scholarly journals Study on Variable Action Value Standard for Harbor Infrastructures

Author(s):  
Xiaoping Zhong ◽  
Qianyi Zhao ◽  
Weiliang Jin
Keyword(s):  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imogen M Kruse

The near-miss effect in gambling behaviour occurs when an outcome which is close to a win outcome invigorates gambling behaviour notwithstanding lack of associated reward. In this paper I postulate that the processing of concepts which are deemed controllable is rooted in neurological machinery located in the posterior parietal cortex specialised for the processing of objects which are immediately actionable or controllable because they are within reach. I theorise that the use of a common machinery facilitates spatial influence on the perception of concepts such that the win outcome which is 'almost complete' is perceived as being 'almost within reach'. The perceived realisability of the win increases subjective reward probability and the associated expected action value which impacts decision-making and behaviour. This novel hypothesis is the first to offer a neurological model which can comprehensively explain many empirical findings associated with the near-miss effect as well as other gambling phenomena such as the ‘illusion of control’. Furthermore, when extended to other compulsive behaviours such as drug addiction, the model can offer an explanation for continued drug-seeking following devaluation and for the increase in cravings in response to perceived opportunity to self-administer, neither of which can be explained by simple reinforcement models alone. This paper therefore provides an innovative and unifying perspective for the study and treatment of behavioural and substance addictions.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Yudkin ◽  
Annayah Miranda Beatrice Prosser ◽  
Molly Crockett

Recently proposed models of moral cognition suggest that people’s judgments of harmful acts are influenced by their consideration both of those acts’ consequences (“outcome value”), and of the feeling associated with their enactment (“action value”). Here we apply this framework to judgments of prosocial behavior, suggesting that people’s judgments of the praiseworthiness of good deeds are determined both by the benefit those deeds confer to others and by how good they would feel to perform. Three experiments confirm this prediction. After developing a new measure to assess the extent to which praiseworthiness is influenced by action and outcome values, we show how these factors make significant and independent contributions to praiseworthiness. We also find that people are consistently more sensitive to action than to outcome value in judging the praiseworthiness of good deeds, but not harmful deeds. This observation echoes the finding that people are often insensitive to outcomes in their giving behavior. Overall, this research tests and validates a novel framework for understanding moral judgment, with implications for the motivations that underlie human altruism.


2018 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Ying Hao Ko ◽  
Chia Sin Geh

Studies have been carried on the effect of rocking on a baby and concluded that baby sleeps easier while being rocked. In Malaysia, as in many Southeast Asian Countries, it is common to put babies to sleep in a baby hammock. the vertical rocking motion generated by baby hammock has exposed babies to whole-body vibration (WBV). It has been shown by ISO2631 (1997) that WBV may lead the discomfort and adverse effect on health. Standards have been set by ISO 2631 (1997) concerning the WBV for people in a recumbent position and consider weighted vibrations of more than 2 m/s2 to be extremely uncomfortable. However, standards concerning the allowable amount vibrations a baby in a baby hammock can safety endure are currently lacking. WBV analysis of the baby hammock with the weight ranged from 3kg to 14kg is conducted. For each measurement, four conditions are considered: manual rocking, auto rocking with low, medium and high speed. In this study, average root-mean-square values for the acceleration were found to be at a maximum of 2.46 m/s2, and to be above the extremely uncomfortable level. This study develops a baseline exposure time for the baby hammock before it reaches the safety values of exposure action value (EAV) and exposure limit value (ELV) set by ISO 2631(1997).


2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Morris ◽  
Amir Dezfouli ◽  
Kristi R. Griffiths ◽  
Bernard W. Balleine

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali . ◽  
Uswatun Hasanah ◽  
Beko Hendro

This article discusses the implementation of the reading of Surah al-Mulk at the Raudhotul Ilmi Palembang Ta'lim Assembly and the views of the Raudhotul Ilmi Palembang Ta'lim congregation on the reading of Surah al-Mulk as well as an analysis of Max Weber on the recitation of surah al-Mulk at the Raudhotul Ilmi Palembang Ta'lim Assembly. This type of research is a field research (Field Research), the type of data used is qualitative with the study of living hadith. This study uses Max Weber's theory of social action related to four actions, namely, traditional action, affective action, value rationality action and instrumental rationality action. The subjects of this research are caregivers, administrators, ustaz and Jama'ah Majelis Ta'lim Raudhotul Ilmi Palembang. The data collection technique used observation by observing and paying attention to the implementation of the tradition of reading surah al-Mulk at the Raudhotul Ilmi Palembang Ta'lim Assembly. While the interview data, the researchers interviewed twelve Jama'ah as respondents, while the documentation was equipped with books, photos and books related to the research. Meanwhile, data analysis uses descriptions and explanations. This study found that the Jama'ah of the Raudhotul Ilmi Palembang Ta'lim Assembly was enthusiastic about the tradition of reciting surah al-Mulk in the Assembly. The congregation of the assembly is of the view that having the reading of Surah al-Mulk before starting the assembly is a good and good thing as a form of imitating the Prophet Muhammad. The congregation of the assembly supported this activity because of the benefits of reading it as a barrier from the torment of the grave and there were some congregations who routinely read Surah al-Mulk. It can be said that the response of the congregation of the assembly tends to know the values ​​contained in the hadith of reading surah al-Mulk. This shows that the living hadith in the congregation of the assembly was carried out and the Raudhotul Ilmi Palembang Ta'lim Assembly fulfilled Max Weber's theory of social action.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Febbry Cipta ◽  
Sandie Gunara

This article describes music’s role in social interactions carried out by female members of the Marawis group Sirojul Ummah. The Marawis music is the medium they use in their efforts to convey Islamic knowledge and understanding, both for this group itself and for the surrounding community. The research method used is qualitative, in which data are collected from observations, interviews, and literature review, while the technique in analyzing data is done through a contextual approach. Social interaction in this study is viewed from the associative and dissociative aspects in the form of actions that include rational instrumental action, value rational action, effective action, and traditional action. Music is present in each of these actions. Music is both a subject and an object in social interaction, both in-groups, and out-groups. The associative and dissociative aspects of in-groups can be seen from how musical ideas and performances are developed and honed through practice activities. This activity is carried out because good musical performance is supported by techniques and methods of singing, playing, and presenting musical articulation, ornamentation, and harmonization. At the same time, the associative and dissociative aspects of out-groups can be seen from their activities in filling out events in society. The interaction process is built-in pleasant and informal situations which are shaped by an interest in music and family relationships. Since childhood, they have known each other; thus, they understand the characteristics of each person. Maturity, the maturity of thinking, and acting tend to avoid emotional conflicts that may occur. In this context, music is not only a medium for interaction, but can be a motivation in building these interactions.


eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Ju Shin ◽  
Yunsil Jang ◽  
Soyoun Kim ◽  
Hoseok Kim ◽  
Xinying Cai ◽  
...  

Studies in rats, monkeys, and humans have found action-value signals in multiple regions of the brain. These findings suggest that action-value signals encoded in these brain structures bias choices toward higher expected rewards. However, previous estimates of action-value signals might have been inflated by serial correlations in neural activity and also by activity related to other decision variables. Here, we applied several statistical tests based on permutation and surrogate data to analyze neural activity recorded from the striatum, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. The results show that previously identified action-value signals in these brain areas cannot be entirely accounted for by concurrent serial correlations in neural activity and action value. We also found that neural activity related to action value is intermixed with signals related to other decision variables. Our findings provide strong evidence for broadly distributed neural signals related to action value throughout the brain.


2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Daniel ◽  
Joan Henthorn

Objective Beta thalassaemias are a group of hereditary red cell disorders resulting in a reduced or absent production of the main adult haemoglobin, adult haemoglobin. In England, the NHS Sickle Cell & Thalassaemia Screening Programme recommends reporting newborn beta thalassaemia disease as an incidental finding when detected whilst screening for sickle cell disease. The current action value to initiate further investigations is 1.5% adult haemoglobin, using high-performance liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. We examined the reliability of this action value. Methods A 44-month country-wide prospective study using data from 13 newborn screening laboratories in England. Results There were 81 cases reported with an adult haemoglobin of 1.5% or less at first-line screen, of which nine were lost to follow-up. The six false-positive results were all of 32 weeks’ gestation or less. Of the 66 true-positives, 36 had confirmatory molecular results (11 of these cases also have results from tandem mass spectrometry), 19 had clinical confirmation and 11 had the results of both parents available which were consistent with the screening result. There was one false-negative, a confirmed beta thalassaemia major case with an adult haemoglobin of 1.7%, above the action value at first-line screen but known to be at risk from parental results and therefore referred into clinical care by the laboratory. Conclusions This study demonstrates a positive predictive value of 91.7%, with a specificity of 99.9% and a sensitivity of 98.5%. These results confirm the reliability of the current action value.


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