Determinants and Determination of Carotenoid Bioavailability from Infant Food Formulas and Adult Nutritionals Including Liquid Dairy Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Bohn
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptor ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract Carotenoids are typically tetraterpenoid phytochemicals that cannot be synthesized by humans, some of which such as β-carotene can be metabolized into vitamin A. Sufficient carotenoid intake and tissue levels have been associated with several health benefits including the reduction of cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer and also the amelioration of age-related macular degeneration. Carotenoids and their metabolites have also been related to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress via interacting with transcription factors, such as NF-κB and Nrf-2, as well as with the nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor, implicated in immune functions and cellular differentiation. Therefore, carotenoids are important for growth and development. They could mark beneficial constituents in infant food formulas and adult nutritionals, the latter typically constituting protein-rich liquid foods targeting meal replacements. Carotenoids may be present by nature (typically below 20 μg/100 mL) or following fortification (up to 200 μg/100 mL), such as for lutein and β-carotene. However, carotenoid bioavailability may be low and variable, especially in low-fat items. Although most infant foods and adult nutritionals are rich in lipids and proteins, facilitating absorption and availability of carotenoids, unfortunately, very little data is available. In addition, carotenoid detection for such lipid-rich matrices may be challenging as a result of low concentrations and matrix effects. This review aims to highlight considerations for carotenoid bioavailability from infant food formula and adult nutritionals as well as summarize detection methods for carotenoids from these items.

scholarly journals Incorporation of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin into human chylomicrons

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pérez-Gálvez ◽  
Hans D. Martin ◽  
Helmut Sies ◽  
Wilhelm Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Paprika Oleoresin ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Carotenoid Absorption ◽  
Chronic Disorders ◽  
Β Carotene

The intake of a carotenoid-rich diet is epidemiologically related to a lower risk for different chronic disorders like cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer or age-related macular degeneration. Red pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) and its dietary products contain a variety of carotenoids, which may contribute to the carotenoid pattern of human blood and tissues. The objective of the present study was to assess the availability of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin, including zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene and the paprika-specific oxocarotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin. After overnight fasting, the volunteers (n9) ingested a single dose of the paprika oleoresin containing 6·4 mg zeaxanthin, 4·2 mg β-cryptoxanthin, 6·2 mg β-carotene, 35·0 mg capsanthin and 2·0 mg capsorubin. At different time points the carotenoid pattern in the chylomicron fraction was analysed to evaluate carotenoid absorption. From the major carotenoids present in the paprika oleoresin only zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were detectable in considerable amounts. Although the xanthophylls in paprika oleoresin were mainly present as mono- or di-esters, only free zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were found in human samples. The bioavailability of the pepper-specific carotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin from paprika oleoresin is very low. However, oleoresin is a suitable source for the provitamin A carotenoids β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin and the macular pigment zeaxanthin.

scholarly journals Analyzing Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression in Patients with Geographic Atrophy Using Joint Autoencoders for Unsupervised Change Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Guillaume Dupont ◽  
Ekaterina Kalinicheva ◽  
Jérémie Sublime ◽  
Florence Rossant ◽  
Michel Pâques
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Geographic Atrophy ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Fundus Images ◽  
Manual Annotation ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Age Related

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is a progressive eye disease that slowly causes patients to go blind. For several years now, it has been an important research field to try to understand how the disease progresses and find effective medical treatments. Researchers have been mostly interested in studying the evolution of the lesions using different techniques ranging from manual annotation to mathematical models of the disease. However, artificial intelligence for ARMD image analysis has become one of the main research focuses to study the progression of the disease, as accurate manual annotation of its evolution has proved difficult using traditional methods even for experienced practicians. In this paper, we propose a deep learning architecture that can detect changes in the eye fundus images and assess the progression of the disease. Our method is based on joint autoencoders and is fully unsupervised. Our algorithm has been applied to pairs of images from different eye fundus images time series of 24 ARMD patients. Our method has been shown to be quite effective when compared with other methods from the literature, including non-neural network based algorithms that still are the current standard to follow the disease progression and change detection methods from other fields.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Vitamins C and E, β-Carotene, and Zinc on Age-related Macular Degeneration

Ophthalmology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 120 (8) ◽  
pp. 1604-1611.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Y. Chew ◽  
Traci E. Clemons ◽  
Elvira Agrón ◽  
Robert D. Sperduto ◽  
John Paul SanGiovanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Β Carotene

scholarly journals Differential effect of dietary antioxidant classes (carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamins C and E) on lutein absorption

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuelle Reboul ◽  
Sinay Thap ◽  
Franck Tourniaire ◽  
Marc André ◽  
Christine Juhel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Human Retina ◽  
Dietary Antioxidants ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dietary Antioxidant ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Β Carotene

Lutein is assumed to protect the human retina from blue light and oxidative stress and diminish the incidence of age-related macular degeneration. This antioxidant is commonly ingested with other dietary antioxidants. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the main dietary antioxidants, i.e. carotenoids, polyphenols and vitamins C and E, affect lutein absorption. We measured the effect of adding a mixture of antioxidants (500 mg vitamin C, 67 mg (100 IU) vitamin E and 1 g polyphenols) to a lutein-containing meal (18 mg) on the postprandial lutein response in the chylomicron-rich fraction in eight healthy men. Lutein response was weakest ( − 23 %;P = 0·07) after ingestion of the meal containing antioxidants (21·9 (sem4·6)v.28·4 (sem7·2) nmol × h/l). To assess the effect of each class of antioxidants and potential interactions, we subsequently evaluated the effect of various combinations of antioxidants on lutein uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 TC-7 cells. A full factorial design showed that both a mixture of polyphenols (gallic acid, caffeic acid, (+)-catechin and naringenin) and a mixture of carotenoids (lycopene plus β-carotene) significantly (P < 0·05) impaired lutein uptake by ( − 10 to − 30 %), while vitamins C and E had no significant effect. Subsequent experiments showed that the aglycone flavanone naringenin was the only polyphenol responsible for the effect of the polyphenol mixture, and that the carotenoid effect was not carotenoid species-dependent. Taken together, the present results suggest that lutein absorption is not markedly affected by physiological concentrations of vitamins C and E but can be impaired by carotenoids and naringenin.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Content Values of Sweet Maize (Zea mays L. Convar Saccharata Koern) in Precision Farming

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2596
Author(s):  
Cintia Demeter ◽  
János Nagy ◽  
László Huzsvai ◽  
Annabella Zelenák ◽  
Atala Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Precision Farming ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Β Carotene

The global precision farming area is constantly increasing, and precision sweet maize production developed the most. Sweet maize yield is above average in precision farming. Additionally, its role in healthy nutrition is becoming increasingly important due to new hybrids with high carotenoid content. Precision farming techniques are needed to produce healthy food. In particular, nutrient supply and irrigation, sowing, crop management and harvesting need to be carried out with precision techniques. These factors are all prerequisites for effective and healthy growing and processing. The aim was to use the yields of the four sweet maize hybrids grown on the largest area to examine their nutritional values and concentrations (mg kg−1 dry matter) and to analyse their yield per hectare. Concentration is important for the consumer because K, P, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Na play an important role in metabolism, skin protection, and bone and tooth health. The new results obtained show that the amount of lutein and zeaxanthin per hectare is important for the processing industry, especially for use in food supplements. Their anti-inflammatory effects and their role in disease prevention (cardiovascular diseases, Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)) have been demonstrated. Consumers choose sweet maize mainly on the basis of its palatability, which is why the sugar content of the hybrids was also studied. We assumed that the element concentration in the yield of new hybrids with higher yield per hectare does not decrease with increasing yield. The concentrations of zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene appear in one principal component and they are in close positive correlation with each other. The lutein concentration was independent of the former three compounds. The independence of the lutein concentration means that it is not possible to estimate its amount based on the other three components. For yield per unit area, the correlation is one-dimensional. Yield determines the lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene concentrations per hectare.

Carotenoids, Chronic Disease Prevention and Dietary Recommendations

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 121-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Bohn
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Enzyme Activation ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract. Carotenoids are C-30, C-40 or C-50 terpenoids produced by a number of bacteria, fungi, and plants. In addition to acting as vitamin A precursors such as β-carotene, their dietary intake and blood plasma/serum and tissue levels have been associated in several epidemiological studies to the reduced incidence of chronic diseases, including the reduction of type 2 diabetes and other cardiometabolic diseases, as well as some types of cancer. Lutein and zeaxanthin also appear to play a role in the amelioration of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the main cause of blindness in the elderly, and may be regarded as conditionally essential nutrients for the elderly. Furthermore, some studies have proposed that carotenoids may improve cognitive functions. Though the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, it is perceived that direct antioxidant effects and protection from UV-light, as well as rather indirect effects, acting on transcription factors such as NF-κB, Nrf-2, and nuclear receptors such as RAR/RXR (retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor), altering gene expression, all can play a role. Despite individual intervention trials suggesting negative effects of high doses of β-carotene on smokers, perhaps due to effects related to cytochrome enzyme activation, there is accumulating evidence that these colourful pigments indeed contribute to a healthy life and well-being. However, further research is warranted to better understand factors influencing variable inter-individual responses following carotenoid consumption and to establish more detailed recommendations regarding their dietary intake and toward establishing health claims.

Modulation of the proteolytic activity of the complement protease C1s by polyanions: implications for polyanion-mediated acceleration of interaction between C1s and SERPING1

2009 ◽  
Vol 422 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Murray-Rust ◽  
Felicity K. Kerr ◽  
Adele R. Thomas ◽  
Tina Wu ◽  
Tang Yongqing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Association Rate ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Biphasic Effect ◽  
Mannan Binding Lectin

The complement system plays crucial roles in the immune system, but incorrect regulation causes inflammation and targeting of self-tissue, leading to diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and age-related macular degeneration. In vivo, the initiating complexes of the classical complement and lectin pathways are controlled by SERPING1 [(C1 inhibitor) serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G, member 1], which inactivates the components C1s and MASP-2 (mannan-binding lectin serine peptidase 2). GAGs (glycosaminoglycan) and DXS (dextran sulfate) are able to significantly accelerate SERPING1-mediated inactivation of C1s, the key effector enzyme of the classical C1 complex, although the mechanism is poorly understood. In the present study we have shown that C1s can bind to DXS and heparin and that these polyanions enhanced C1s proteolytic activity at low concentrations and inhibited it at higher concentrations. The recent determination of the crystal structure of SERPING1 has given rise to the hypothesis that both the serpin (serine protease inhibitor)–polyanion and protease–polyanion interactions might be required to accelerate the association rate of SERPING1 and C1s. To determine what proportion of the acceleration was due to protease–polyanion interactions, a chimaeric mutant of α1-antitrypsin containing the P4–P1 residues from the SERPING1 RCL (reactive-centre loop) was produced. Like SERPING1, this molecule is able to effectively inhibit C1s, but is unable to bind polyanions. DXS exerted a biphasic effect on the association rate of C1s which correlated strongly with the effect of DXS on C1s proteolytic activity. Thus, whereas polyanions are able to bind C1s and modulate its activity, polyanion interactions with SERPING1 must also play a vital role in the mechanism by which these cofactors accelerate the C1s–SERPING1 reaction.

scholarly journals Xanthophylls Modulate Palmitoylation of Mammalian β-Carotene Oxygenase 2

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Sheetal Uppal ◽  
Sergey A. Dergunov ◽  
Weiyu Zhang ◽  
Susan Gentleman ◽  
T. Michael Redmond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Β Carotene

An extensive body of work has documented the antioxidant role of xanthophylls (lutein and zeaxanthin) in human health and specifically how they provide photoprotection in human vision. More recently, evidence is emerging for the transcriptional regulation of antioxidant response by lutein/lutein cleavage products, similar to the role of β-carotene cleavage products in the modulation of retinoic acid receptors. Supplementation with xanthophylls also provides additional benefits for the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and attenuation of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms. Mammalian β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) asymmetrically cleaves xanthophylls as well as β-carotene in vitro. We recently demonstrated that mouse BCO2 (mBCO2) is a functionally palmitoylated enzyme and that it loses palmitoylation when cells are treated with β-carotene. The mouse enzyme is the easiest model to study mammalian BCO2 because it has only one isoform, unlike human BCO2 with several major isoforms with various properties. Here, we used the same acyl-RAC methodology and confocal microscopy to elucidate palmitoylation and localization status of mBCO2 in the presence of xanthophylls. We created large unilamellar vesicle-based nanocarriers for the successful delivery of xanthophylls into cells. We demonstrate here that, upon treatment with low micromolar concentration of lutein (0.15 µM), mBCO2 is depalmitoylated and shows partial nuclear localization (38.00 ± 0.04%), while treatment with zeaxanthin (0.45 µM) and violaxanthin (0.6 µM) induces depalmitoylation and protein translocation from mitochondria to a lesser degree (20.00 ± 0.01% and 35.00 ± 0.02%, respectively). Such a difference in the behavior of mBCO2 toward various xanthophylls and its translocation into the nucleus in the presence of various xanthophylls suggests a possible mechanism for transport of lutein/lutein cleavage products to the nucleus to affect transcriptional regulation.

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