Protective Effects of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) against Aflatoxin B1 in Broiler Chicks

Abstract This investigation was aimed to evaluate the effects of Silybum marianum seed, Thymus vulgaris, and Rosmarinus officinalis powders and their combination in alleviating the risks of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in young broiler chicks. One-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were allocated to 6 experimental groups from d 1 to 21. The experimental dietary groups included: Negative control (NC) received the basal diet, Positive control (PC) containing 2 mg AFB1/kg diet; Positive control + 10 g/kg diet of Silybum marianum seed (SMS); Positive control + 10 g/kg diet of Thymus vulgaris (TV); Positive control + 5 g/kg diet of Rosmarinus officinalis (RO); Positive control + 10 g/kg diet of SMS + 10 g/kg diet of TV + 5 g/kg diet of RO as a blend of herbs (BH). There was no difference between feed intake and body weight gain among the experimental groups (P>0.05). In contrast, the feed conversion rate (FCR) in NC and SMS groups was lower than other groups (P<0.05). Calcium levels and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) were lower in serum samples, but the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were higher in PC chickens (P<0.05). Increase in the thigh muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) in chickens fed AFB1 was significantly reduced in the NC, SMS, and BH chickens (P<0.05). Chickens of NC and SMS groups showed the highest response to respiratory burst of heterophile (NBT assay) and lymphocyte proliferation assays (MTT assay) (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of studied herbs, especially SMS, to the AFB1 contaminated diet could have a protective effect against aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens.

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Application of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) in functional biscuits formulation

Acta Chimica Slovaca ◽

10.2478/acs-2019-0027 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 192-199

Author(s):

Veronika Bortlíková ◽

Lukáš Kolarič ◽

Peter Šimko

Keyword(s):

Wheat Flour ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Good Source ◽

Seed Flour ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cereal Product

Abstract Due to the substantial protective effects of milk thistle to liver against various chemical compounds, a new healthy cereal product replacing wheat flour with milk thistle seed flour in the range of 5; 10; 15; 20; 25 and 30 % has been studied. As it has been found, milk thistle seed flour is a good source of total dietary fibre, proteins, mineral compounds and fats. During the experiments, effects of wheat flour replacement on technological properties of the dough were studied using Mixolab characteristics. From the results it can be stated that milk thistle seed flour replacement led to a decrease in water absorption and stability of dough. After baking, physical, mechanical, colour and sensorial properties of the biscuits were studied. The results have shown that even a 10 % replacement results in a significant difference at p < 0.05 in measured parameters compared to ones. However, it has been calculated that statistically insignificant replacement of wheat flour with milk thistle seed flour is up to 9.3 % with quality and sensorial parameters of the biscuits equal to those prepared from 100 % wheat flour. Thus, production of functional biscuits at these conditions is fully possible.

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The effects of aflatoxin B1 and silymarin-containing milk thistle seeds on ileal morphology and digestibility in broiler chickens

Veterinary Science Development ◽

10.4081/vsd.2015.6017 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Seyed Ahmad Hasheminejad ◽

Omid Fani Makki ◽

Hossein Ansari Nik ◽

Ahmad Ebrahimzadeh

Keyword(s):

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Intestinal Tract ◽

Toxic Effects ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Ileal Digestibility ◽

Crypt Depth ◽

Main Effect ◽

The Mean

This study investigated the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and milk thistle seed (MTS) on some apparent ileal morphology and digestibility variables in the small intestines of broilers. A total of 216 Ross 308 male broiler chickens were allocated in a 3x3 factorial arrangement of the treatments with three concentration of AFB1 (0, 250, and 500 ppb) and three levels of MTS (0, 5, and 10 g kg-1). On day 35, the birds that received diets with 500 ppb of AFB1 alone (main effect) showed significant decrease in apparent ileal digestibility [dry matter (DM; 72.46±0.27), calcium (Ca; 40.81±1.11), crude protein (CP; 29.42±1.89), apparent digestible energy (2653±58.82)], ileal morphology [villus length (VL; 822.5±7.47), villus width (VW; 90.16±2.17) and ratio of VL to crypt depth (VL/CD; 4.74±0.07)] in their ileum segments (P<0.01). However, the mean nitrogen (N; 61.39±0.48) and crypt depth (CD; 173.5±9.87), in the ileum were significantly greater for the birds that were fed with 500 ppb AFB1 alone in their diets when compared with the control (P<0.01). Also, thistle seeds can ameliorate the toxic effects of AFB1 on some ileal digestibility factors, that is, DM, N, Ca, and CP, in broiler chicks. Nevertheless, ileum morphology of VW and goblet cell numbers were not affected negatively by the AFB1 plus MTS in diets. The results of this study indicated that the use of MTS independently reduced the toxic effects of AFB1, facilitated the absorption of nutrients, and reduced the metabolic demands of the intestinal tract in broiler chickens.

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New Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1300801236 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X1300801 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Nataša Milić ◽

Nataša Milošević ◽

Ljiljana Suvajdžić ◽

Marija Žarkov ◽

Ludovico Abenavoli

Keyword(s):

Scientific Evidence ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Apoptotic Effect ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Pregnancy And Lactation ◽

Low Toxicity ◽

Medicinal Properties ◽

Main Component

Silymarin is a bioflavonoid complex extract derived from dry seeds of Milk thistle [( Silybum marianum(L.) Gaernt. (Fam. Asteraceae/Compositaceae)] whose hepatoprotective effect has clinically been proved. Low toxicity, favorable pharmacokinetics, powerful antioxidant, detoxifying, preventive, protective and regenerative effects and side effects similar to placebo make silymarin extremely attractive and safe for therapeutic use. The medicinal properties of silymarin and its main component silibinin have been studied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, sepsis, burns, osteoporosis, diabetes, cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Owing to its apoptotic effect, without cytotoxic effects, silymarin possesses potential applications in the treatment of various cancers. Silymarin is being examined as a neuro-, nephro- and cardio-protective in the damage of different etiologies due to its strong antioxidant potentials. Furthermore, it has fetoprotective (against the influence of alcohol) and prolactin effects and is safe to be used during pregnancy and lactation. Finally, the cosmetics industry is examining the antioxidant and UV-protective effects of silymarin. Further clinical studies and scientific evidence that silymarin and silibinin are effective in the therapy of various pathologies are indispensable in order to confirm their different flavonolignan pharmacological effects.

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The pathogen of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) in the Czech Republic

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE ◽

10.24297/jaa.v5i1.4264 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 538-544

Author(s):

Ivana Safrankova ◽

Kolackova P ◽

Rutivckova G

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Active Compound ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Medicinal Herb ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

The Czech Republic

Milk thistle is grown in the Czech Republic as a medicinal herb; silymarin is isolated from its achenes and used for the production of liver and gallbladder medicine. The quality and content of the active compound is influenced not only by environmental factors, but also by pests and pathogens. The occurrence of pests of milk thistle variety Silyb was observed in two localities during the years 2011 2013. In the year 2011 the mycoflora of seeds of four milk thistle varieties was determined. Representatives of 15 species were isolated from the seeds, most of them saprophytic. 21 fungal species were isolated and identified from milk thistle plants during the vegetation; Septoria silybi among the most important ones. Possibilities of protection of milt thistle against pathogens are discussed.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STANDARDIZATION METHODS FOR THE MILK THISTLE FRUIT (SILYBUM MARIANUM)

University proceedings Volga region Medical sciences ◽

10.21685/2072-3032-2016-4-4 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

S. A. Burkush ◽

◽

S. V. Chizhov ◽

N. V. Firstova ◽

N. N. Glebova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Study ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Standardization Methods

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GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF SILYBUM MARIANUM AS A MEDICINAL PLANT UNDER SALINITY STRESS

Plant Breeding and Seed Science ◽

10.37317/pbss-2019-0003 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 25-38

Author(s):

M. A. Dorri ◽

B. Kamkar ◽

M. Aghdasi ◽

A. R. Safahani

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Block Design ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Tolerance Index ◽

Root Weight ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Nacl Concentration ◽

Salinity Levels

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is used as a medicinal plant in the treatment of liver diseases. In order to investigate germination and seedling growth in S. marianum subjected to NaCl, a three replicated experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design in the laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Treatments included seven salinity levels (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 mM) and a control (distilled water). Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), seed-ling vigour index (SVI), shoot, root and seedling weight were measured. The effect of salinity levels was significant on GP, SVI, MGT and seedling weight and length (p ≤ 0.01). However, the NaCl concentration effect was not significant on shoot : root length ratio and or shoot : root weight ratios. Results showed that germination decreased when salinity increased, while MGT increased. MGT was 1.75 times higher than in the control at the highest salt concentration. MGT difference was not significant between 75 mM NaCl and con-trol, while it dramatically increased by increasing the NaCl concentration from 150 to 200 mM NaCl. Reduc-tion slope and salt tolerance index (STI) were estimated for germination (0.54 and 231.9) and seedling stage (0.24 and 237.4). According to the results, milk thistle could be considered as a valuable medicinal plant in fairly salinized areas.

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Influence of irrigation and row spacing on the growth, seed yield and active substance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/7/3-4/288 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (3-4) ◽

Author(s):

G. Karimzedah ◽

R. Omidbaigi ◽

Bakhshai D.

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Active Substance ◽

Milk Thistle ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Silybum Marianum ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Suitable Amount ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Active Substances

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn) has been used in medicine since ancient times, but it has been cultivated as a medicinal plant only in recent decades. The ripe fruit of milk thistle contains flavonoids, which are used to prepare anti-hepatotoxic drugs. The main purpose of this study was to substantiate the effects of irrigation and row spacing on growth, seed yield and the content of active substances (silybin and silymarin) in milk thistle. The results showed that the suitable amount of irrigation was 20 mm and the appropriate row spacing was 25 cm.

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Protective Effects of Coffee Against Induction of DNA Damage and Cancer by Aflatoxin B1

Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention ◽

10.1016/b978-0-12-409517-5.00066-8 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 587-596

Author(s):

Franziska Ferk ◽

Karl Speer ◽

Miroslav Mišík ◽

Armen Nersesyan ◽

Siegfried Knasmüller

Keyword(s):

Dna Damage ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Protective Effects

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