

Giulia Della Rosa ◽

Clarissa Ruggeri ◽

Alessandra Aloisi

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Cell Communication ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

New Findings ◽

Cell Type Specific ◽

New Perspective ◽

And Function ◽

And Personalized Medicine ◽

Innate Ability

Exosomes (EXOs) are nano-sized informative shuttles acting as endogenous mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Their innate ability to target specific cells and deliver functional cargo is recently claimed as a promising theranostic strategy. The glycan profile, actively involved in the EXO biogenesis, release, sorting and function, is highly cell type-specific and frequently altered in pathological conditions. Therefore, the modulation of EXO glyco-composition has recently been considered an attractive tool in the design of novel therapeutics. In addition to the available approaches involving conventional glyco-engineering, soft technology is becoming more and more attractive for better exploiting EXO glycan tasks and optimizing EXO delivery platforms. This review, first, explores the main functions of EXO glycans and associates the potential implications of the reported new findings across the nanomedicine applications. The state-of-the-art of the last decade concerning the role of natural polysaccharides—as targeting molecules and in 3D soft structure manufacture matrices—is then analysed and highlighted, as an advancing EXO biofunction toolkit. The promising results, integrating the biopolymers area to the EXO-based bio-nanofabrication and bio-nanotechnology field, lay the foundation for further investigation and offer a new perspective in drug delivery and personalized medicine progress.

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Centrosome Dynamics and Its Role in Inflammatory Response and Metastatic Process

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11050629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 629

Author(s):

Massimo Pancione ◽

Luigi Cerulo ◽

Andrea Remo ◽

Guido Giordano ◽

Álvaro Gutierrez-Uzquiza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Rho Gtpases ◽

Human Cancer ◽

Genetic Disorders ◽

Cell Cycle Checkpoint ◽

Animal Cells ◽

Normal Tissues ◽

Checkpoint Pathway ◽

New Findings ◽

Cycle Checkpoint

Metastasis is a process by which cancer cells escape from the location of the primary tumor invading normal tissues at distant organs. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of human cancer, associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. The centrosome plays a major role in organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells regulating cellular architecture and cell division. Loss of centrosome integrity activates the p38-p53-p21 pathway, which results in cell-cycle arrest or senescence and acts as a cell-cycle checkpoint pathway. Structural and numerical centrosome abnormalities can lead to aneuploidy and CIN. New findings derived from studies on cancer and rare genetic disorders suggest that centrosome dysfunction alters the cellular microenvironment through Rho GTPases, p38, and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase)-dependent signaling in a way that is favorable for pro-invasive secretory phenotypes and aneuploidy tolerance. We here review recent data on how centrosomes act as complex molecular platforms for Rho GTPases and p38 MAPK (Mitogen activated kinase) signaling at the crossroads of CIN, cytoskeleton remodeling, and immune evasion via both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.

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Beyond a Passive Conduit: Implications of Lymphatic Biology for Kidney Diseases

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology ◽

10.1681/asn.2019121320 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 1178-1190 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Daniyal J. Jafree ◽

David A. Long

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Transplant Rejection ◽

Lymphatic Vessels ◽

Renal Physiology ◽

Clear Fluid ◽

Adult Kidney ◽

And Function ◽

Development Structure

The kidney contains a network of lymphatic vessels that clear fluid, small molecules, and cells from the renal interstitium. Through modulating immune responses and via crosstalk with surrounding renal cells, lymphatic vessels have been implicated in the progression and maintenance of kidney disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the development, structure, and function of lymphatic vessels in the healthy adult kidney. We then highlight the contributions of lymphatic vessels to multiple forms of renal pathology, emphasizing CKD, transplant rejection, and polycystic kidney disease and discuss strategies to target renal lymphatics using genetic and pharmacologic approaches. Overall, we argue the case for lymphatics playing a fundamental role in renal physiology and pathology and treatments modulating these vessels having therapeutic potential across the spectrum of kidney disease.

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Exploring the microbiome in health and disease

Toxicology Research and Application ◽

10.1177/2397847317741884 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 239784731774188 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Elena Scotti ◽

Stéphanie Boué ◽

Giuseppe Lo Sasso ◽

Filippo Zanetti ◽

Vincenzo Belcastro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Skin Diseases ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

New Findings ◽

Dynamics And Function ◽

And Function

The analysis of human microbiome is an exciting and rapidly expanding field of research. In the past decade, the biological relevance of the microbiome for human health has become evident. Microbiome comprises a complex collection of microorganisms, with their genes and metabolites, colonizing different body niches. It is now well known that the microbiome interacts with its host, assisting in the bioconversion of nutrients and detoxification, supporting immunity, protecting against pathogenic microbes, and maintaining health. Remarkable new findings showed that our microbiome not only primarily affects the health and function of the gastrointestinal tract but also has a strong influence on general body health through its close interaction with the nervous system and the lung. Therefore, a perfect and sensitive balanced interaction of microbes with the host is required for a healthy body. In fact, growing evidence suggests that the dynamics and function of the indigenous microbiota can be influenced by many factors, including genetics, diet, age, and toxicological agents like cigarette smoke, environmental contaminants, and drugs. The disruption of this balance, that is called dysbiosis, is associated with a plethora of diseases, including metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, periodontitis, skin diseases, and neurological disorders. The importance of the host microbiome for the human health has also led to the emergence of novel therapeutic approaches focused on the intentional manipulation of the microbiota, either by restoring missing functions or eliminating harmful roles. In the present review, we outline recent studies devoted to elucidate not only the role of microbiome in health conditions and the possible link with various types of diseases but also the influence of various toxicological factors on the microbial composition and function.

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